1、23Steel Design GuideConstructability of Structural Steel BuildingsAbility to InfluenceTimeConceptual PlanningDesign90% DocumentsCD Docs/BiddingFabrication/ErectionInstallationStart-up23Steel Design GuideDAVID I. RUBY, P.E., S.E. Ruby + AssociatesFarmington Hills, MichiganAMERICAN INSTITUTE OF STEEL
2、CONSTRUCTIONConstructability of Structural Steel Buildings 000-000_title_page_copyright_DG23.indd i000-000_title_page_copyright_DG23.indd i 1/27/09 1:37:23 PM1/27/09 1:37:23 PMAISC2008byAmerican Institute of Steel ConstructionAll rights reserved. This book or any part thereof must not be reproduced
3、in any form without the written permission of the publisher. The AISC logo is a registered trademark of AISC.The information presented in this publication has been prepared in accordance with recognized engineering principles and is for general information only. While it is believed to be accurate,
4、this information should not be used or relied upon for any specific application without compe-tent professional examination and verification of its accuracy, suitability, and applicability by a licensed professional engineer, designer, or architect. The publication of the material contained herein i
5、s not intended as a representation or warranty on the part of the American Institute of Steel Construction or of any other person named herein, that this information is suitable for any general or particular use or of freedom from infringement of any patent or patents. Anyone making use of this info
6、rmation assumes all liability arising from such use.Caution must be exercised when relying upon other specifications and codes developed by other bodies and incorporated by reference herein since such material may be modified or amended from time to time subsequent to the printing of this edition. T
7、he Institute bears no responsibility for such material other than to refer to it and incorporate it by reference at the time of the initial publication of this edition.Printed in the United States of America000-000_title_page_copyright_DG23.indd ii000-000_title_page_copyright_DG23.indd ii 1/27/09 1:
8、37:23 PM1/27/09 1:37:23 PMiPUBLISHERS NOTE This document differs in use and application from many previous AISC publications. It is based upon evolving thought on new project delivery systems in the industry and addresses concepts that are appearing in the professional literature on an increasing ba
9、sis. The authors ideas involve all construction trades and design disciplines, not just structural engineers and structural steel fabrica-tors, and this document can serve as a primer for structural engineers and others in the structural steel industry who seek new approaches to construction and new
10、 ways of doing business.While the terms are not used explicitly, the authors recommendations very much parallel the con-cepts of integrated project delivery, lean construction, and alliance contracting. In many respects the concepts in this Design Guide are ahead of many industry theoristswith one i
11、mportant dif-ference. The author is not just theorizing about integrating “constructability” into his structural engineering practice. Rather, he has actually done it and is sharing his knowledge with colleagues and the industry, which he has served well for many years.This Design Guide does not con
12、stitute a code or standard; nor is it intended to be incorporated by reference into a contract document. However, it has tremendous potential utility in guiding an evolving practice and standard of care in an era when new contract documents and contract rela-tionships are being developed to address
13、some of the concerns raised in this text.Several distinguishing characteristics of this work should be kept in mind as its principles are ap-plied to current and future real-world construction projects: 1. Some of the practice suggestions addressed are clearly within the recognized, traditional prov
14、ince of the Structural Engineer of Record. 2. Some of the practice suggestions addressed are applied by some structural engineers, but not by all practitionersor even a majority of practitionersand therefore have not risen to the level of either “standard practice” or a recognized standard of care.3
15、. Some of the suggestions addressed are either “means and methods” of construction or mat-ters that, under current project delivery systems, can only be addressed by the owner or the prime design professional (usually the project architect). 4. Because this text is not constrained by traditional tho
16、ught and traditional approaches, it does not differentiate among the categories of traditional practice or the traditional professional responsibility that is applied to those categories of practice by different members of the project team. Therefore, this work should not be used in an attempt to de
17、fi ne the professional responsibility of any individual member of a project team. 5. Finally, this text covers a great deal of technical information. It is an extremely valuable tool, but cannot be applied in a vacuum, or by someone who does not have the prerequisite level of technical training and
