1、22Steel Design GuideFaade Attachmentsto Steel-Framed Buildings22Steel Design GuideJAMES C. PARKER, P.E.Simpson Gumpertz namely: Alec Zimmer, Amy Schreiber, David Martin, Dirk Kestner, Kevin Guillotte, Michelle Meyer, and Matthew Johnson. The author thanks them for their collaboration and contributio
2、ns.The author also wishes to thank AISC and the following people for their assistance and review of this design guide. The Guide greatly benefi ted from their insight and suggestions.Abbas Aminmansour W. Steven HofmeisterWilliam A. Andrews William D. LiddyPaul M. Brosnahan William R. LindleyCharles
3、J. Carter H. Scott MetzgerHarry A. Cole Davis G. Parsons IITheodore L. Droessler Victor ShneurDon Engler William N. ScottRoger E. Ferch Thomas S. TarpyWalter Heckel Raymond H.R. TideChristopher M. Hewitt Michael A. West00i-00v_acknowledgments_toc.indd i 7/16/08 2:38:06 PM00i-00v_acknowledgments_toc.
4、indd ii 7/16/08 2:38:06 PMiii5. DESIGN OF SLAB EDGE CONDITIONS FOR FAADE ATTACHMENTS 315.1 GENERAL APPROACHES 315.2 SLAB EDGE DETAILS WITH LIGHT-GAGEMETAL POUR STOPS . 335.2.1 Design of Light-Gage Metal Pour Stops . 335.2.2 Design of Slab Overhang Made with Light-Gage Metal Pour Stopfor Superimposed
5、 Loads 365.3 SLAB EDGE DETAILS WITH STRUCTURALSTEEL BENT PLATES OR OTHERSTEEL EDGE MEMBERS 375.3.1 Case 1Bent Plate Used as a Pour Stop Only . 385.3.2 Case 2Bent Plate Used as a Pour Stop and a Means of Attachingthe Faade to the Slab 385.3.3 Case 3Bent Plate Transmits the Overhang Loads; the Slab Tr
6、ansverse Shear and FlexuralStrength are Neglected . 38DESIGN EXAMPLESExample 5.1 Light-Gage Metal Pour Stop Selection . 42 Example 5.2 Concrete Slab Overhanging a Spandrel Beam and Reinforced to Support a CMU Wall 42Example 5.3 Bent Plate Pour Stop . 45 Example 5.4 Bent Plate Pour Stop with Headed S
7、tuds Engaging the Slab Reinforcement to Support a Faade 48 Example 5.5 Bent Plate Pour Stop Supporting a Faade with the Slab Ignored . 51 Example 5.6 Bent Plate Pour Stop Supporting a Faadewith the Slab Ignored, Except for Welded Bar Couplers Engaging ThreadedReinforcing Bars to ResistOut-of-Plane F
8、orces . 55TABLES 576. DESIGN OF STEEL SPANDREL BEAMS 716.1 GENERAL DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS 71 6.2 DESIGN OF THE SPANDREL BEAM FOR VERTICAL LOADS . 716.3 DESIGN OF THE SPANDREL BEAM FOR TORSION 75 TABLE OF CONTENTS1. INTRODUCTION . 11.1 OBJECTIVE AND SCOPE 1 1.2 FUNDAMENTALS OF FAADE PERFORMANCE 1 1.2.
