1、 AN DOCUMENT Prepared by AEEC Published by AERONAUTICAL RADIO, INC. 2551 RIVA ROAD, ANNAPOLIS, MARYLAND 21401-7435 ELECTROMAGNETIC COMPATIBILITY (EMC) RECOMMENDED PRACTICE ARINC REPORT 831 PUBLISHED: May 29, 2009 This document is published information as defined by 15 CFR Section 734.7 of the Export
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9、L RADIO, INC. 2551 RIVA ROAD ANNAPOLIS, MARYLAND 21401-7435 USA Prepared by the AEEC Specification 831 Adopted by the AEEC Executive Committee March 31, 2009 A description of the changes introduced by each supplement is included at the end of this document. ARINC REPORT 831 ELECTROMAGNETIC COMPATIBI
10、LITY (EMC) RECOMMENDED PRACTICE Published: May 29, 2009ii FOREWORD Aeronautical Radio, Inc., the AEEC, and ARINC Standards ARINC organizes aviation industry committees and participates in related industry activities that benefit aviation at large by providing technical leadership and guidance. These
11、 activities directly support aviation industry goals: promote safety, efficiency, regularity, and cost-effectiveness in aircraft operations. ARINC Industry Activities organizes and provides the secretariat for international aviation organizations (AEEC, AMC, FSEMC) which coordinate the work of aviat
12、ion industry technical professionals and lead the development of technical standards for airborne electronic equipment, aircraft maintenance equipment and practices and flight simulator equipment and used in commercial, military, and business aviation. The AEEC, AMC, and FSEMC develop consensus-base
13、d, voluntary standards that are published by ARINC and are known as ARINC Standards. The use of ARINC Standards results in substantial benefits to the aviation industry by allowing avionics interchangeability and commonality and reducing avionics cost by promoting competition. There are three classe
14、s of ARINC Standards: a) ARINC Characteristics Define the form, fit, function, and interfaces of avionics and other airline electronic equipment. ARINC Characteristics indicate to prospective manufacturers of airline electronic equipment the considered and coordinated opinion of the airline technica
15、l community concerning the requisites of new equipment including standardized physical and electrical characteristics to foster interchangeability and competition. b) ARINC Specifications Are principally used to define either the physical packaging or mounting of avionics equipment, data communicati
16、on standards, or a high-level computer language. c) ARINC Reports Provide guidelines or general information found by the airlines to be good practices, often related to avionics maintenance and support. The release of an ARINC Standard does not obligate any organization or ARINC to purchase equipmen
17、t so described, nor does it establish or indicate recognition or the existence of an operational requirement for such equipment, nor does it constitute endorsement of any manufacturers product designed or built to meet the ARINC Standard. In order to facilitate the continuous product improvement of
18、this ARINC Standard, two items are included in the back of this volume: An Errata Report solicits any corrections to the text or diagrams in this ARINC Standard. An ARINC IA Project Initiation/Modification (APIM) form solicits any recommendations for addition of substantive material to this volume w
19、hich would be the subject of a new Supplement. ARINC REPORT 831 TABLE OF CONTENTS 1.0 .1 INTRODUCTION1.1 .1 Purpose of this Document1.2 .1 Target Manufacturers and Equipment1.3 1 Scope1.4 .1 Other Design Considerations1.5 1 Organization of this Document1.6 .2 Related Documents1.6.1 .2 RTCA and EUROC
20、AE Documents2.0 3 SOURCES AND VICTIMS OF INTERFERENCE2.1 3 Categories of Devices2.1.1 .3 Intentional Emitters2.1.2 .3 Unintentional Emitters2.1.3 3 Victims2.1.4 .3 “Emission Tables”2.1.5 .5 Identification of the Environment3.0 .6 IDENTIFICATION OF COUPLING PATHS3.1 6 Types of Coupling3.1.1 .6 Common
21、 Impedance Coupling3.1.2 6 Capacitive Coupling3.1.3 6 Inductive Coupling3.1.4 .6 Electromagnetic Coupling3.2 7 Methods to Analyze the Coupling3.2.1 7 Current Analysis3.2.2 8 Switched Current Analysis4.0 10 DECOUPLING MEASURES4.1 10 List of Measures4.1.1 .10 General Advice4.1.2 .10 Cabling Inside and
