1、2 0Steel Design Guide Steel Plate Shear Walls DG20_cover.indd 135 5/9/2007 2:05:20 PM20 Steel Plate Shear Walls RAFAEL SABELLI, S.E. DASSE Design San Franciso, CA and MICHEL BRUNEAU, Ph.D. Multidisciplinary Center for Earthquake Engineering Research University of Buffalo, Buffalo, NY AMERICAN INSTIT
2、UTE OF STEEL CONSTRUCTION, INC.Steel Design Guide frontmatter.indd 3 5/3/2007 4:00:55 PMCopyright 2006 by American Institute of Steel Construction, Inc. All rights reserved. This book or any part thereof must not be reproduced in any form without the written permission of the publisher. The informat
3、ion presented in this publication has been prepared in accordance with recognized engineering principles and is for general information only. While it is believed to be accurate, this information should not be used or relied upon for any specific application without compe- tent professional examinat
4、ion and verification of its accuracy, suitability, and applicability by a licensed professional engineer, designer, or architect. The publication of the material contained herein is not intended as a representation or warranty on the part of the American Institute of Steel Construction or of any oth
5、er person named herein, that this information is suitable for any general or particular use or of freedom from infringement of any patent or patents. Anyone making use of this information assumes all liability arising from such use. Caution must be exercised when relying upon other specifications an
6、d codes developed by other bodies and incorporated by reference herein since such material may be modified or amended from time to time subsequent to the printing of this edition. The Institute bears no responsi- bility for such material other than to refer to it and incorporate it by reference at t
7、he time of the initial publication of this edition. Printed in the United States of America First Printing: May 2007 frontmatter.indd 4 5/3/2007 4:00:55 PMv Authors Rafael Sabelli, S.E., is the Director of Technical Develop- ment of DASSE Design in San Francisco. He is a member of the AISC Task Comm
8、ittee on the Seismic Provisions for Structural Steel Buildings and is the former Chair of the Seismology Committee of the Structural Engineers Asso- ciation of California. He was the 2000 NEHRP Professional Fellow in Earthquake Hazard Reduction. He is the author of numerous publications on concentri
9、cally braced frames, including analytical studies and design guides on buckling- restrained braced frames. Michel Bruneau, Ph.D., is Director of the Multidisciplinary Center for Earthquake Engineering Research (MCEER) headquartered at the University of Buffalo. Bruneau also is a professor of civil,
10、structural, and environmental engineer- ing within the University of Buffalos School of Engineer- ing and Applied Sciences. He is the author of numerous research articles on steel plate shear walls and other topics in seismic engineering and is coauthor of “Ductile Design of Steel Structures.” He ha
11、s participated in several recon- naissance visits to assess structural damage caused by earth- quakes and other disasters around the world. Acknowledgements The authors express their gratitude to several people who made significant contributions to this Design Guide. Warren Pottebaum helped develop
