1、Wellbore Plugging and Abandonment PracticesAPI BULLETIN E3SECOND EDITION, APRIL 2018Special NotesAPI publications necessarily address problems of a general nature. With respect to particular circumstances, local, state, and federal laws and regulations should be reviewed.Neither API nor any of APIs
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4、 so. Every effort has been made by the Institute to ensure the accuracy and reliability of the data contained in them; however, the Institute makes no representation, warranty, or guarantee in connection with this publication and hereby expressly disclaims any liability or responsibility for loss or
5、 damage resulting from its use or for the violation of any authorities having jurisdiction with which this publication may conflict.API publications are published to facilitate the broad availability of proven, sound engineering and operating practices. These publications are not intended to obviate
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9、right 2018 American Petroleum InstituteForewordThis document, prepared by the API Subcommittee on Well Cements (SC10) provides guidance on environmentally sound practices for wellbores drilled for oil and gas exploration and production (E place wells on inactive status (temporary abandonment).Perman
10、ent abandonment is performed when there is no further utility for a wellbore by sealing the wellbore against fluid migration. Inactive well practices may be performed when a wellbore has future utility, such as for enhanced oil recovery projects or conversion to a disposal or storage well. This perm
11、its the operator to hold the well in a condition that facilitates restoring its utility.The purpose of this document is to address wellbore plugging and abandonment practices. The primary goals are protection of usable quality ground water, and isolation of hydrocarbon bearing, or water injection in
12、tervals. Topics discussed include, cementing practices, cement plug placement and the use of mechanical barriers. This document does not address regulatory requirements.Nothing contained in any API publication is to be construed as granting any right, by implication or otherwise, for the manufacture
13、, sale, or use of any method, apparatus, or product covered by letters patent. Neither should anything contained in the publication be construed as insuring anyone against liability for infringement of letters patent.This document was produced under API standardization procedures that ensure appropr
14、iate notification and participation in the developmental process and is designated as an API Recommended Practice. Questions concerning the interpretation of the content of this publication or comments and questions concerning the procedures under which this publication was developed should be direc
15、ted in writing to the Director of Standards, American Petroleum Institute, 1220 L Street, NW, Washington, DC 20005. Requests for permission to reproduce or translate all or any part of the material published herein should also be addressed to the director.Suggested revisions are invited and should b
16、e submitted to the Standards Department, API, 1220 L Street, NW, Washington, DC 20005, standardsapi.org.iiiContentsPage1 Considerations for Plugged and Abandoned Wells . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11.1 General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
17、 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11.2 Well Construction and Abandonment Practices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 Normative References .
18、. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 Terms, Definitions and Abbreviations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33.1 Terms and
19、Definitions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33.2 Abbreviations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
20、. . . . . . . . . . 34 Wellbore Plugging and Abandonment Guidance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44.1 General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
21、 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44.2 Static Equilibrium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44.3 Abandonment/Plugging Planning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
22、. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44.4 Wellbore Plugging and Abandonment Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55 Plug Placement Guidance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
23、. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65.1 Open Hole Completion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65.2 Cased Hole Abandonment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
24、. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75.3 Casing Shoe. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85.4 Casing Stub or Liner Top . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
25、. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105.5 Usable Quality Water. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125.6 Surface Plug. . . . . . . .
26、. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126 Plug Placement Verification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136.1
27、General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136.2 Weight Testing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
28、 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13Bibliography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15Figures1 Example Schematic of a Permanent Well Abandonment . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
29、 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 Open Hole Abandonment by Open Hole Balanced Plugs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64 Cased Hole Abandonment with a Perforation Squeeze and a Balanced Plug . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
30、 73 Open Hole Abandonment with a Cement Retainer Set at Casing Shoe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75 Cased Hole Abandonment with a Cement Retainer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86 Casing Shoe Balanced Cement Plug . .