18、experience. It has to be applied simultaneously by a host of quali-fi ed professionals, working together, using the references noted, and a good many additional references that may not necessarily be noted.00i-0iv_publishers_note_toc_DG23.indd i00i-0iv_publishers_note_toc_DG23.indd i 1/27/09 1:37:57
19、 PM1/27/09 1:37:57 PM00i-0iv_publishers_note_toc_DG23.indd ii00i-0iv_publishers_note_toc_DG23.indd ii 1/27/09 1:37:57 PM1/27/09 1:37:57 PMiii5 DETAILING AND FABRICATION 255.1 COMPLETE AND COORDINATED DESIGN DOCUMENTS . 255.2 MATERIAL PROCUREMENT AND SHOP DRAWING PREPARATION 255.3 STANDARDS 265.4 CON
20、NECTIONS 275.4.1 Bolted Joint Considerations 275.4.2 Welded Joint Considerations . 275.5 SURFACE PREPARATION . 295.6 GALVANIZING . 305.7 SHIPPING AND DELIVERY 316 CONSTRUCTABILITY AND STEEL ERECTION . 336.1 COMPLETE AND COORDINATED DESIGN DOCUMENTS . 336.2 SITE CONSTRAINTS . 336.3 SEASON OF CONSTRUC
21、TION . 336.4 SEQUENCE OF CONSTRUCTION . 346.5 CONSTRUCTION SCHEDULE . 346.6 OSHA REQUIREMENTS . 356.7 SPECIAL ERECTION PROCEDURES 356.8 TEMPERATURE ADJUSTMENTS 366.9 SPECIAL TOLERANCES . 366.10 ERECTION STABILITY . 366.11 GENERAL ERECTION TOLERANCES 387 SPECIAL CONSTRUCTABILITY ISSUES . 417.1 ANCHOR
22、AGE TO CONCRETE . 417.1.1 Anchor Rods 417.1.2 Anchor Rod Tolerances . 447.1.3 Embeds 457.1.4 Embed Tolerances . 457.2 CAMBER 467.3 FABRICATION TOLERANCES . 477.4 COLUMN SPLICES 477.5 FAADE ATTACHMENTS . 487.6 HIGH-STRENGTH BOLT USAGE 48REFERENCES 49TABLE OF CONTENTSPREFACE . iv1 INTRODUCTION . 11.1
23、HOW DOES CONSTRUCTABILITY HAPPEN? . 11.2 IS CONSTRUCTABILITY THE SAME AS VALUE ENGINEERING? . 21.3 FUNDAMENTALS OF CONSTRUCTABILITY . 31.4 BUILDING INFORMATION MODELING 31.5 IMPLEMENTATION OF CONSTRUCTABILITY . 42 EARLY INVOLVEMENT 52.1 INITIAL PLANNING DECISIONS 52.2 COORDINATION AND COMPLETENESS O
24、F CONSTRUCTION DOCUMENTS . 62.3 PROJECT COMMUNICATION 72.4 CONSTRUCTABILITY INPUT 72.5 DESIGN AND CONTRACTOR COORDINATION 83 THE DESIGN PROCESS . 93.1 DISCUSSION TOPICS 93.2 JOINT DETAILS 103.3 INTERDEPENDENCE 113.4 CODE OF STANDARD PRACTICE . 124 STRUCTURAL STEEL FRAMING 134.1 ESTIMATING THE COSTS
25、OF STEEL FRAMING 134.2 AVAILABILITY OF STEEL SHAPES 144.3 MILLS AND SERVICE CENTERS 144.4 SUSTAINABLE DESIGN . 144.5 SYSTEM AND MEMBER SELECTION 154.5.1 Floor and Roof Framing 154.5.2 Long-Span Framing 174.5.3 Columns 174.5.4 Braced Frames Versus Moment Frames 184.5.5 Horizontal Bracing (Diaphragms)
26、 . 184.5.6 Vertical Bracing . 184.6 MINIMIZING FLOOR-TO-FLOOR HEIGHT . 204.6.1 Staggered Truss Framing 204.6.2 Integrated Structure and Mechanical Systems 214.6.3 Proprietary Systems . 214.7 CASE STUDY ONE 214.8 CASE STUDY TWO 2200i-0iv_publishers_note_toc_DG23.indd iii00i-0iv_publishers_note_toc_DG
27、23.indd iii 1/27/09 1:37:57 PM1/27/09 1:37:57 PMivPrefaceProductivity and innovation within the construction industry are lagging far behind the gains experienced in the manufacturing industry. Businesses and trade organizations engaged in construction contribute little to research and development t
28、o improve the process. The design, fabrication and installation process is far too fragmented. There is little opportunity for mass pro-duction or repetitive work, in part because we are associated with the custom fabrication industry. Moreover, traditional design and construction methods are often
29、self-protective and based in adversarial relationships.This lack of innovation and integration reaches across the entire design community and construction indus-tryincreasing costs, affecting our image, and reducing prosperity. If our industry fails to prosper, it will no longer invest in itself. St
30、agnation will occur and innovation will be further stifl ed, resulting in a cycle of disincentive and decline. Productivity matters to every engineer, contractor and owner because it provides the essential ingredient that makes nations rich. When companies produce more for each hour their employees
31、work, they can pay higher wages and reap bigger profi ts. An annual productivity growth of 2% would more than double infl ation-adjusted wages over 40 years, all else being equal. Add another percentage point in productivity growth, and wages would more than triple (Whitehouse and Aeppel, 2006).Over
32、 the last decade, innovation through information technology has been the driver of productivity for the fi nancial, health care and manufacturing industries. The construction industry, on the other hand, has not taken full advantage of this technology. While manufacturing has embraced robotic and co
33、mputer technology, what presently occurs at most con-struction sites has changed little over the years. The fabrication industry uses computer-aided estimating and advanced bill of materials production, automated beam lines, computer detailing, and digitized plasma cutting. Cell phones and laptop co
