1、AIIM TR29 93 1012348 0500372 89T AIIM TR29-1993 Electronic Imaging Output Printers Technical Report Association for Information and Image Management 1 1 O0 Wayne Avenue, Suite 1 1 O0 Silver Spring, Maryland 2091 O Telephone 301 1587-8202 AIIM TR29-1993 AIIM TR27 73 m LOL2348 0500373 i26 Technical Re
2、port for Information and Image Management- Electronic Imaging Output Printers Association For Information and Image Management This technical report describes current electronic printer technologies that are used in the office document handling environment. It can be used as a guide when selecting a
3、ppropriate printer technology to match elcctronic image rnanage- ment requirements. AIIM TR29 93 3032348 0500374 662 Contents Foreword . 1 5 Technology . 5 6 Features . 7 Application considerations 11 8 Conclusion . Figures 1 2 Typical laser printer engine 8 3 Tables Printer industry technology stru
4、cture . .5 Typical electron beam printer engine. .9 1 2 Line matrix printer speeds 7 3 Laser printer specified volume versus duty cycle . II Dot matrix print head versus printer speed. . .7 Foreword (This foreword is not part of AIIM TR29-1993, Electronic Imaging Output Printers.) This document prov
5、ides a historical perspective of the printer industry and an overview of current printer tech- nologies. It describes important features which can con- tribute to the effective use of printers in the electronic image management (EM) environment and identifies major requirements to be considered in t
6、he selection process. Suggestions for improvement of this technical report are welcome. They should be sent to the Chair, AIIM Stan- dards Board, Association for Information and Image Management, 1100 Wayne Avenue, Suite 1100, Silver Spring, Maryland 20910. The AIIM Standards Board had the following
7、 members at the time it approved and processed this technical report: Marilyn Courtot, Chair Thomas C. Bagg Thomas E. Berney Loretta DAgnolo Bruce Evans Bruce A. Holroyd Don Klosterboer E. Brien Lewis Charles A. Plesums George Thoma Charles F. Touchton Herbert J. White II Association for Information
8、 and Image Management National Institute of Standards and Technology Consultant American Express Company 3M Company Eastman Kodak Company Anacomp, Inc. I-NET, Inc. USAA National Library of IBM Corporation Genealogical Society of Medicine Utah The AIIM Electronic ImagingiOutput committee, C 14, prepa
9、red this technical report. The committee had the following members at the time this technical report was approved: Representative Organization Shahzad Qazi, Chair Thomas Bagg and Technology Betty Burton Image Systems Support Directorate, U.S. Army Jack Coplen Cornerstone Technologies Lindsay Eisan,
10、Jr. MIT Libraries Don Klosterboer Anacomp, Inc. Basil Manns Library of Congress John Stapleton Staplevision, Inc. Charles Touchton IBM Corporation Eastman Kodak Company National Institute of Standards AIIM TR29 93 = Technical Report for Information and Image Management Electronic Imaging Output/Prin
11、ters, AIIM TR29-1993 1 Scope and purpose 1.1 Scope This technical report identifies major printer technolo- gies currently used in the office document handling cn- vironment, and provides a description of those technologies applicable to the printing of scanned docu- ment images in the image process
12、ing environment. This report is restricted to those printers which print alphanu- meric characters, vector graphics, and digitized images and handle paper sizes up to 11 inch x 17 inch (279 mm x 432 mm). 1.2 Purpose The purpose of this technical report is to describe cur- rent electronic printer tec
13、hnologies that are used in the office document handling environment and to provide a guide for use when selecting appropriate printer tech- nology to match electronic image management re- quirements. 2 References AIIM TR2-1992, Technical Report for Information and Image Management, Glossary of Imagi
14、ng Technology. ANSI X3.131-1986, Small Computer Systems Intertacc (SCSI). ANSI X3.4-1986, Information Systems-Coded Charac- ter Sets-7-Bit American National Standard Code For In- formation Interchange (7-Bit ASCII). 3 Definitions The following definitions apply to terms that appear in this technical
15、 report. Other terms are defined in AIIM TR2, Technical Report for Information and Image Management - Glossary of Imaging Technology. 3.1 ASCII: See American Standard Code for Informa- tion Interchange, 3.2. 3.2 American Standard Code for Information Inter- change (ASCII): American National Standard
16、 binary- coding scheme consisting of 128 eight-bit patterns (7-bits plus a parity check bit) for printable characters and con- trol of equipment functions. 3.3 Band printer: A fully formed character, line printer in which the font is carried by a closed loop steel band moving across the paper, selec
17、ted hammers are fired as the appropriate character passes each print position. 1012348 0500375 5T9 W 3.4 Buffer: Routine or storage device uscd to compen- sate for a difference in rate of flow of data or time of occurrence of events when transmitting data from one device to another. 3.5 CPS: See cha
