API RP 1133-2017 Managing Hydrotechnical Hazards for Pipelines Located Onshore or Within Coastal Zone Areas (Second Edition).pdf

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1、Managing Hydrotechnical Hazards for Pipelines Located Onshore or Within Coastal Zone Areas API RECOMMENDED PRACTICE 1133SECOND EDITION, DECEMBER 2017Special NotesAPI publications necessarily address problems of a general nature. With respect to particular circumstances, local,state, and federal laws

2、 and regulations should be reviewed.Neither API nor any of APIs employees, subcontractors, consultants, committees, or other assignees make anywarranty or representation, either express or implied, with respect to the accuracy, completeness, or usefulness of theinformation contained herein, or assum

3、e any liability or responsibility for any use, or the results of such use, of anyinformation or process disclosed in this publication. Neither API nor any of APIs employees, subcontractors,consultants, or other assignees represent that use of this publication would not infringe upon privately owned

4、rights.API publications may be used by anyone desiring to do so. Every effort has been made by the Institute to ensure theaccuracy and reliability of the data contained in them; however, the Institute makes no representation, warranty, orguarantee in connection with this publication and hereby expre

5、ssly disclaims any liability or responsibility for loss ordamage resulting from its use or for the violation of any authorities having jurisdiction with which this publication mayconflict.API publications are published to facilitate the broad availability of proven, sound engineering and operatingpr

6、actices. These publications are not intended to obviate the need for applying sound engineering judgmentregarding when and where these publications should be utilized. The formulation and publication of API publicationsis not intended in any way to inhibit anyone from using any other practices.Any m

7、anufacturer marking equipment or materials in conformance with the marking requirements of an API standardis solely responsible for complying with all the applicable requirements of that standard. API does not represent,warrant, or guarantee that such products do in fact conform to the applicable AP

8、I standard.All rights reserved. No part of this work may be reproduced, translated, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without prior written permission from the publisher. Contact the Publisher, API Publishing Ser

9、vices, 1220 L Street, NW, Washington, DC 20005.Copyright 2017 American Petroleum InstituteForewordNothing contained in any API publication is to be construed as granting any right, by implication or otherwise, for themanufacture, sale, or use of any method, apparatus, or product covered by letters p

10、atent. Neither should anythingcontained in the publication be construed as insuring anyone against liability for infringement of letters patent.The verbal forms used to express the provisions in this document are as follows.Shall: As used in a standard, “shall” denotes a minimum requirement in order

11、 to conform to the standard.Should: As used in a standard, “should” denotes a recommendation or that which is advised but not required in orderto conform to the standard.May: As used in a standard, “may” denotes a course of action permissible within the limits of a standard.Can: As used in a standar

12、d, “can” denotes a statement of possibility or capability.This document was produced under API standardization procedures that ensure appropriate notification andparticipation in the developmental process and is designated as an API standard. Questions concerning theinterpretation of the content of

13、this publication or comments and questions concerning the procedures under whichthis publication was developed should be directed in writing to the Director of Standards, American PetroleumInstitute, 1220 L Street, NW, Washington, DC 20005. Requests for permission to reproduce or translate all or an

14、y partof the material published herein should also be addressed to the director.Generally, API standards are reviewed and revised, reaffirmed, or withdrawn at least every five years. A one-timeextension of up to two years may be added to this review cycle. Status of the publication can be ascertaine

15、d from theAPI Standards Department, telephone (202) 682-8000. A catalog of API publications and materials is publishedannually by API, 1220 L Street, NW, Washington, DC 20005.Suggested revisions are invited and should be submitted to the Standards Department, API, 1220 L Street, NW,Washington, DC 20

16、005, standardsapi.org.iiiContentsPage1 Scope . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 Normative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

17、 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 Terms, Definitions, Acronyms, and Abbreviations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23.1 Terms and Definitions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

18、. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23.2 Acronyms and Abbreviations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74 Overview of Hydrology and Hydrotechnical Hazards at Onshore and Coa

19、stal Zone Pipelines . . . . . . . . 94.1 Riverine Hydrology and Fluvial Geomorphology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94.2 Riverine Hydrotechnical Hazards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

20、 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104.3 Coastal Zone Hydrology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 164.4 Coastal Hydrotechnical Hazards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

21、 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 185 Overview of Hydrotechnical Damage Mechanisms. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 195.1 Hydrodynamic Loading . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

22、. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 205.2 Debris Impact. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 215.3 Vortex-Induced Fatigue. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

23、 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 215.4 Third Party Damage. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 235.5 Dead Loads . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

24、. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 236 Operations of Existing Pipelines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 246.1 Inventory Development/Inventory U

25、pdate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 256.2 Filtering and Prioritization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 266.3 Data Gathering/Review/I

26、ntegration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 296.4 Risk Assessment and Ranking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 336.5 Mitigation . .