9、1 The Faade and the Building Envelope 11.2.2 Concepts for Control of Water Infi ltration . 21.2.3 Vapor Retarders and Air-Barrier Systems 31.2.4 Insulation and Thermal Performance . 31.2.5 Sealant Joints 32. GENERAL DESIGN CRITERIA FORATTACHMENT OF FAADES . 52.1 STRUCTURAL INTEGRITY 5 2.1.1 Gravity
10、Loads . 52.1.2 Wind Loads 82.1.3 Seismic Loads 82.1.4 Loads from Restraint of Movement . 82.2 ACCOMMODATING RELATIVE MOVEMENT . 8 2.3 DURABILITY OF ATTACHMENTS . 11 2.4 ACCOUNTING FOR TOLERANCE AND CLEARANCES 13 2.5 CONSTRUCTABILITY AND ECONOMY . 13 3. OVERVIEW OF RESPONSIBILITIES FOR FAADE ATTACHME
11、NT 153.1 THE OWNERS RESPONSIBILITIES 153.2 THE ARCHITECTS RESPONSIBILITIES 153.3 THE SERS RESPONSIBILTITES 153.4 THE SSES RESPONSIBILITIES . 16 3.5 THE GENERAL CONTRACTORS AND CONSTRUCTION MANAGERSRESPONSIBILITIES . 16 3.6 THE FAADE CONTRACTORSRESPONSIBILITIES . 16 4. ACCOMMODATING CONSTRUCTION TOLE
12、RANCES AND CLEARANCES IN THE FAADE ATTACHMENT . 174.1 TYPES OF TOLERANCES 17 4.2 STRUCTURAL STEEL TOLERANCES 18 4.3 FAADE MATERIAL AND ERECTION TOLERANCES 28 4.3.1 Brick Veneer Tolerances . 284.3.2 Precast Concrete Panel Tolerances . 294.3.3 Aluminum Curtain Wall Tolerances . 294.3.4 GFRC Panel Tole
13、rances . 304.3.5 EIFS Panel Tolerances 3000i-00v_acknowledgments_toc.indd iii 7/16/08 2:38:06 PMivExample 7.4 Shelf Angle for Brick Veneer Supported by Long Hanger System on Floor Spandrel Beam 141 Example 7.5 Shelf Angle for Brick Veneer Supported by Slab Edge 145TABLES 151 8. PRECAST CONCRETE WALL
14、 PANELS . 1578.1 GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF PRECASTCONCRETE WALL PANEL SYSTEMS 157 8.2 STRATEGIES FOR SUPPORT OF PRECASTCONCRETE WALL PANELS . 157 8.3 PARAMETERS AFFECTING THEDESIGN OF PRECAST CONCRETEWALL PANEL SUPPORTS . 158 8.3.1 Architectural Layout of Panels . 1588.3.2 Movement Requirements . 1608.
15、3.3 Magnitude of Seismic Forces . 1608.3.4 Field Adjustability for Tolerancesand Clearances . 1608.3.5 Durability . 1618.3.6 Fire-Safi ng 1618.4 DESIGN RESPONSIBILITIES FOR PRECAST CONCRETE WALL PANELS . 161 8.5 CONNECTION TYPES 162 8.6 COLUMN-SUPPORTED STORY-TALL PANEL . 165 8.7 COLUMN-SUPPORTED SP
16、ANDREL PANEL 165 8.8 SPANDREL-SUPPORTED STORY-TALL PANEL 165 8.9 SPANDREL-SUPPORTED SPANDREL PANEL . 168 8.10 PORTENTIAL PROBLEMS WITH SUPPORT AND ANCHORAGE OF PRECAST CONCRETE WALL PANELS . 168 Example 8.1 Precast Concrete Panel Supported on a Steel-Framed Building 169 9. ALUMINUM CURTAIN WALLS 175
17、9.1 GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF ALUMINUM CURTAIN WALL SYSTEMS 175 9.2 STRATEGIES FOR SUPPORT OFALUMINUM CURTAIN WALLS 175 9.3 PARAMETERS AFFECTING THE DESIGN OF ALUMINUM CURTAIN WALL SUPPORTS . 1789.3.1 Architectural Decisions 1789.3.2 Movement Requirements . 1789.3.3 Field Adjustability for Tolerances a
18、nd Clearances . 1789.3.4 Durability . 1799.3.5 Fire-Safi ng 179DESIGN EXAMPLESExample 6.1 Roof Spandrel Beam with Eccentric Curtain Wall Load 78Example 6.2 Roof Spandrel Beam with Eccentric Curtain Wall LoadTorsion Restrained with Roll Beams 86Example 6.3 Roof Spandrel Beam with Eccentric Curtain Wa
19、ll LoadTorsion Avoided with HSS and Roll Beams . 92 Example 6.4 Roof Spandrel Beam with Eccentric Curtain WallTorsion on Spandrel Avoided by Kickers 99Example 6.5 Floor Spandrel Beam with Eccentric Precast Panel Loads 103 Example 6.6 Precast Panel Loads at Floor Opening 109 7. MASONRY CAVITY WALL SY
20、STEMS WITH CONCRETE MASONRY UNIT OR METAL STUD BACK-UP . 1157.1 GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF MASONRY CAVITY WALL SYSTEMS 115 7.2 STRATEGIES FOR SUPPORT OF MASONRY CAVITY WALL SYSTEMS 116 7.3 PARAMETERS AFFECTING DESIGN OFMASONRY CAVITY WALL SUPPORTS 120 7.3.1 Architectural Decisions That Impact theDesign
21、of the Masonry Cavity Wall . 1207.3.2 Dimensional Considerations 1207.3.3 Field Adjustability 1217.3.4 Movement Requirements . 1227.3.5 Durability . 1227.4 DESIGN RESPONSIBILITIES FOR MASONRY CAVITY WALLS 122 7.5 DESIGN OF SHELF ANGLES . 123 7.6 HUNG SHELF ANGLEBACK-UP SUPPORTED BY SLAB 123 7.7 HUNG
22、 SHELF ANGLEBACK-UP RUNS BY SLAB EDGE . 1307.8 SHELF ANGLE SUPPORTED AT SLAB EDGE 132 7.9 POTENTIAL PROBLEMS WITH SUPPORT AND ANCHORAGE OF MASONRY CAVITY WALLS . 132DESIGN EXAMPLESExample 7.1 Determination of Defl ections for Structures Supporting Brick Veneers . 134Example 7.2 Selection of Shelf An
23、gles to Support Brick Veneer Cladding 135 Example 7.3 Shelf Angle for Brick Veneer Supported by Medium Hanger System on Floor Spandrel Beam 136 00i-00v_acknowledgments_toc.indd iv 7/16/08 2:38:06 PMv12. THIN STONE VENEER FAADE SYSTEMS 20112.1 GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF THIN STONE VENEER FAADE SYSTEMS .