12、the capacity-design relationships used in the design examples and tested them using various analytical methodologies. Lisa Cassedy helped develop the methodology for low-seismic applica- tions, as well as for openings in shear walls. Both are engi- neers at DASSE Design Inc. The contributions of Dar
13、ren Vian, Jeff Berman, and Diego Lpez-Garca in the study of the system have proved valuable in the writing of this document. Additionally, Jeff Bermans development of the preferred design method for Vertical Boundary Elements in time for its inclusion in Chapter 3 is appreciated. Assistance with tra
14、nslation was provided by Ramiro Vargas and Shuichi Fujikura, both doctoral students at the University at Buffalo. Their help is greatly appreciated. Numerous researchers and design engineers have con- tributed photographs and descriptions of tests and buildings with steel plate shear walls. These co
15、ntributions provide a valuable context for the design methods described in this guide. In particular, John Hooper was very generous in providing insight from his experiences with the system, including both analytical methodologies and insight from construction of buildings with steel plate shear wal
16、ls. The authors also thank AISC for the opportunity to work on this project and for mobilizing its volunteers to provide a thorough and insightful review. In particular, the thorough review by Charles Carter and Christopher Hewitt was indis- pensable in improving the quality and clarity of the desig
17、n examples, and in improving the consistency of the design method developed by the authors. Reviewers included: Abolhassan Astaneh-Asl Charles J. Carter D. Brad Davis Jason Ericksen Christopher Hewitt William D. Liddy Walterio Lpez James O. Malley Brett Manning David G. Parsons II John Rolfes Ignasi
18、us Seilie frontmatter.indd 5 5/3/2007 4:00:55 PMfrontmatter.indd 6 5/3/2007 4:00:55 PMvii Table of Contents Chapter 1 History of Steel Plate Shear Walls 1.1. INTRODUCTION 1 1.1.1. Overview 1 1.1.2. Wall Types 1 1.1.3. Applications 3 1.1.4. Advantages . 3 1.1.5. Limitations 3 1.1.6. Design Guide Stru
19、ctures . 3 1.2. USAGE IN JAPAN . 5 1.3. USAGE IN THE UNITED STATES 7 1.4. USAGE IN CANADA 13 1.5. USAGE IN MEXICO . 13 Chapter 2 Literature Survey 2.1. LITERATURE SURVEY . 23 2.2. ANALYTICAL STUDIES . 24Elgaaly, Caccese, and Du (1993) . 25Xue and Lu (1994) 25Bruneau and Bhagwagar (2002) 26Kharrazi,
20、Ventura, Prion, and Sabouri-Ghomi (2004) 27 2.3. TESTING . 27 2.3.1. COMPONENT TESTS . 27Timler snd Kulak (1983) . 27Tromposch and Kulak (1987) 28Roberts and Sabouri-Ghomi (1992) . 28Schumacher, Grondin, and Kulak (1999) . 29Berman and Bruneau (2003b) and Vian and Bruneau (2005) . 29 2.3.2. MULTI-ST
21、ORY TESTS . 32Caccese, Elgaaly, and Chen (1993) . 32Driver, Kulak, Kennedy, and Elwi (1997) . 34Behbahanifard, Grondin, and Elwi (2003) . 36Rezai (1999) 37Lubell, Prion, Ventura, and Rezai (2000) . 38Astaney-Asl and Zhao (2001) . 40 2.4. ANALYSIS ISSUES . 40 2.5. DESIGN METHODS . 43 2.6. CODE DEVELO
22、PMENT . 45 2.6.1. CSA S16-01 45 2.6.2. 2003 NEHRP Recommended Provisions (FEMA 450) and AISC 2005 Seismic Provisions 46 Chapter 3 System Behavior and Design Methods 3.1. OVERVIEW . 49 3.2. MECHANICS . 49 3.2.1. Unstiffened Steel Plate Shear Walls . 49 3.2.2. Stiffened Steel Plate Shear Walls 53 3.2.
