1、Study GuideforAPI Standard 1104Welding of Pipelines and Related FacilitiesTWENTIETH EDITIONAWS API-M:2008Study GuideforAPI Standard 1104Welding of Pipelinesand Related FacilitiesTWENTIETH EDITIONPublished byAmerican Welding SocietyEducation Services550 N.W. LeJeune Road, Miami, FL 33126AbstractThis
2、study guide contains information on the use of API Standard 1104, Twentieth Edition, which will assist the student inpreparing for using the standard as well as preparing for code-related examinations. Material is provided for each of the13 sections of the standard and both appendices. Exercise ques
3、tions and answers are provided for each topic.AWS API-M:2008iiStudy Guide for API Standard 1104, Twentieth Edition AWS API-M:2008International Standard Book Number: 978-0-87171-160-1American Welding Society550 N.W. LeJeune Road, Miami, FL 33126 2008 by American Welding SocietyAll rights reservedPrin
4、ted in the United States of AmericaDisclaimer. The American Welding Society, Inc., assumes no responsibility for the information contained in this publi-cation. An independent, substantiating investigation should be made prior to reliance on the use of such information.Photocopy Rights. No portion o
5、f this document may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in anyform, including mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the copyrightowner.Authorization to photocopy items for internal, personal, or educational classroom use on
6、ly or the internal, personal, oreducational classroom use only of specific clients is granted by the American Welding Society provided that the appropriatefee is paid to the Copyright Clearance Center, 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, tel: (978) 750-8400; Internet:.iiiAWS API-M:2008 Study Guid
7、e for API Standard 1104, Twentieth EditionStudy Guide for API Standard 1104, Twentieth EditionForeword AWS Education Services has published this AWS Study Guide to assist quality pro-fessionalsinspectors and supervisorsand quality-conscious engineers and managersin reading, understanding, and learni
8、ng to apply the American Petroleum InstitutesAPI Standard 1104, Welding of Pipelines and Related Facilities, Twentieth Edition.API 1104 applies to welding of piping used in the compression, pumping, and trans-mission of petroleum products, fuel gases, carbon dioxide, and nitrogen. The stan-dards pur
9、pose is to present methods for the production and inspection of high-qualitywelds through the use of qualified personnel using approved procedures, materials,and equipment. It applies to new construction and in-service welding, and is voluntary.This API 1104 Study Guide consists of an introduction a
10、nd 15 sections, each coveringa specific code section or appendix.For each section exercise questions and answers are provided at the end of thisdocument. Answering them provides a valuable review of the section contents. Thesequestions also illustrate the types of questions youre likely to encounter
11、 in practice.The authors of this book want you to write in this book and in API Standard 1104 toclarify your understanding of the figures, tables, and text in both volumes.The book provides a commentary on the code; it does not repeat the contents of thecode.As you read this book, open the code to t
12、he corresponding page.Remembering excerpts from the code is neither necessary nor desirable. You need notmemorize the code; just learn how to use it.The American Welding Society appreciates feedback from participants in its educationprograms. Please send comments or questions to:American Welding Soc
13、ietyEducation Department550 N.W. LeJeune RoadMiami, FL 33126or contact AWS Education Services by email: educationaws.org. Additional infor-mation on AWS products and services may be found on our website: www.aws.org.ivStudy Guide for API Standard 1104, Twentieth Edition AWS API-M:2008This page is in
14、tentionally blank.vAWS API-M:2008 Study Guide for API Standard 1104, Twentieth EditionTable of ContentsSection PageStudy Guide for API Standard 1104Foreword . iiiList of Tables ixList of Figures xIntroduction:How to UseAPI 1104Definition of Documents .I-1Less Than or Greater Than? I-1Other Definitio
15、ns .I-2The Meaning of Quality I-2Finding Code Provisions .I-3Code Reference Examples.I-4API 1104 Contents.I-4Section 1General1-1Section 2Referenced Publications2-1Section 3Definition of Terms3-1Section 4Specifications4.1 Equipment 4-14.2 Materials 4-1Section 5Qualificationof Welding Procedures for W
16、elds Containing Filler-Metal Additives5.1 Procedure Qualification . 5-15.2 Record 5-15.3 Procedure Specification . 5-15.4 Essential Variables. 5-35.5 Welding of Test JointsButt Welds . 5-35.6 Testing of Welded JointsButt Welds . 5-35.7 Welding of Test JointsFillet Welds . 5-55.8 Testing of Welded Jo
17、intsFillet Welds 5-5Section 6Qualification of Welders6.1 General. 6-16.2 Single Qualification . 6-16.3 Multiple Qualification 6-26.4 Visual Examination 6-26.5 Destructive Testing 6-2viStudy Guide for API Standard 1104, Twentieth Edition AWS API-M:20086.6 Radiography Butt Welds Only. 6-46.7 Retesting
