1、Managed Pressure Drilling Operations with Surface Back-pressureAPI RECOMMENDED PRACTICE 92MFIRST EDITION, SEPTEMBER 2017Special NotesAPI publications necessarily address problems of a general nature. With respect to particular circumstances, local,state, and federal laws and regulations should be re
2、viewed.Neither API nor any of APIs employees, subcontractors, consultants, committees, or other assignees make anywarranty or representation, either express or implied, with respect to the accuracy, completeness, or usefulness of theinformation contained herein, or assume any liability or responsibi
3、lity for any use, or the results of such use, of anyinformation or process disclosed in this publication. Neither API nor any of APIs employees, subcontractors,consultants, or other assignees represent that use of this publication would not infringe upon privately owned rights.Classified areas may v
4、ary depending on the location, conditions, equipment, and substances involved in any givensituation. Users of this standard should consult with the appropriate authorities having jurisdiction.API publications may be used by anyone desiring to do so. Every effort has been made by the Institute to ass
5、ure theaccuracy and reliability of the data contained in them; however, the Institute makes no representation, warranty, orguarantee in connection with this publication and hereby expressly disclaims any liability or responsibility for loss ordamage resulting from its use or for the violation of any
6、 authorities having jurisdiction with which this publication mayconflict.API publications are published to facilitate the broad availability of proven, sound engineering and operatingpractices. These publications are not intended to obviate the need for applying sound engineering judgmentregarding w
7、hen and where these publications should be utilized. The formulation and publication of API publicationsis not intended in any way to inhibit anyone from using any other practices.All rights reserved. No part of this work may be reproduced, translated, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted by
8、 any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without prior written permission from the publisher. Contact the Publisher, API Publishing Services, 1220 L Street, NW, Washington, DC 20005.Copyright 2017 American Petroleum InstituteForewordThe verbal forms used to express
9、the provisions in this document are as follows: the term “shall” denotes a minimum requirement in order to conform to the standard; the term “should” denotes a recommendation or that which is advised but not required in order to conform tothe standard; the term “may” is used to express permission or
10、 a provision that is optional; the term “can” is used to express possibility or capability.Nothing contained in any API publication is to be construed as granting any right, by implication or otherwise, for themanufacture, sale, or use of any method, apparatus, or product covered by letters patent.
11、Neither should anythingcontained in the publication be construed as insuring anyone against liability for infringement of letters patent.This document was produced under API standardization procedures that ensure appropriate notification andparticipation in the developmental process and is designate
12、d as an API standard. Questions concerning theinterpretation of the content of this publication or comments and questions concerning the procedures under whichthis publication was developed should be directed in writing to the Director of Standards, American PetroleumInstitute, 1220 L Street, NW, Wa
13、shington, DC 20005. Requests for permission to reproduce or translate all or any partof the material published herein should also be addressed to the director.Generally, API standards are reviewed and revised, reaffirmed, or withdrawn at least every five years. A one-timeextension of up to two years
14、 may be added to this review cycle. Status of the publication can be ascertained from theAPI Standards Department, telephone (202) 682-8000. A catalog of API publications and materials is publishedannually by API, 1220 L Street, NW, Washington, DC 20005.Suggested revisions are invited and should be
15、submitted to the Standards Department, API, 1220 L Street, NW,Washington, DC 20005, standardsapi.org.iiiContentsPage1 Scope . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 Terms, De
16、finitions, and Abbreviations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12.1 Terms and Definitions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
17、 . 12.2 Abbreviations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33 Managed Pressure Drilling Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
18、 . . . . . . . . . . . 33.1 Managed Pressure Drilling Objectives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33.2 Available Managed Pressure Drilling Solutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
19、 . . . . . . . . . 43.3 Managed Pressure Drilling Components . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53.4 Well Barriers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
20、 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53.5 BOP Installation and Use . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54 Planning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
21、 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54.1 General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54.2 Technical Feasibility . . . . . . . . . . . .