34、mputers have improved fi eld communication. Advances in software have made it possible to create sophisticated scheduling and document tracking programs, and better construction equipment has resulted in small productivity increases. Nevertheless, these technological innovations have not changed the
35、 fundamental way in which projects are planned, designed and built. The construction industry has primarily considered information technology as a replacement for the pencil, drafting board and shop drawing, without entertaining such questions as to how better to use these tools to improve the proce
36、ss and integrate the process of steel design, fabrication and installation.Constructability answers these questions. Constructability as a design concept can be the initial step in the integration of the process and will enable the design professional to develop creative solutions and bring enhanced
37、 value to the client. This design guide outlines the fundamentals of constructability and offers sug-gestions on implementation of the concept. The author thanks the following individuals for their contributions to this design guide: Lawrence A. Kloiber, Lawrence F. Kruth, Robert E. Shaw, Jr., Willi
38、am H. Treharne, Thomas D. Wosser, Brian M. Volpe, Carlo Lini, and Allison Shenberger. Also, the author thanks the following reviewers for their comments and suggestions:William A. Andrews Davis G. Parsons IICharles J. Carter Victor SchneurDon Engler James A. StoriLawrence F. Kruth Emile W.J. TroupKe
39、ith Landwehr Kenneth B. WiesnerBrett R. Manning Ronald G. YeagerR. Shankar Nair00i-0iv_publishers_note_toc_DG23.indd iv00i-0iv_publishers_note_toc_DG23.indd iv 1/27/09 1:37:57 PM1/27/09 1:37:57 PMDESIGN GUIDE 23 / CONSTRUCTABILITY OF STRUCTURAL STEEL BUILDINGS / 1Chapter 1IntroductionThe Constructio
40、n Industry Institute (CII, 1993) defi nes constructability as the optimum use of construction knowl-edge and experience in planning, design, procurement and fi eld operations to achieve overall project objectives. Those who advocate this concept believe that constructability can bring real benefi ts
41、 to all involvedclients, consultants and contractors. Benefi ts include enhanced cooperation, reduced risk, improved schedule, budget control, and elimination of litigation.Constructability includes visualizing the construction of the project prior to beginning the actual design, and main-taining th
42、at vision throughout the design process. The focus is on maximizing simplicity, economy, and speed of con-struction, while considering such project-specifi c factors as site conditions, code restrictions and owner requirements. Constructability is a design philosophy that begins in the conceptual de
43、sign stage, continues through design, and links project planning with design and construction.Constructability can be a challenge. The traditional ap-proach separates the individual functions involved in plan-ning, design, procurement and construction into specifi c taskseach performed by specifi c
44、parties. Planning is often performed by the architect, with systems design prepared by the engineers. Procurement is managed by the construction manager, and construction is performed by the general con-tractor and appropriate trades.The steel industry also follows this traditional process. The stru
45、ctural design is typically separated from the detail-ing, fabrication and erection, which are also normally sepa-rate and distinct functions. The design professional tends to place emphasis on the design, budget, schedule and liability, while the detailer concentrates on shop and erection draw-ing p
46、reparation, and the fabricator and erector separately concentrate on their respective roles in meeting the project schedule and budget. These diverse interests, pitting de-sign versus fabrication versus erection, are not benefi cial to the owner.Constructability seeks to integrate this process and r
47、eap the benefi ts of collaboration. It is an approach that infuses construction knowledge and experience into the design pro-cess, creating a project that achieves the overall project ob-jectives while reducing costs, improving the schedule, and eliminating litigation. This will create satisfi ed de
48、signers, builders and owners!1.1 HOW DOES CONSTRUCTABILITY HAPPEN? While many design professionals have signifi cant knowl-edge about what makes a project constructible, benefi t can almost always be derived from the early involvement of a steel contractor or a constructability consultant. Input in
49、the planning and conceptual stages of a project provides for a more informed decision-making process based upon ac-curate and up-to-date cost estimates and value engineered suggestions. In addition, design document reviews, subcon-tractor qualifi cations, site constraints, weather impact, and schedule concerns can be evaluated sooner, thereby making the number of alternatives that can be considered larger.Four common characteristics essential to achieving construc-tability are (CII, 1986a): 1. The owner and managers of the d