18、racters per second, 3.10. 3.6 Channel: Path or circuit along which information flows. 3.7 Channel connect: A high speed input/output in- terface for peripheral devices on IBM mainframe systems. 38 Character: One of a set of symbols that may be arranged in ordered groups to express information. 3.9 C
19、haracter set: A fixed set of unique characters which can be selected by code and printed by the printer; commonly 128 characters including letters, numbcrs. punctuation marks, and a variety of special foreign lan- guage letters or graphics shapes; may be permanently resident in the printer, inserted
20、 as a cartridge, or down- loaded from the host. 3.10 Characters per second (cps): Unit of measure equal to the number of characters a device is capable of displaying or printing in one second. 3.11 DPI: See dots per inch, 3.17. 3.12 Daisy wheel printer: A fully formed character, serial printer in wh
21、ich the molded font is carried at the ends of spokes attached to a hub, much like the petals of a daisy. The carrier is rotated to the proper character at each print position and the character is printed, the print hcad then moves to the next position across the paper. 3.13 Desktop publishing: A per
22、sonal computer appli- cation which provides a single user with sophisticated facilities for page layout, font selection, and graphics previously available only to professional publishing shops. 3.14 Dielectric drum: Drum coated with a nonconduc- tive material. 3.15 Dithering: Scanning technique to s
23、imulate digi- tal grey areas by intermixing black and white pixels. NOTE: Dithering creates the illusion of a continuous- tone image. 3.16 Dot matrix: Array of points of ink, light or simi- lar image-forming elements that are used to form al- phanumeric characters. 3.17 Dots per inch (dpi): Measure
24、of output device resolution and quality, e.g., number of pixels per inch on display device. Measures the number of dots horizon- tally and vertically. 3.18 Draft quality: Dot matrix printing mode that produces a coarse character matrix (usually 7 x 9 dots) 1 AIIM TR29 93 W 1012348 0500376 Y35 W suff
25、icient for draft documents; used when printer speed is more important than font appearance. 3.19 Drum printer: A fully formed character, line printer in which the full character set is replicated at each character print position around the periphery of the drum. The drum rotates continuously on a ho
26、rizontal axis parallel to the paper; the appropriate character is print- ed as it passes the print position. 3.20 EIM: See electronic image management, 3.24. 3.21 Electron: Negatively charged subatomic particle capable of exposing photographic film to form images on cathode-ray tubes. 3-22 Electron
27、beam printer: A non-impact, page printer in which the latent image is formed on a dielec- tric drum by a controlled electron beam. 3.23 Electron beam recorder: Method of using an electron or laser beam to record directly onto film. 3.24 Electronic Image Management (EIM): Tech- niques associated with
28、 recording, storing, retrieving and transmitting documents by electronic means. 3.25 Electrophotographic printer: A page printer in which the latent image on a photoconductive drum at- tracts toner and transfers the image to paper in a hot fu- sion process. 3.26 Electrophotography: See electrostatic
29、 process, 3.30. 3.27 Electrostatic: (I) Stationary electrical charges generated in non-conducting media as films. prints. etc by friction or peeling adhered layers of materials. (2) Electrical energy with the capability of attracting and holding small particles carrying an opposite charge. NOTE: Thi
30、s form of energy is used in xerography to forni latent images on photoconductive substances. 3.28 Electrostatic latent image: Invisible image formed on a charged photoconductive surface by the ac- tion of radiant energy. 3.29 Electrostatic photography: Formation of reasonably permanent imagcs by the
31、 development of elec- trostatic latent images. 3.30 Electrostatic process: Photographic process us- ing certain photoconducting materials. minerals (scleni- um, zinc-oxide, etc.) or organic materials. to form an electrostatic image generally made visible by applying charged pigmented powder. 3.31 El
32、ectrostatography: See electrostatic process, 3.30. 3.32 Font: Complete family of a given size of type. in- cluding capitals, small capitals, and lowercase. together with figures, punctuation marks, ligatures. etc. Italics are spoken of as a separate font. 3.33 Font cartridge: A plug-in device instal
33、led in the printer so that a greater variety of fonts can be selected for printing. 3.34 Font scaling: The process by which a varicty oc type sizes may be generated from the basic definition of the typeface outlines. 3.35 Forms overlay: A printer feature by which a set of standard form images may be