22、 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64.3 Front-end Engineering Design. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74.4 Safety Studies and Rev
23、iews. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84.5 Emergency Response Plan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84.6 Detail
24、ed Design Engineering . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85 Equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
25、 . . . . . . . 105.1 Managed Pressure Drilling Equipment Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105.2 Rig Modifications. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
26、 . . . . . . . . . 165.3 Rig-up, Commissioning and Testing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 196 Drill String . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
27、 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 206.1 General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 206.2 General RequirementsDrill Pipe. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
28、 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 206.3 General Requirements for the Bottom-hole Assembly. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 207 Drilling Fluid Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
29、 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 217.1 General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 217.2 Drilling Fluid Properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
30、 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 217.3 Kill Weight Fluids. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 218 Well Control and Well Integr
31、ity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 228.1 General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
32、8.2 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 228.3 Well Barrier Elements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
33、 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 228.4 Managed Pressure Drilling Operations Matrix. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 248.5 Contingency Plans . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
34、 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 278.6 Well Control Action Drills . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 288.7 Use of Secondary Barrier Elements during Managed Pressure Drilling Operations . . . . . .
35、 . . . . . . . . . . 288.8 Roles and Responsibilities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 289 Managed Pressure Drilling Operational Guidelines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
36、 . . . . . . . . . 299.1 General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 299.2 Training. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
37、 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 299.3 Drilling and Related Operations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 309.4 Wellsite Supervision . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
38、 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30vPageBibliography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31Figures1Conventional Well Bar
39、rier Element Example. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 2 MPD Well Barrier Element Example . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25Tables1Example Managed Pre
40、ssure Drilling Operations Matrix. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 262Well Control Incident Scenarios . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 273Example Well Control Drills . .
41、 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28IntroductionThese guidelines (recommended practices) prepared by the IADC Underbalanced Operations and ManagedPressure Drilling (UBO/MPD) Committee, consisting of representativ
42、es from various IADC member companies;represent a composite of the practices employed by various operating companies, service companies and drillingcontractors in managed pressure drilling operations. In some cases, a reconciled composite of the various practicesemployed by these companies was utili
43、zed. This publication is under the jurisdiction of the American PetroleumInstitute, Drilling and Production Operations Subcommittee. Managed pressure drilling operations are being conducted with full regard for personnel safety, public safety, andpreservation of the environment in such diverse condi
44、tions as urban sites, wilderness areas, ocean platforms, deepwater sites, very hot barren deserts, cold weather areas including the arctic environment and wildlife refuges. As toolsand equipment continually improve and develop, the technology has been applied in many geologic formations,including oi
45、l and gas reservoirs and on sour wells, thus driving the need for globally accepted standards and safeoperating best practices. vii1Managed Pressure Drilling Operations with Surface Back-pressure1ScopeThis document provides information for planning, installation, testing and operation of wells drill
46、ed with surface back-pressure managed pressure drilling (MPD). This document applies only to drilling rigs with surface blowoutpreventers (BOPs).This document considers situations where the total drilling operation is performed balanced or overbalanced,including both hydrostatically overbalanced (no
47、 supplemental surface pressure needed to control inflow) andhydrostatically underbalanced (supplemental surface pressure needed to control inflow) systems. For underbalancedoperations, refer to API 92U.This document does not cover MPD operations with subsea BOP stacks. 2 Terms, Definitions, and Abbr
48、eviations2.1 Terms and DefinitionsFor the purposes of this recommended practice the following definitions apply.2.1.1common well barrier elementA barrier element that is shared between the primary and secondary barrier envelopes.2.1.2drilling windowPressure difference between the higher of pore/coll
49、apse pressure and fracture/fluid losses pressure. 2.1.3hazard identificationHAZIDThe process of identifying hazards in order to plan for, avoid, or mitigate their impacts. 2.1.4hazard and operabilityHAZOPA structured and systematic examination of processes (existing or planned) in order to identify and evaluate problemsthat may represent risks to personnel, environment or equipment, or prevent efficient operations.2.1.5kickAn unplanned, unexpected influx of liquid or gas from the formation into the wellbore. 2.1.6kick toleranceMaximum influx volume at a specific intensity that c
