1、 Technical Report onPerformance of API and ANSIEnd Connections in a Fire TestAccording to API Specification 6FAAPI TECHNICAL REPORT 6F1THIRD EDITION, APRIL 1999COPYRIGHT 2000 American Petroleum InstituteInformation Handling Services, 2000API ENVIRONMENTAL, Health and Safety MISSIONAND GUIDING PRINCI
2、PLESThe members of the American Petroleum Institute are dedicated to continuous efforts toimprove the compatibility of our operations with the environment while economicallydeveloping energy resources and supplying high quality products and services to consum-ers. We recognize our responsibility to
3、work with the public, the government, and others todevelop and to use natural resources in an environmentally sound manner while protectingthe health and safety of our employees and the public. To meet these responsibilities, APImembers pledge to manage our businesses according to the following prin
4、ciples usingsound science to prioritize risks and to implement cost-effective management practices:lTo recognize and to respond to community concerns about our raw materials, prod-ucts and operations.lTo operate our plants and facilities, and to handle our raw materials and products in amanner that
5、protects the environment, and the safety and health of our employeesand the public.lTo make safety, health and environmental considerations a priority in our planning,and our development of new products and processes.lTo advise promptly, appropriate officials, employees, customers and the public ofi
6、nformation on significant industry-related safety, health and environmental hazards,and to recommend protective measures.lTo counsel customers, transporters and others in the safe use, transportation and dis-posal of our raw materials, products and waste materials.lTo economically develop and produc
7、e natural resources and to conserve thoseresources by using energy efficiently.lTo extend knowledge by conducting or supporting research on the safety, health andenvironmental effects of our raw materials, products, processes and waste materials.lTo commit to reduce overall emissions and waste gener
8、ation.lTo work with others to resolve problems created by handling and disposal of hazard-ous substances from our operations.lTo participate with government and others in creating responsible laws, regulationsand standards to safeguard the community, workplace and environment.lTo promote these princ
9、iples and practices by sharing experiences and offering assis-tance to others who produce, handle, use, transport or dispose of similar raw materi-als, petroleum products and wastes.Technical Report onPerformance of API and ANSIEnd Connections in a Fire TestAccording to API Specification 6FAUpstream
10、 SegmentAPI TECHNICAL REPORT 6F1THIRD EDITION, APRIL 1999SPECIAL NOTESAPI publications necessarily address problems of a general nature. With respect to partic-ular circumstances, local, state, and federal laws and regulations should be reviewed.API is not undertaking to meet the duties of employers
11、, manufacturers, or suppliers towarn and properly train and equip their employees, and others exposed, concerning healthand safety risks and precautions, nor undertaking their obligations under local, state, or fed-eral laws.Information concerning safety and health risks and proper precautions with
12、respect to par-ticular materials and conditions should be obtained from the employer, the manufacturer orsupplier of that material, or the material safety data sheet.Nothing contained in any API publication is to be construed as granting any right, byimplication or otherwise, for the manufacture, sa
13、le, or use of any method, apparatus, or prod-uct covered by letters patent. Neither should anything contained in the publication be con-strued as insuring anyone against liability for infringement of letters patent.Generally, API standards are reviewed and revised, reaffirmed, or withdrawn at least
14、everyfive years. Sometimes a one-time extension of up to two years will be added to this reviewcycle. This publication will no longer be in effect five years after its publication date as anoperative API standard or, where an extension has been granted, upon republication. Statusof the publication c
15、an be ascertained from the API Upstream Segment telephone (202) 682-8000. A catalog of API publications and materials is published annually and updated quar-terly by API, 1220 L Street, N.W., Washington, D.C. 20005.This document was produced under API standardization procedures that ensure appropri-
16、ate notification and participation in the developmental process and is designated as an APIstandard. Questions concerning the interpretation of the content of this standard or com-ments and questions concerning the procedures under which this standard was developedshould be directed in writing to th
17、e general manager of the Upstream Segment, AmericanPetroleum Institute, 1220 L Street, N.W., Washington, D.C. 20005. Requests for permissionto reproduce or translate all or any part of the material published herein should also beaddressed to the general manager.API standards are published to facilit
18、ate the broad availability of proven, sound engineer-ing and operating practices. These standards are not intended to obviate the need for apply-ing sound engineering judgment regarding when and where these standards should beutilized. The formulation and publication of API standards is not intended
19、 in any way toinhibit anyone from using any other practices.Any manufacturer marking equipment or materials in conformance with the markingrequirements of an API standard is solely responsible for complying with all the applicablerequirements of that standard. API does not represent, warrant, or gua
20、rantee that such prod-ucts do in fact conform to the applicable API standard.All rights reserved. No part of this work may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without prior written permission from th
21、e publisher. Contact the Publisher, API Publishing Services, 1220 L Street, N.W., Washington, D.C. 20005.Copyright 1999 American Petroleum InstituteFOREWORDAn analytical procedure to predict the performance of API Spec 6A and API Spec 6D stan-dard end connections in the API Fire Test was developed i
22、n several research projects. In thisReport these procedures are applied to API Spec 6A connections from 21/16in. to 71/16in.,and API Spec 6D (ANSI) connections from 2 in. to 6 in.API publications may be used by anyone desiring to do so. Every effort has been made bythe Institute to assure the accura
23、cy and reliability of the data contained in them; however, theInstitute makes no representation, warranty, or guarantee in connection with this publicationand hereby expressly disclaims any liability or responsibility for loss or damage resultingfrom its use or for the violation of any federal, stat
24、e, or municipal regulation with which thispublication may conflict.Suggested revisions are invited and should be submitted to the general manager ofthe Upstream Segment, American Petroleum Institute, 1220 L Street, N.W., Washington,D.C. 20005.iiiIMPORTANT INFORMATION CONCERNING USE OF ASBESTOS OR AL