22、 Outside the LRU4.1.3 .12 Grounding/Bonding4.1.4 .13 Shielding4.1.5 .15 Filtering4.1.6 .16 Different Types of Filters4.2 .17 Application of Exemplary Measures/Solutions for Exemplary Problems4.2.1 17 Solutions for Coupling by Common Grounds or Common Power Source (Common Impedance Coupling)4.2.2 21
23、Solutions to Minimize Crosstalk4.2.3 21 Solutions to Minimize Wire-to-Circuitry Coupling4.2.4 .21 Solutions to Minimize Circuitry-to-Circuitry Field Coupling4.2.5 .22 Zone Concept4.2.6 .24 Selection of an Appropriate Frequency4.2.7 .26 Shielding Efficiency of Casings with Apertures (see Appendix E 3
24、)4.3 .32 Array of Sources, Victims and Measures5.0 .34 DETAILED EXAMPLES INSULATED GATE BIPOLAR TRANSISTORS (IGBTS)/DESIGN MEANS AND APPLICATIONS5.1 .34 Keeping the Loop Small in Power Frequency Converters5.1.1 34 Findings in EMC Test (see RTCA DO-160)5.1.2 .34 Root Cause5.1.3 .35 Sub-Optimal Soluti
25、on: Power Line Filter5.1.4 35 Sub-Optimal Solution: Power Lines Filter and Filter in Interconnecting Wires5.1.5 .36 Optimal Solution: Filter to Intermediate DC Link5.1.6 .38 Additional MeasuresARINC REPORT 831 TABLE OF CONTENTS 5.2 38 Separating High Interference Zones5.3 38 Separating High Interfer
26、ence Zones5.3.1 .38 Finding in Tests5.3.2 .38 Root Cause5.3.3 38 Example SolutionsAPPENDIX A .40 ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMSAPPENDIX B .41 DIFFERENT KINDS OF CABLING (SEE APPENDIX E 1)APPENDIX C .44 THE EMC CONTROL PLANAPPENDIX D .47 CROSS REFERENCES TO TEST MEASURESAPPENDIX E 50 REFERENCED DOCUMENTS
27、ARINC REPORT 831 Page 1 1.0 INTRODUCTION 1.0 INTRODUCTION 1.1 Purpose of this Document The purpose of this document is to present guidelines for the Electromagnetic Compatibility (EMC) design of electronic devices. The focus is to sharpen the awareness of EMI at an early stage of the development. Th
28、is is reasonable because early planning of the EMC of a system has several advantages. Above all, the probability of a “first-time-right” development increases (the risk that a later redesign will be necessary is reduced). Additionally, an early EMC planning helps to decrease the costs for developme
29、nt and testing. If the EMC of a system is considered ex post facto may be inevitable to take measures that can only reduce the effects of EMI but not eliminate the root causes. Such measures can include additional shielding, which is connected with a high system weight. The well-planned design can e
30、liminate the origin of problems, often with simple measures. This document also aims at clear identification of EMC design means for reference in an EMC-control plan (see Appendix C). 1.2 Target Manufacturers and Equipment This document addresses the construction and layout of equipment like line re
31、placeable units (LRUs). Cabin electronics and especially power electronics have in the past shown to be an issue with regard to EMC. It is not intended to give advice on aircraft installation. 1.3 Scope The scope of this document addresses the internal and external EMC of equipment as well as its su
32、sceptibility to interferences. In addition, the disturbance potential is considered, which consists of both radiated and conducted emissions. 1.4 Other Design Considerations EMC solutions shall not interfere with electric safety or the intended function of the system. In this respect, this document
33、describes only guidelines, not regulatory rules. EMC design addresses Electromagnetic harmony inside the circuitry of a single device and in this way contributes to the LRUs design maturity. 1.5 Organization of this Document The first part of this document describes the basics of electromagnetic com
34、patibility. This part helps to identify issues associated with EMC. Section 2 starts by defining what is meant by “sources” and “victims” in this context. Furthermore, it explains how devices can be categorized according to their emissions and their susceptibility. ARINC REPORT 831 Page 2 1.0 INTROD
35、UCTION Section 3 describes the different kinds of coupling that can occur. Different methods to identify coupling paths are mentioned. The aim of the second part of the document is to show measures that can be taken against coupling once a possible coupling path has been identified. Section 4 lists
