1、Refractory Installation Quality ControlInspection and Testing of AES/RCF Fiber Linings and MaterialsAPI STANDARD 976FIRST EDITION, MARCH 2018Special NotesAPI publications necessarily address problems of a general nature. With respect to particular circumstances, local,state, and federal laws and reg
2、ulations should be reviewed.Neither API nor any of APIs employees, subcontractors, consultants, committees, or other assignees make anywarranty or representation, either express or implied, with respect to the accuracy, completeness, or usefulness of theinformation contained herein, or assume any li
3、ability or responsibility for any use, or the results of such use, of anyinformation or process disclosed in this publication. Neither API nor any of APIs employees, subcontractors,consultants, or other assignees represent that use of this publication would not infringe upon privately owned rights.C
4、lassified areas may vary depending on the location, conditions, equipment, and substances involved in any givensituation. Users of this standard should consult with the appropriate authorities having jurisdiction.Users of this standard should not rely exclusively on the information contained in this
5、 document. Sound business,scientific, engineering, and safety judgment should be used in employing the information contained herein.API publications may be used by anyone desiring to do so. Every effort has been made by the Institute to assure theaccuracy and reliability of the data contained in the
6、m; however, the Institute makes no representation, warranty, orguarantee in connection with this publication and hereby expressly disclaims any liability or responsibility for loss ordamage resulting from its use or for the violation of any authorities having jurisdiction with which this publication
7、 mayconflict.API publications are published to facilitate the broad availability of proven, sound engineering and operatingpractices. These publications are not intended to obviate the need for applying sound engineering judgmentregarding when and where these publications should be utilized. The for
8、mulation and publication of API publicationsis not intended in any way to inhibit anyone from using any other practices.Any manufacturer marking equipment or materials in conformance with the marking requirements of an API standardis solely responsible for complying with all the applicable requireme
9、nts of that standard. API does not represent,warrant, or guarantee that such products do in fact conform to the applicable API standard.Where applicable, authorities having jurisdiction should be consulted.Work sites and equipment operations may differ. Users are solely responsible for assessing the
10、ir specific equipmentand premises in determining the appropriateness of applying the standard. At all times users should employ soundbusiness, scientific, engineering, and judgment safety when using this standard.API is not undertaking to meet the duties of employers, manufacturers, or suppliers to
11、warn and properly train andequip their employees, and others exposed, concerning health and safety risks and precautions, nor undertaking theirobligations to comply with authorities having jurisdiction.All rights reserved. No part of this work may be reproduced, translated, stored in a retrieval sys
12、tem, or transmitted by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without prior written permission from the publisher. Contact the Publisher, API Publishing Services, 1220 L Street, NW, Washington, DC 20005.Copyright 2018 American Petroleum InstituteForewordNothing con
13、tained in any API publication is to be construed as granting any right, by implication or otherwise, for themanufacture, sale, or use of any method, apparatus, or product covered by letters patent. Neither should anythingcontained in the publication be construed as insuring anyone against liability
14、for infringement of letters patent.The verbal forms used to express the provisions in this document are as follows.Shall: As used in a standard, “shall” denotes a minimum requirement in order to conform to the standard.Should: As used in a standard, “should” denotes a recommendation or that which is
15、 advised but not required in orderto conform to the standard.May: As used in a standard, “may” denotes a course of action permissible within the limits of a standard.Can: As used in a standard, “can” denotes a statement of possibility or capability.This document was produced under API standardizatio
16、n procedures that ensure appropriate notification andparticipation in the developmental process and is designated as an API standard. Questions concerning theinterpretation of the content of this publication or comments and questions concerning the procedures under whichthis publication was develope
17、d should be directed in writing to the Director of Standards, American PetroleumInstitute, 1220 L Street, NW, Washington, DC 20005. Requests for permission to reproduce or translate all or any partof the material published herein should also be addressed to the director.Generally, API standards are
18、reviewed and revised, reaffirmed, or withdrawn at least every five years. A one-timeextension of up to two years may be added to this review cycle. Status of the publication can be ascertained from theAPI Standards Department, telephone (202) 682-8000. A catalog of API publications and materials is
19、publishedannually by API, 1220 L Street, NW, Washington, DC 20005.Suggested revisions are invited and should be submitted to the Standards Department, API, 1220 L Street, NW,Washington, DC 20005, standardsapi.org.iiiContentsPage1 Scope . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
20、. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 Normative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 Terms and Definitions . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
21、 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 Responsibilities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74.1 Owner/EM. . . . . . . . . . . .