25、TERNATIVE MATERIALSAsbestos is specified or referenced for certain components of the equipment described insome API standards. It has been of extreme usefulness in minimizing fire hazards associatedwith petroleum processing. It has also been a universal sealing material, compatible withmost refining
26、 fluid services.Certain serious adverse health effects are associated with asbestos, among them theserious and often fatal diseases of lung cancer, asbestosis, and mesothelioma (a cancer ofthe chest and abdominal linings). The degree of exposure to asbestos varies with the prod-uct and the work prac
27、tices involved.Consult the most recent edition of the Occupational Safety and Health Administration(OSHA), U.S. Department of Labor, Occupational Safety and Health Standard for Asbestos,Tremolite, Anthophyllite, and Actinolite, 29 Code of Federal RegulationsSection1910.1001; the U.S. Environmental P
28、rotection Agency, National Emission Standard forAsbestos, 40 Code of Federal RegulationsSections 61.140 through 61.156; and the U.S.Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) rule on labeling requirements and phased banningof asbestos products (Sections 763.160-179).There are currently in use and under d
29、evelopment a number of substitute materials toreplace asbestos in certain applications. Manufacturers and users are encouraged to developand use effective substitute materials that can meet the specifications for, and operatingrequirements of, the equipment to which they would apply.SAFETY AND HEALT
30、H INFORMATION WITH RESPECT TO PARTICULARPRODUCTS OR MATERIALS CAN BE OBTAINED FROM THE EMPLOYER, THEMANUFACTURER OR SUPPLIER OF THAT PRODUCT OR MATERIAL, OR THEMATERIAL SAFETY DATA SHEET.ivCONTENTSPage0 INTRODUCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
31、. . . . . . . . . . . . 11 SCOPE AND APPLICABILITY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11.1 Effects of Fire Environment. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11.2 Significant Variables . . . . . . . . . . .
32、. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 REFERENCES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 PERFORMANCE OF API AND ANSI END CONNECTIONS IN THESTANDARD FIRE TEST OF SPECIFICATION 6FA . . . . .
33、 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53.2 Makeup Assumptions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53.3 General Pre
34、dictions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54 COMPARISON OF PREDICTIONS AND TEST DATA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65 CONCLUSIONS AND GUIDELINES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8APP
35、ENDIX A ANALYSIS OF ANSI AND API FLANGES. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9APPENDIX B ANALYSIS OF CLAMP TYPE CONNECTORS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19APPENDIX C RETAINING LOADS AND UNSEATING CONDITIONSFOR BX GASKETS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
36、 . . . . . . 25APPENDIX D EFFECTIVE CLAMP STIFFNESS CALCULATIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . 27APPENDIX E METRIC CONVERSIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29Figures1 Typical Calculated Temperatures of Joints . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
37、. . 32 Average Calculated Temperatures of Various Joints Carbon Steelat 30 Minutes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4A-1 Correlation of Temperature Gradients Across Flanges . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10A-2 Idealize
38、d Model of Flanged Joint . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13A-3 C Factor for Equation A-5, 6B Flanges . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14A-4 C Factor for Equation A-5, 6BX Flanges . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
39、. . . . . 15A-5 C Factor For Equation A-5, ANSI Flanges . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16A-6 Stress/Strain SA 193 B7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17B-1 Correlation of Temperature Difference Between Clamp and Hubs . .
40、 . . . . . . . . 21B-2 Radial Expansion Differential Calculations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22B-3(a) AWHEM Clamp-Type Connection Major Dimensions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23B-3(b) AWHEM Clamp-Type Connection Computer Output . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
41、 . . . 24C-1 Sketch of BX Gasket . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26D-1 Equivalent Clamp Hoop Stiffness . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28Tables1 Sizes of Interest . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
42、 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 Materials and Gaskets of Interest . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 Classifications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
43、4 Classification Summary of ANSI Carbon Steel Flanges PerformancePrediction in Standard Fire Test. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5vPage5 Classification Summary of 316 Stainless ANSI Flanges Performance Predictionin Standard Fire Test . . . . . . . . . .
44、. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66 Classification Summary of API Flanges and Clamps Performance Predictionin Standard Fire Test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67 Materials of Test Flanges . . . .
45、 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78 Results of Testing Carefully Instrumented Tests. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79 Results of Testing Original Screening Tests . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7A-1 API Typ
46、e RX Pressure Energized Ring Gaskets Predicted Values forSeating and Retaining Loads . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11A-2 Moduli of Elasticity psi 106. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12A-2 Coefficients of T
47、hermal Expansion Mean in Going From 70 to Temperaturein./in. 10-6/F. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12A-3 Yield Strengths. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13vi1Tec
48、hnical Report on Performance of API and ANSI End Connections in a Fire TestAccording to API Specification 6FA0 IntroductionThe Production Department of API first published in 1978a procedure for fire testing valves. The current procedure isAPI Spec 6FA, API Specification for Fire Test for Valves(1)1
49、.Basically, the Specification calls for a fire with an averagetemperature of 1400F1800F to be applied for 30 minutesto a valve pressurized with water to detect leakage. Since endconnections usually are included in these tests, they becomepotential failure points for a fire-tested valve assembly.Since end connections are standard products, API hassponsored several research projects to define the ability ofend connections to pass the fire test. Ten standard end con-nections of various sizes, types, and pressure ratings weretested in 1979 (2). (PRAC-79-21)Two subsequent research projec