36、possible EMC-measures. Some of them are explained in more detail and illustrated by the application to example problems. Section 5 presents two detailed examples. The first one shows how a good electromagnetic design can be realized for a power frequency converter. The second example explains how a
37、separation of high interference zones should be carried out, again using the example of a frequency converter. 1.6 Related Documents 1.6.1 RTCA and EUROCAE Documents The latest versions of the following documents apply: EUROCAE ED-130: Guidance for the Use of Portable Electronic Devices (PEDs) on Ai
38、rcraft RTCA DO-294: Guidance on Allowing Transmitting Portable Electronic Devices (T-PEDs) on Aircraft RTCA DO-307: Aircraft Design and Certification for Portable Electronic Device (PED) Tolerance RTCA DO-160: Environmental Conditions and Test Procedures for Airborne Equipment ARINC REPORT 831 Page
39、3 2.0 SOURCES AND VICTIMS OF INTERFERENCE 2.0 SOURCES AND VICTIMS OF INTERFERENCE 2.1 Categories of Devices Generally, every device can be the source, as well as the victim, of interference. Nevertheless, a distinction between devices that are normally more critical with regard to their emissions (“
40、emitters”) and devices that are normally more critical with regard to their susceptibility (“victims”) is possible and useful. Furthermore, a distinction between intentional and unintentional emitters has to be made since both kinds of devices have to be treated differently in order to ensure the el
41、ectromagnetic compatibility of a system. 2.1.1 Intentional Emitters Intentional emissions are signals that are sent out purposely often for data transmission. The following list shows examples of devices producing intentional emissions: Wireless access points and devices such as laptops and PDAs con
42、nected to a WLAN Mobile phones and base transceiver stations Radar transmitters 2.1.2 Unintentional Emitters Unintentional emissions are emissions that are produced by a device although they do not serve a purpose. These emissions are side effects of the intended function of the device. The followin
43、g list shows examples of devices or parts of devices which are particularly critical with regard to unintentional emissions: All power switches (e.g., Switched-Mode Power Supply (SMPS) Heat sinks attached to power switches Motor controllers and motors Transformers 2.1.3 Victims Victims are devices t
44、hat are disturbed by electromagnetic interferences. Generally, all electrical equipment can be a victim of EMI. However, there are devices that are particularly susceptible. The following list shows examples of such devices: Antenna based systems Low level signal cabling Sensors Microphones 2.1.4 “E
45、mission Tables” For each device, all emissions should be listed according to their frequencies. Due to their different nature, intentional and unintentional emissions should be listed separately. This can be done with the help of Tables 2-1 and 2-2 or equivalent tables. ARINC REPORT 831 Page 4 2.0 S
46、OURCES AND VICTIMS OF INTERFERENCE Table 2-1 can be used to list all intentional emissions of a device. The example entry shows how to fill in this table: For each emission, the frequency or the frequency range should be entered in the first column. In the second column, a short description of the e
47、mission (e.g., the component and the operation mode by which it is caused) should follow. The maximum power level of the signal should be given in the third column. For emitters inside the pressurized area, the power level should agree with the aircraft manufacturers guidance. In the last column, me
48、asures should be described that are taken in order to avoid intentional emissions leading to interferences. COMMENTARY For the example of a mobile phone, the following measures could be applied: 1. The maximum power level of the emissions of the phone could be restricted by the base transceiver stat
49、ion. 2. Through an appropriate noise floor, it could be avoided that the phone connects to a ground base transceiver station. Table 2-2 can be used to list all unintentional emissions. Unlike intentional emissions, the unintentional emissions of a device, and the corresponding frequencies, are normally not known from the beginning. They can be obtained through an analysis of the device, combined with measurements at later stages of the development process. The analysis can make use of the fact that some components can easily be linked to emission