23、3. Composite Steel Plate Shear Walls . 55 3.3. ANALYSIS . 57 3.3.1. Strip Models . 57 3.3.2. Orthotropic Membrane Model 58 3.3.3. Nonlinear Analysis . 58 3.4. GENERAL DESIGN REQUIREMENTS 59 3.4.1. Preliminary Design . 59 3.4.2. Final Design 61 3.5. HIGH-SEISMIC DESIGN . 64Expected Performance 64 3.5
24、.1. REQUIREMENTS OF THE AISC SEISMIC PROVISIONS (ANSI/AISC 341-05) . 65 3.5.2. DESIGN . 68 3.5.2.1. Web-Plate Design . 68 3.5.2.2. HBE Design 68 3.5.2.3. VBE Design 69 frontmatter.indd 7 5/3/2007 4:00:55 PMviii 3.5.2.4. Axial Force Reduction in VBE . 71 3.5.2.5. Conguration 73 3.5.2.6. Connection De
25、sign . 74 3.5.2.7. Web-Plate Connection Design 75 Chapter 4 Design Example I: Low-Seismic Design 4.1. OVERVIEW . 77 4.2. STANDARDS . 77 4.3. BUILDING INFORMATION 77 4.4. LOADS . 78 4.5. SPW DESIGN 79 4.5.1. Preliminary Design . 80 4.5.2. Analysis 82 4.5.3. Design of HBE . 84 4.5.4. Design of VBE 87
26、4.5.5. Connection of Web Plate to Boundary Elements 89 4.5.6. Connection of HBE to VBE . 90 4.5.7. Design of Intermediate Strut at First Floor . 92 Chapter 5 Design Example II: High-Seismic Design 5.1. OVERVIEW . 95 5.2. STANDARDS . 95 5.3. BUILDING INFORMATION 95 5.4. LOADS . 96 5.5. SPSW DESIGN 97
27、 5.5.1. Preliminary Design . 97 5.5.2. Analysis 100 5.5.3. Design of HBE . 102 5.5.4. Design of VBE 105 5.5.5. Connection of Web Plate to Boundary Elements 108 5.5.6. Connection of HBE to VBE . 109 5.5.7. VBE Splices and Base Connection . 111 Chapter 6 Design of Openings 6.1. OVERVIEW . 113 6.2. DES
28、IGN PROCEDURE . 114 6.2.1. Preliminary Design . 114 6.2.2. Determination of Forces on Local Boundary Elements 114 6.2.3. Final Design 118 6.2.4. Web-Plate Shear Strength . 120 6.2.5. Design of VBE 120 6.2.6. Design of HBE . 120 6.3. DESIGN EXAMPLE 121 Chapter 7 Discussion of Special Considerations 7
29、.1. OVERVIEW . 125 7.2. MATERIAL SPECIFICATIONS 125 7.3. SERVICEABILITY 128 7.3.1. Buckling of Web Plates: Attachments 128 7.3.2. Loading at Buckling of Web Plate 128 7.4. CONFIGURATION 128 7.5. CONSTRUCTION . 129 7.5.1. Bolted Construction 129 7.5.2. Welded Construction 130 7.5.3. Sequence and Spee
30、d of Erection 130 7.5.4. Connection of Other Elements . 130 7.5.5. Retrot Applications . 130 7.6. FIRE PROTECTION 131 7.7. FUTURE RESEARCH AND TOOLS . 131 Bibliography and References . 133 frontmatter.indd 8 5/3/2007 4:00:55 PMDESIGN GUIDE 20 / STEEL PLATE SHEAR WALLS / 1 1.1. INTRODUCTION Steel pla
31、te shear walls (SPW) have been used in a signi- cant number of buildings, beginning decades ago, before the existence of design requirements specically address- ing this structural system. Implementation has accelerated signicantly since the recent publication of various design standards, specicatio
32、ns, and other guidelines providing design requirements in both high-seismic applications and wind and low-seismic applications (as will be reviewed in subsequent chapters). 1.1.1. Overview This introduction provides a general description of steel plate shear walls (SPW) and the Special Plate Shear W
33、all (SPSW) system. This introduction also describes the format and organization of the Design Guide. This Design Guide has been developed using: ASCE 7-05 Minimum Design Loads for Buildings and Other Structures, including Supplement No. 1 AISC 360-05 Specication for Structural Steel Buildings AISC 3
34、41-05 Seismic Provisions for Structural Steel Buildings, including Supplement No. 1 Analytical and capacity-design methods presented in this Design Guide typically establish the seismic load effect on a member or connection; this load effect can be utilized in ei- ther LRFD or ASD load combinations.