24、20112.2 STRATEGIES FOR SUPPORT OFTHIN STONE VENEER SYSTEMS 20312.3 PARAMETERS AFFECTING THE DESIGN OF THIN STONE VENEER PANEL SUPPORTS . 20312.3.1 Architectural Decisions 20312.3.2 Erection Procedures . 20312.3.3 Movement Requirements . 20312.3.4 Field Adjustability for Tolerances and Clearances . 2
25、0712.3.5 Durability . 20712.3.6 Fire-Safi ng 20712.4 DESIGN RESPONSIBILITIES FOR THINSTONE VENEER FAADE SYSTEMS 207APPENDIX A. RESULTS OF FINITE ELEMENT MODELS TO STUDY THE EFFECT OF SLAB/DECK TRANSLATIONAL RESTRAINT ON SPANDREL BEAMS . 209A.1 GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF MODELS . 209A.2 ALTERNATIVE METHO
26、DS TO APPROXIMATE TORSIONAL DEFLECTIONS OF TOP-FLANGE-RESTRAINED BEAMS . 209 A.3 DISCUSSION OF RESULTS . 209A.4 CONCLUSIONS AND DESIGN RECOMMENDATIONS 210REFERENCES . 212 9.4 DESIGN RESPONSIBILITIES FORALUMINUM CURTAIN WALLS 1799.5 CONNECTION TYPES 1809.6 POTENTIAL PROBLEMS WITH SUPPORT AND ANCHORAG
27、EOF ALUMINUM CURTAIN WALLS 18410. GLASS-FIBER-REINFORCED CONCRETE (GFRC) PANELS AND OTHER LIGHTWEIGHT SYSTEMS . 18510.1 GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF GLASS-FIBER-REINFORCED CONCRETE PANELS AND OTHER LIGHTWEIGHT SYSTEMS 185 10.2 STRATEGIES FOR SUPPORT OFGFRC PANEL SYSTEMS . 185 10.3 PARAMETERS AFFECTING THE
28、DESIGN OF GFRC PANEL SUPPORTS . 187 10.3.1 Architectural Decisions 18710.3.2 Movement Requirements . 18810.3.3 Field Adjustability for Tolerancesand Clearances . 18910.3.4 Durability . 18910.3.5 Fire-Safi ng 18910.4 DESIGN RESPONSIBILITIESFOR GFRC PANEL SYSTEMS . 18910.5 CONNECTION TYPES . 190 10.6
29、GFRC SINGLE-SKIN FULL-STORY PANEL . 191 10.7 GFRC SINGLE-SKIN SPANDREL PANEL . 191 10.8 POTENTIAL PROBLEMS WITH SUPPORT AND ANCHORAGE OF GFRC PANEL SYSTEMS 193 11. EXTERIOR INSULATION AND FINISH SYSTEM (EIFS) PANELS . 19511.1 GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF EXTERIOR INSULATION AND FINISH SYSTEM (EIFS) PANELS
30、 . 195 11.2 STRATEGIES FOR SUPPORTOF EIFS PANEL SYSTEMS . 196 11.3 PARAMETERS AFFECTING THE DESIGN OF EIFS PANEL SUPPORTS 19611.3.1 Architectural Decisions 19811.3.2 Movement Requirements . 19811.3.3 Field Adjustability for Tolerances and Clearances . 19811.3.4 Durability . 19811.3.5 Fire-Safi ng 19
31、811.4 DESIGN RESPONSIBILITIESFOR EIFS PANELS . 19800i-00v_acknowledgments_toc.indd v 7/16/08 2:38:06 PM00i-00v_acknowledgments_toc.indd vi 7/16/08 2:38:07 PMDESIGN GUIDE 22 / FAADE ATTACHMENTS TO STEEL-FRAMED BUILDINGS / 1Chapter 1IntroductionPerhaps the most complicated details in a building occur
32、where the faade and structural frame meet. The details of this interface have a signifi cant impact on the cost of the project and performance of the faade. Performance issues that affect the faade attachment details include proper support of the faade elements, structural anchorage to the frame, re
33、lative movements, fi re safi ng, waterproofi ng, thermal and moisture migration, air infi ltration, and sound transmission. The design team must coordinate responsi-bilities among the architect, building frame engineer, faade engineer, general contractor, steel fabricator, steel erector, and faade s
34、ubcontractor(s). This AISC Design Guide on faade attachments provides explanations of faade system fundamentals, highlights building performance issues that infl uence attachment design, and includes practical attach-ment design examples.1.1 OBJECTIVE AND SCOPE The objective of this Design Guide is
35、to assist the practicing engineer in achieving economical slab edge details for steel frames that are structurally sound, durable, and accommo-dating of the performance requirements of the particular fa-ade system. The focus is on faadesthe non-load-bearing building enclosures attached to, and suppo
36、rted by, the build-ing structure. This Design Guide presents concepts and fun-damentals pertinent to faades in general, as well as specifi c information about supporting and anchoring some of the more common faade systems. Although primarily intended to assist the structural engineer responsible for
