1、Protection Against Ignitions Arising Out of Static, Lightning, and Stray CurrentsAPI RECOMMENDED PRACTICE 2003 EIGHTH EDITION, SEPTEMBER 2015Special NotesAPI publications necessarily address problems of a general nature. With respect to particular circumstances, local, state, and federal laws and re
2、gulations should be reviewed.Neither API nor any of APIs employees, subcontractors, consultants, committees, or other assignees make any warranty or representation, either express or implied, with respect to the accuracy, completeness, or usefulness of the information contained herein, or assume any
3、 liability or responsibility for any use, or the results of such use, of any information or process disclosed in this publication. Neither API nor any of APIs employees, subcontractors, consultants, or other assignees represent that use of this publication would not infringe upon privately owned rig
4、hts.API publications may be used by anyone desiring to do so. Every effort has been made by the Institute to assure the accuracy and reliability of the data contained in them; however, the Institute makes no representation, warranty, or guarantee in connection with this publication and hereby expres
5、sly disclaims any liability or responsibility for loss or damage resulting from its use or for the violation of any authorities having jurisdiction with which this publication may conflict.API publications are published to facilitate the broad availability of proven, sound engineering and operating
6、practices. These publications are not intended to obviate the need for applying sound engineering judgment regarding when and where these publications should be utilized. The formulation and publication of API publications is not intended in any way to inhibit anyone from using any other practices.A
7、ny manufacturer marking equipment or materials in conformance with the marking requirements of an API standard is solely responsible for complying with all the applicable requirements of that standard. API does not represent, warrant, or guarantee that such products do in fact conform to the applica
8、ble API standard.Users of this Recommended Practice should not rely exclusively on the information contained in this document. Sound business, scientific, engineering, and safety judgment should be used in employing the information contained herein.API is not undertaking to meet the duties of employ
9、ers, manufacturers, or suppliers to warn and properly train and equip their employees, and others exposed, concerning health and safety risks and precautions, nor undertaking their obligations to comply with authorities having jurisdiction.Information concerning safety and health risks and proper pr
10、ecautions with respect to particular materials and conditions should be obtained from the employer, the manufacturer or supplier of that material, or the material safety data sheet.Where applicable, authorities having jurisdiction should be consulted.Work sites and equipment operations may differ. U
11、sers are solely responsible for assessing their specific equipment and premises in determining the appropriateness of applying the Recommended Practice. At all times users should employ sound business, scientific, engineering, and judgment safety when using this Recommended Practice.All rights reser
12、ved. No part of this work may be reproduced, translated, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without prior written permission from the publisher. Contact the Publisher, API Publishing Services, 1220 L Street, NW, W
13、ashington, DC 20005.Copyright 2015 American Petroleum InstituteForewordNothing contained in any API publication is to be construed as granting any right, by implication or otherwise, for the manufacture, sale, or use of any method, apparatus, or product covered by letters patent. Neither should anyt
14、hing contained in the publication be construed as insuring anyone against liability for infringement of letters patent.Shall: As used in a standard, “shall” denotes a minimum requirement in order to conform to the specification.Should: As used in a standard, “should” denotes a recommendation or that
15、 which is advised but not required in order to conform to the specification.This document was produced under API standardization procedures that ensure appropriate notification and participation in the developmental process and is designated as an API standard. Questions concerning the interpretatio
16、n of the content of this publication or comments and questions concerning the procedures under which this publication was developed should be directed in writing to the Director of Standards, American Petroleum Institute, 1220 L Street, NW, Washington, DC 20005. Requests for permission to reproduce
17、or translate all or any part of the material published herein should also be addressed to the director.Generally, API standards are reviewed and revised, reaffirmed, or withdrawn at least every five years. A one-time extension of up to two years may be added to this review cycle. Status of the publi
18、cation can be ascertained from the API Standards Department, telephone (202) 682-8000. A catalog of API publications and materials is published annually by API, 1220 L Street, NW, Washington, DC 20005.Suggested revisions are invited and should be submitted to the Standards Department, API, 1220 L St
19、reet, NW, Washington, DC 20005, standardsapi.org.This updated publication was prepared under the direction of the API Safety and Fire Protection Subcommittee. The first edition was published in 1956 with subsequent editions in 1967, 1974, 1982, 1991, 1998, and 2008. This eighth edition builds on the
20、 technically sound work presented in prior editions. It emphasizes the need to maintain awareness and the continuing need to develop and use sound procedures for controlling hazards and minimizing the possible static ignition risks associated with handling hydrocarbons. With environmental regulation
21、s requiring lower sulfur specification for diesel fuel throughout the world, revisions to the processing to remove sulfur with the need to supplement the new fuels with additives, such as those to improve lubricity, the resultant fuels are much lower in conductivity, often below 2 C.U. This in turn