35、 The design examples in this Design Guide illustrate the LRFD method. The Design Guide addresses design for both high-seismic applications and wind and low-seismic applications. Certain provisions of AISC 341 are used regardless of the Seismic Design Category. Throughout this Design Guide, standards
36、 are referred to by their number (e.g., ASCE 7, AISC 360, AISC 341, etc.). The document titles are listed in the bibliography. 1.1.2. Wall Types Steel plate shear walls in building construction are of various types. By far the most popular in the United States is the unstiffened, slender-web steel p
37、late shear wall. This type is the basis for the SPSW system, which is included as a “Basic Seismic Force Resisting System” in ASCE 7 and AISC 341. This type of web plate has negligible compression strength and thus, shear buckling occurs at low levels of loading. Lat- eral loads are resisted through
38、 diagonal tension in the web plate 1(akin to tension-eld action in a plate girder), rather than in shear. Boundary elements are designed to permit the web plates to develop signicant diagonal tension; for high- seismic design, they are designed to permit the web plates to reach their expected yield
39、stress across the entire panel. Stiffened web plates may also be used. Stiffening increas- es the shear-buckling strength of the web plate. Sufcient stiffening to permit the web plate to develop its shear yield strength may be added, or the stiffening may be partial. For partially stiffened web plat
40、es, the strength is a combination of the shear buckling strength and the additional strength gained from tension-eld action. This available strength is calculated using methods developed for plate girders, as dis- cussed in Chapter 3. Composite steel plate shear walls have also been used in building
41、 design. In this system, steel web plates are stiffened by adding concrete on one or both sides of the web plate. Sufcient stiffening is typically provided to permit shear yielding of the web plate. Chapter 3 contains a treatment of composite steel plate shear walls, including the requirements of AI
42、SC 341. Stiffening of the web plate has a moderate effect on the strength and stiffness of the wall. Additionally, it tends to reduce the exural strength and stiffness required of the boundary elements. Stiffening of the web plates also re- sults in hysteretic behavior that is signicantly less pinch
43、ed. However, it also substantially increases the cost of the con- struction and increases the thickness of the wall. It is gener- ally preferred to achieve the required strength and stiffness by utilizing an unstiffened, slender web plate, rather than a stiffened web plate. Very high strength and st
44、iffness can be provided by unstiffened steel web plates of moderate thick- ness. In high-seismic design, the hysteretic behavior can be improved with the use of rigid beam-to-column connections in the frame of the shear wall. Steel plate shear walls with unstiffened, slender web plates are the focus
45、 of this Design Guide. Chapter 3 con- tains a design method for this type of steel plate shear wall. Chapter 1 History of Steel Plate Shear Walls 1 The term web plate is used to refer to the steel plate that resists the horizontal shear in the wall. A web plate connects to columns, called Vertical B
46、oundary Elements (VBE), on either side, and beams, called Horizontal Boundary Elements (HBE), above and below.2 / DESIGN GUIDE 20 / STEEL PLATE SHEAR WALLS (a) (b) Fig. 11. SPW panel in Japan: (a) wall with horizontal panel stiffeners (courtesy of Takanaka); (b) wall with horizontal and vertical sti
47、ffeners (courtesy of Nippon Steel). Fig. 12. Small shear yielding elements in Japan (courtesy of Shimizu). Fig. 13. Shear link connected between closely spaced columns (courtesy of Nippon Steel).DESIGN GUIDE 20 / STEEL PLATE SHEAR WALLS / 3 Chapter 4 uses this system in a design example for wind and
48、 low-seismic application, and Chapter 5 uses this system in a design example for high-seismic application. Chapter 6 ad- dresses the design of openings in steel plate shear walls with unstiffened, slender web plates. 1.1.3. Applications Steel plate shear walls have been used in a large number of bui
49、ldings, including in the United States, Canada, Mexico, and Japan. Building types have ranged from single-family residential to high-rise construction. In addition to new con- struction, steel web plates have been added to retrot existing frame buildings requiring additional strength and stiffness. SPSW may be used wherever the building function per- mits walls of moderate length. Mid-rise and high-rise con- struction, with their repetitive oor plans and continuous building core, are especially well suited for SPSW. Chapter 1 contains an extensive list of buildi