27、. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 336.6 Monitoring . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

28、 . . . . . . . . . . . 386.7 Program Evaluation and Improvement. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 437 Design and Construction Considerations for New Pipelines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

29、. 437.1 Permitting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 437.2 Environmental Impact. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

30、 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 437.3 Community Impact . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 447.4 Contingency Planning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

31、 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 447.5 Inspection and Testing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 447.6 As-Built Drawings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

32、. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 447.7 Site Restoration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 447.8 Construction Completion . . . . . .

33、 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 458 Pipeline Abandonment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45vContentsPageAnnex A

34、 (informative) Data Sources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47Annex B (informative) Flood Timing, Duration, Magnitude, and Variability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52Annex C (informativ

35、e) Flood Frequency . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55Annex D (informative) Example Scour and Erosion Calculations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60Annex E (informative) Example

36、Calculations of Allowable Unsupported Span Length . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68Annex F (informative) Examples of Select Engineering Controls . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74Bibliography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

37、 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84Figures1 Streambed Profiles from the Rio Grande River at Albuquerque, NM, between April 5 and June 28, 1948 Illustrating Temporary Scour and Fill (after USGS Open File Report 1967). . . . . . . . 112 S

38、treambed Profiles from the Missouri River at St. Charles, MO, between June 18 and 19, 2002 Illustrating Dune Scour (after USGS Scientific Investigations Report 2010-5091) . . . . . . . 123 Streambed Profiles from the Arkansas River at Arkansas City, KS, between June 2 and August 31, 1948 Illustratin

39、g Local Scour and Fill around Bridge Piers (after USGS Open File Report 1967) . . . . . . 134 Schematic of Ice Jam Scour. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145 2013 Aerial Photograph of the Leaf River, MS Illus

40、trating Significant Bank Erosion and Channel Migration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 156 Time Series of Aerial Photography from April 1998 through November 2013 of the Wabash River, IN, Documentin

41、g the Development of a Channel Avulsion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 167 Map Illustrating State of Louisiana Coastal Zone Boundary (Louisiana Department of Natural Resources, 2010) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 188 2014 Aerial Photograph

42、 of the Louisiana Shoreline South of Lake Charles, LA Illustrating Significant Shoreline Retreat . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 199 Map of Southeastern Louisiana Illustrating Historic and Projected Land Loss between 1932 and 20

43、50 Highlighted in Red . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2010 Example of Bank Erosion as a Source of In-channel Woody Debris . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2111 Schematic of Vortex-induced Vib

44、rations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2212 Example of Allowable and Actual Unsupported Span Length vs Water Velocity for VIV Damage Mechanism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

45、. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2213 Example of Engineered Span Supported by H-braces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2314 Example of Debris Loading on Pipeline Support . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

46、 . . . . . . . . . 2415 Example Waterway Integrity Management Process . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2516 Schematic of Initial Filtering Process . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

47、. . . . . 2717 Example Process Flow Chart for Pipeline Filtering. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2718 Simplified Depiction of Risk. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

48、 . . . . . 34A.1 Example Short Range River Level and Discharge Forecasts Provided by NOAA (USGS Stream Gauge at Two Rivers River at Hallock, MNgauge No. 05095000) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50A.2 Example Long-range Flood Risk Forecast Provided by NOAA (USGS Stream

49、Gaugeat North Platte River at Lewellen, NBGauge No. 06687500) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50A.3 Example Map Illustrating Location of North American Snotel Sites . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51B.1 Typical Long Duration Snowmelt Hydrograph (Data Collected by the USGS at the Yellowstone River at Billings, MT Stream gaugegauge No. 06214500) and Short Duration Rainfall Hydrograph (Data Collected by the USGS at the Colorado River at Bastrop, TX Stream Gaugegauge No. 08159200). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

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