22、 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74.2 Installer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74
23、.3 Inspector . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84.4 Refractory Manufacturer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
24、. . . . . . . . . . 94.5 Fiber Component Fabricator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95 Inspector Qualifications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
25、. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96 Materials. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96.1 Physical Property Requirements for Refractory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
26、 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96.2 Anchors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106.3 Packaging . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
27、. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106.4 Marking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106.5 Weather Protection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
28、 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116.6 Shelf Life . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116.7 Discarding Criteria . . . . . . . . . .
29、. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117 Lining Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118 Rigidized and Surface-
30、treated Fiber . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 199 QA/QC, Examination, and Testing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 199.1 Anchor Inspection and Testing
31、 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 199.2 Anchor Stud Welding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 199.3 Fiber Lining Inspection
32、 and Testing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 199.4 Installation Workmanship for Fiber Linings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2010 Preparation for Shipment . . . .
33、. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21Annex A (normative) Refractory Compliance Datasheet. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22Annex B (informative) Refractory Inspector Mi
34、nimum Competencies. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25Figures1 Typical Stud Layout for Overlap Blanket Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122 Typical Layered Fiber Lining Anchoring Systems. . . . . . . . . . . .
35、 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133 Examples of Modular Fiber Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 144 Hardware Span Required for Overhead Section Modules and Typical Staples to Secure
36、 Batten Strip to Module in Overhead Installations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155 Typical Module Orientations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 166 Typical Joint Deta
37、ils for Single Batten Strips. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 177 Typical Blanket Lining Repair of Hot-face Layer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 178 Typical Blanket Lining Rep
38、air of Multiple Layers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 179 Typical Repair of Modular Fiber Linings. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18Tables1 Documentation Required for F
39、iber per ASTM C892 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92 Maximum Temperature of Anchor Tips. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10vImportant Information Concerning Use of Asbes
40、tos or Alternative MaterialsAsbestos is specified or referenced for certain components of the equipment described in some API standards. It hasbeen extremely useful in minimizing fire hazards associated with petroleum processing. It has also been a universalsealing material, compatible with most ref
41、ining fluid services.Certain serious adverse health effects are associated with asbestos, among them the serious and often fatal diseasesof lung cancer, asbestosis, and mesothelioma (a cancer of the chest and abdominal linings). The degree of exposureto asbestos varies with the product and the work
42、practices involved.Consult the most recent edition of the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA), U.S. Department ofLabor, Occupational Safety and Health Standard for Asbestos, Tremolite, Anthophyllite, and Actinolite, 29 Code ofFederal Regulations Section 1910.1001; the U.S. Environme
43、ntal Protection Agency, National Emission Standard forAsbestos, 40 Code of Federal Regulations Sections 61.140 through 61.156; and the U.S. Environmental ProtectionAgency (EPA) rule on labeling requirements and phased banning of asbestos products (Sections 763.160-179).There are currently a number o
44、f substitute materials in use and under development to replace asbestos in certainapplications. Manufacturers and users are encouraged to develop and use effective substitute materials that canmeet the specifications for, and operating requirements of, the equipment to which they would apply.Safety
45、and health information with respect to particular products or materials can be obtained from theemployer, the manufacturer, or supplier of that product or material, or the material safety datasheet.Refractory Installation Quality ControlInspection and Testing of AES/RCF Fiber Linings 1 Scope This st
46、andard provides installation quality control procedures and lining system design requirements for AES/RCF fiber linings, and may be used to supplement owner specifications. Materials, equipment, and personnel are qualified by the methods described, and applied refractory quality is closely monitored
47、, based on defined procedures and acceptance criteria. The responsibilities of inspection personnel who monitor and direct the quality control process are also defined. The lining described in this standard is for internal refractory linings on the process side of the equipment. External insulation
48、and jacketing are not covered in this standard. 2 Normative References The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any
49、 amendments) applies. API Standard 560, Fired Heaters for General Refinery Service API Standard 936, Refractory Installation Quality Control Inspection and Testing of Monolithics ASTM C1771 1, Standard Test Method for Steady-State Heat Flux Measurements and Thermal Transmission Properties by Means of the Guarded-Hot-Plate Apparatus ASTM E1172, Standard Practice for Describing and Specifying a Wavelength-Dispersive X-Ray Spectrometer ASTM E1361, Standard Guide for Correction of Interelement Effects in X-Ray Spectrometric Analysis ASTM C201, Standard Test Method for Thermal Conductivity