34、 stored in the printer and selectively overlayed on variable data to be printed in specified fields of the form. 3.36 Fully formed character printer: Impact type printer in which the font typeface is mounted. rnolded, or engraved on a carrier device such as a drum. band. or wheel. 3.37 Host computer
35、: Large. shared computer in which an application or database resides or to which a user is connected. 3.38 Image compression: Coding techniques which reduce the size of image files for storage or transmis- sion. Run length encoding uses a set of codes varying from 4 to 13 bits in length to express s
36、equences of all white dots or all black dots along scan lines of a digi- tized image bit-map. 3.39 Image decompression: Expansion of a com- pressed image file back to the original bit-map represcn- tation. 3.40 Image scaling: The process by which resolution of an image bit-map may be changed to acco
37、mmodate limitations of printers and displays; usually scaled up for printers and scaled down for displays. An example 8.5 inch x 11 inch (216 mm x 279 mm), 200 dots per inch (dpi) image could occupy about 5.3 inch x 7.3 inch (135 mm x 185 mm) on a 300 dpi printer and 14.2 inch x 18.3 inch (361 mm x
38、465 mm) on a 120 dpi display. 3.41 Impact printer: An output unit that prints charac- ters on paper by physical contact. 3.42 Ink jet printer: A non-impact, dot matrix printer which uses droplets of ink to form the character matrix. 3.43 Interface: (1) Place at which two systems (such as a microcomp
39、uter and CD-ROM) meet and interact with each other. (2) Generically, a common interconnec- tion between two components or functions that do not normally interact. NOTE: It can be a piece of hardware equipment or a common area of computer storage or some common instructions shared by two or more pro-
40、 grams. (3) In the realm of microcomputers, the circuit board that attaches a particular peripheral device to a microcomputer. 3.44 Ion: Atom or molecule that has an electrical charge. 2 AIIM TR29 93 3.45 Ion deposition printer: See electron beam printer, 3.23. 3.46 JPEG. See Joint Photographic Expe
41、rts Group, 3.47. 3A7 Joint Photographic Experts Group (JPEG): Al- gorithm standard developed by an International Telegraph and Telephone Consultative Committee (CCITT) Inter- national Organization for Standardization (ISO) Com- mittee for a general purpose compression technique for color and grey-sc
42、ale image applications. 3.48 LAN: See local area network, 3.57. 3.49 LPM: Lines per minute. 3.50 Laser printer: Printing device that uses a laser beam to generate an image after which it is developed with toner and fused to paper using heat and pressure. 3.51 Letter quality: Dot matrix printing mode
43、 that produces a very fine character matrix such that print quality approaches that produced by a typewriter. 3.52 Light-emitting diode (LED) printer: A non- impact page printer in which a row of light emitting diodes are used to form a latent image on a photocon- ductive drum. The image is develope
44、d by electro- photography. 3.53 Line dot matrix printer: An impact printer that creates characters in a matrix of dots such that required dots in a single horizontal row of the matrix for all characters across the page are printed before paper is ad- vanced by one dot space. The print head is statio
45、nary and spans the entire width of the page. 3.54 Line printer: Any printer in which a full line of characters (1-132) are received before the print operation is initiated. 3.55 Liquid crystal display (LCD): A non-impact page printer in which a liquid crystal display shutter is used to form a latent
46、 image on a photoconductive drum. The image is developed by electrophotography. 3.56 Light-emitting diode (LED): Semiconductor device that produces a visible luminescence when a vol- tage is applied to it. 3.57 Local area network (LAN): Data communica- tion network of connected devices within a smal
47、l area, such as a building or group of buildings. 3.58 Magnetostriction: A phenomenon by which cer- tain materials increase in length when subjccted to a mag- netic field and return to their original length when the field is removed. 3.59 Mainframe: Class of computer providing large storage capacity
48、, high-speed processing, and complex data handling capabilities normally supporting many con- current users. 1012348 0500377 371 = 3.60 Near letter quality: Dot matrix printing mode that produces a fine character matrix sufficient for finished documents; used when font appearance is more impor- tant
49、 than print speed. Print quality is significantly bet- ter than draft quality but less than letter quality. 3.61 Nonimpact printer: Printing device in which thc paper is not struck, but imaged by other means, e.g ink jet, electrostatic. Synonymous with nip. 3.62 Output device: Device, such as a display. printer or plotter that converts electronic signais to human read- able form. 3.63 PPM: Pages per minute. 3.64 Page description language (PDL): Allows an ap- plication program to control the format of text and graph- ics on the printed page. 3.65 Page printer: A non-impact printer in which d