37、 design of the steel frame, this Design Guide is also a reference for the architect and the engineer responsible for the design of the faade elements.When referring to the structural engineer responsible for the design of the steel frame, this Guide uses the term struc-tural engineer of record (SER)
38、 as it is used in the AISC Code of Standard Practice for Steel Buildings and Bridges (AISC, 2005). When referring to the engineer responsible for the structural design of the faade elements and/or their attach-ments, this Design Guide uses the term specialty structural engineer (SSE) in a manner con
39、sistent with that used by the Council of American Structural Engineers (CASE).General concepts and principals of this Design Guide in-clude faade performance fundamentals, attachment design criteria, roles and responsibilities, and fabrication and erec-tion tolerances. Specifi c steel framing issues
40、 include slab-edge details and spandrel-beam design issues.Specifi c faade systems include masonry cavity wall systems with concrete-block or steel-stud back-up, precast-concrete wall panels, aluminum curtain walls with glass and/or metal panels, glass-fi ber-reinforced concrete (GFRC) and other lig
41、htweight panels, and exterior-insulation-and-fi nish-system (EIFS) panels.No one text can present all of the creative and effective strategies and details that designers can and will develop, and this Design Guide does not represent an attempt to do thisnor is it an attempt to present preferred deta
42、ils. Prefer-ence depends on the specifi c conditions for a given project, regional norms, and individual designers, fabricators, and erectors. Rather, the concepts and performance characteris-tics that will lead to successful support of faades are de-scribed. By way of illustrative sample details an
43、d example problems, readers will see how to implement these concepts and achieve proper performance. This, along with a basic understanding of fundamental principles, will help the prac-ticing engineer to develop and apply sound strategies for support and attachment of a faade on a particular projec
44、t, addressing any number of project-specifi c conditions.This Design Guide focuses on attachment strategies and their effect on the design, fabrication, and erection of steel frames. Although the general background is presented on various faade systems and principles for their proper sup-port, this
45、Design Guide does not focus on the design of the faade components, their intra-connections, or anchors in-tegral to the faade structure, such as embedded inserts into concrete panels or fl ex anchors of GFRC panels.1.2 FUNDAMENTALS OF FAADE PERFORMANCE1.2.1 The Faade and the Building EnvelopeThe bui
46、lding envelope encloses the building, controlling the transmission of air, water, heat, sound, and light, both into and out of the building. The exterior walls, roofs, windows, doors, foundation walls, and foundation slabs, and the in-terfaces of these parts, comprise the building envelope. The exte
47、rior wall is but one of the envelope components and the faade is just one component of the exterior wall. However, when this Design Guide refers to faades and faade attach-ments, it is meant to encompass all those components of the exterior wall supported by and anchored to the building, ei-ther dir
48、ectly or indirectly through other wall components. 001-004_DG22_Ch01.indd 1 7/16/08 4:53:39 PM2 / FAADE ATTACHMENTS TO STEEL-FRAMED BUILDINGS / DESIGN GUIDE 22The location of the water barrier depends on the concept(s) used in the wall system to control infi ltration. Four concepts will be discussed
49、: barrier systems, internal drainage planes, cavity walls, and pressure-equalized rain screens.Barrier SystemsBarrier systems rely on the wall material or cladding mate-rial to prevent infi ltration without the benefi t of drainage or internal water barriers (waterproofi ng membranes). Historic masonry walls are classic examples of this approach. These walls rely on their massive thickness for suffi cient moisture control (suffi cient for the times!). Modern examples can be found in p