22、enhances the ability of the fuel to generate and accumulate static charges while flowing through pipes. While there is not a direct correlation between sulfur level and conductivity, current data shows that most low sulfur fuels have low conductivity. The precautionary advice regarding ULSD provided
23、 in this eighth edition of API 2003 has been updated to align with recently published guidance in other recommended practices. iiiContentsPage1 Scope . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
24、. . . . . . . 11.1 General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11.2 Concept of Hazard vs Risk . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
25、. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11.3 Units of Measurement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 Normative References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
26、 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 Terms, Definitions, Acronyms, and Abbreviations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33.1 Terms and Definitions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
27、. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33.2 Acronyms and Abbreviations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64 Static Electricity Hazards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
28、. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64.1 General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64.2 Tank Truck Loading. . . .
29、. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 144.3 Tank Car Loading. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
30、4.4 Marine Operations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 284.5 Storage Tanks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
31、 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 314.6 Miscellaneous Electrostatic Hazards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 385 Lightning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
32、 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 485.1 General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 485.2 Direct-stroke Lightning. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
33、. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 495.3 Indirect Lightning Currents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 495.4 Protection of Specific Equipment Against Lig
34、htning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 495.5 Protection Against Direct-stroke Lightning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 526 Stray Currents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
35、 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 526.1 General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 526.2 Sources and L
36、imitations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 526.3 Protection of Specific Operations Against Stray Currents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53Annex A (informativ
37、e) Fundamentals of Static Electricity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57Annex B (informative) Measurement and Detection of Static Electricity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69Annex C (informative) Direct Strike Ligh
38、tning Protection Systems. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72Annex D (informative) Units of Measurement. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74Bibliography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
39、 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75Figures1 Fixed Spark Promoter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92 Floa
40、ting Spark Promoter. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103 Approximate Relationship Between Temperature, Reid Vapor Pressure, and the Flammability Limits of Petroleum Products at Sea Level . . . . . . . .
41、 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124 Tank Truck Bonding for Top Loading . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 185 Loading and Unloading of Tank Trucks Through Closed Connection
42、s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 196 Conversion Chart for Flow Rates and Velocities for Selected Pipe Sizes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 227 Tank Car Bonding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
43、. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27vContentsPage8 Charge Separation in a Filter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 409 Electrostatic Charge Generation During Tank Truck Loading Update Using Clear Copy
44、 . . . . . . . . . . . . 4010 Bonding During Container Filling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4211 Stray Current Bypass . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
45、 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5312 Isolating Spur Tracks from Main-line Stray Current Sources. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5413 Bonding, Grounding, and Insulating at Marine Wharves . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
46、. . . . . . 56A.1 Static Procedures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58A.2 Charge Separation in a Pipe. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
47、 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58A.3 Charge Movement Through a Liquid. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59A.4 Charged and Uncharged Bodies Insulated from Ground. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
48、 . . . . . . . . . . 65A.5 Both Insulated Bodies Share the Same Charge . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65A.6 Both Bodies are Grounded and Have No Charge . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
49、 . 65Tables1 Summary of Precautions for Tank Truck Loading. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 152 Charge Relaxation Precautions for Tank Truck Loading with Micropore Filtersh. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163 Velocities and Flow Rates for Schedule 40 Pipe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21A.1 Conductivity and Relaxation Time Constant of Typical Liquids . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62B.1 Effect of Temperature on Hydrocarbon Conductivi