31、 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97 Casing Shoe Squeeze Cement Plug with Cement Retainer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98 Casing Stub Abandonment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
32、. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109 Liner Top Abandonment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1110 Balanced Cement Plug Inside Casing in Front o
33、f a Usable Water Zone. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1211 Well Abandonment with Surface Plug . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13v1Wellbore Plugging and Abandonment Practices1 Considerations for Plugged a
34、nd Abandoned Wells 1.1 GeneralThis document provides guidance for the design, placement, and verification of cement plugs in wells that are to be temporarily or permanently abandoned. Wells that are temporarily abandoned have intent to re-enter in the future. The placement of barriers vary depending
35、 on whether the well is to be temporarily or permanently abandoned.The information in this document is general in nature. Wellbore plugging and abandonment practices will vary with regulation, well type, and purpose. Sound engineering and operational practices should be applied to each plugging oper
36、ation. Plug lengths are not considered in this document. Local regulations must be considered in the design as they may dictate the length of cement to be placed below or above specific intervals, or both.1.2 Well Construction and Abandonment PracticesThis document assumes that generally accepted we
37、ll construction practices were followed during the installation of the cemented casings.As specified in API 65-2, properly designed casing strings cemented in place provide multiple barriers during well operations. An example abandoned wellbore can be seen in Figure 1.Abandonment barriers installed
38、during wellbore plugging and abandonment operations may include: plug set across any exposed casing/liner shoe; plugs set in open hole; cement or mechanical plugs, or both, set above perforated intervals in cased hole; plugs set at points where casing has been removed; plugs set across liner tops; p
39、lugs set above and below usable quality water; plugs set above or below hydrocarbon bearing zones or other potential flow zones; plugs set at the surface or mudline.2 Normative References The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this document. For dated references,
40、 only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies.API Standard 65-2, Isolating Potential Flow Zones During Well ConstructionFigure 1Example Schematic of a Permanent Well Abandonment CasingMudMudPlug #5Plug #4Plug
41、 #3Plug #2Plug #1Casing StubCementGROUND LEVEL OR MUDLINEAquiferDisposal ZoneHydrocarbon ZoneNOTE 1 Plug #1 may cover all open hole length in several cases.NOTE 2 Plug #3 is commonly called a casing stub plug.NOTE 3 Plug #5 is commonly called surface plug.2 API BULLETIN E3WELLBORE PLUGGING AND ABAND
42、ONMENT PRACTICES 3 3 Terms, Definitions and Abbreviations3.1 Terms and Definitions3.1.1 adequate cementCement in annulus or as plugging material which has been verified as to location and quality.3.1.2 barrier A component or practice that contributes to the total system reliability by preventing liq
43、uid or gas flow if properly installed.3.1.3 cement For the purposes of this document, the term cement includes Portland cement, pozzolan blends, blast furnace slag blends, phosphate cement, hardening ceramics, resins, geo-polymers or other suitable qualified materials.3.1.4 disposal zoneA geological
44、 formation whose strata is isolated from overlying usable quality water by an impermeable layer into which fluids are injected for disposal.3.1.5 Inside Blow Out PreventerIBOP A tool used as a check valve inside the workstring.3.1.6 plugA verifiable barrier element located within the wellbore which
45、may be mechanical or cement. 3.1.7 usable quality ground waterSubsurface water suitable for consumption by humans or animals with or without treatment.3.1.8 workstringA generic term used to describe a tubular such as jointed tubing, coiled tubing or drill pipe used to convey a treatment or for well
46、service activities.3.2 AbbreviationsFor the purposes of this document, the following acronyms are used.IBOP Inside Blow Out PreventerPb) isolating potential flow zones (e.g. reservoir hydrocarbon zones, shallow gas, over-pressurized water zones) unless cross flow is deemed acceptable;c) protecting s
47、urface soils and waters; d) isolating injection/disposal zones (e.g. water, carbon dioxide, cuttings re-injection).These objectives are accomplished by placing cement or mechanical plugs, or both, at selected intervals in the wellbore to prevent fluid movement. In a permanent abandonment, barriers s
48、hould span the full cross section of the well at the desired isolation depths. An assessment of the cement in the annulus should be done to determine plug-setting depth(s).Selection of plug depth shall consider formation fracture pressure to enable containment of anticipated pressures from below.Ope
49、rators shall consult appropriate regulatory requirements prior to commencing wellbore plugging and abandonment operations. Wellbore plugging and abandonment operations shall conform to regulatory requirements and shall incorporate prudent methods to maintain well control throughout the operation.4.2 Static Equilibrium4.2.1 GeneralThe wellbore should be static prior to cement plug placement. Fluid movement before the plug sets could affect the plug integrity. To be static, wellbore fluids should be the same density at all depths in the wellbore, and if there are perforated o