18、 6-46.8 Records 6-4Section 7Design and Preparationof a Joint for Production Welding7.1 General. 7-17.2 Alignment 7-17.3 Use of Lineup Clamp for Butt Welds 7-17.4 Bevel 7-17.5 Weather Conditions . 7-17.6 Clearance . 7-17.7 Cleaning Between Beads . 7-27.8 Position Welding 7-27.9 Roll Welding 7-27.10 I
19、dentification of Welds 7-27.11 Pre- and Postheat Treatment 7-2Section 8Inspectionand Testingof Production Welds. 8-1Section 9Acceptance Standards for Nondestructive Testing9.1 General. 9-19.2 Rights of Rejection 9-29.3 Radiographic Testing. 9-29.4 Magnetic Particle Testing 9-49.5 Liquid Penetrant Te
20、sting 9-59.6 Ultrasonic Testing 9-59.7 Visual Acceptance Standards for Undercutting. 9-5Section 10Repair and Removal of Defects10.1 Authorization for Repair 10-110.2 Repair Procedure 10-1Section 11Procedures for Nondestructive Testing11.1 Radiographic Test Methods . 11-111.2 Magnetic Particle Test M
21、ethod 11-311.3 Liquid Penetrant Test Method . 11-311.4 Ultrasonic Test Methods 11-3Section PageviiAWS API-M:2008 Study Guide for API Standard 1104, Twentieth EditionSection 12Mechanized Welding withFiller Metal Additions12.1 Acceptable Processes . 12-112.2 Procedure Qualification 12-112.3 Record 12-
22、112.4 Procedure Specification 12-112.5 Essential Variables . 12-212.6 Qualification of Welding Equipment and Operators 12-212.7 Records of Qualified Operators 12-312.8 Inspection and Testing of Production Welds . 12-312.9 Acceptance Standards for Nondestructive Testing 12-312.10 Repair and Removal o
23、f Defects . 12-312.11 Radiographic Testing . 12-3Section 13AutomaticWelding without Filler-Metal Additions13.1 Acceptable Processes . 13-113.2 Procedure Qualification 13-113.3 Record 13-113.4 Procedure Specification 13-113.5 Essential Variables . 13-113.6 Qualification of Welding Equipment and Opera
24、tors 13-113.7 Records of Qualified Operators 13-113.8 Quality Assurance of Production Welds 13-213.9 Acceptance Standards for Nondestructive Testing 13-213.10 Repair and Removal of Defects . 13-213.11 Radiographic Procedure . 13-2Appendix AAlternative Acceptance Standards for Girth WeldsA.1 General
25、A-1A.2 Stress Analysis A-1A.3 Welding Procedure A-1A.4 Qualification of Welders . A-2A.5 Inspection and Acceptable Limits. A-2A.6 Record . A-2A.7 Repairs. A-2A.8 Nomenclature A-2Appendix BIn-Service WeldingB.1 General B-1B.2 Qualification of In-Service Welding Procedures B-1B.3 In-Service Welder Qua
26、lification . B-5B.4 Suggested In-Service Welding Practices. B-5B.5 Inspection and Testing of In-Service Welds . B-6B.6 Standards of Acceptability: Nondestructive Testing(Including Visual) . B-6B.7 Repair and Removal of Defects B-6Exercise Questions EQ-1viiiStudy Guide for API Standard 1104, Twentiet
27、h Edition AWS API-M:2008This page is intentionally blank.ixAWS API-M:2008 Study Guide for API Standard 1104, Twentieth EditionList of TablesSection Table PageSection 1General1.1 Processes and Techniques 1-2Appendix BIn-Service WeldingB.1 Causes of Hydrogen Cracking. B-1xStudy Guide for API Standard
28、1104, Twentieth Edition AWS API-M:2008List of FiguresSection Figure PageIntroduction:How to Use API 1104A Section ID Tabs I-2B Multiple Decimal Numbering System.I-3Section 3Definition of Terms3.1 Wire-Type IQI 3-23.2 Socket Weld . 3-33.3 Trepan. 3-4Section 5Qualificationof Welding Procedures for Wel
29、ds Containing Filler-Metal Additives5.1 Branch-on-Pipe Connection . 5-65.2 Fillet Weld Qualification 5-6Section 9Acceptance Standards for Nondestructive Testing9.1 Inadequate Cross Penetration . 9-2AWS API-M:2008 Study Guide for API Standard 1104, Twentieth EditionIntroductionI-1INTRODUCTION: HOW TO
30、 USE API 1104Definitions of DocumentsAll codes, standards, specifications, and guides are conceptually similar, but each hasa specific application and purpose. API 1104 is a good example of the concept, solearning to use this standard will help you learn to use others as well.A CODE is a body of law
31、s arranged systematically for easy reference and use. Becausea code has a legal status, it is by definition mandatory, and uses words such as shall, will,and must to express certain conditions and requirements, and to verify that those require-ments are being met. Examples of codes include AWS D1.1,
32、 Structural Welding CodeSteel, AASHTO/AWS D1.5, Bridge Welding Code, and ASME B31.1, Power PipingCode.A STANDARD is established for use as a rule or basis of comparison in measuringquality, quantity, content, relative value, etc. API 1104, Welding of Pipelines andRelated Facilities, is an example. S
33、o are AWS A3.0, Standard Welding Terms andDefinitions, and AWS QC1, Standard for AWS Certification of Welding Inspectors.A SPECIFICATION is a detailed description of the parts of a whole; a statement orenumeration of particulars, as to actual or required size, quality, performance, terms,etc. Thus,
34、a specification describes all pertinent technical information for a material,product, system, or service, and indicates how to determine that the requirements havebeen met. Examples include AWS Filler Metal Specifications A5.1 through A5.34.A RECOMMENDED PRACTICE is a nonmandatory description of gen
35、erallyaccepted industrial methods and techniques. One of the most common examples isRecommended Practice No. SNT-TC-1A, ASNTs guideline to personnel qualificationand certification in nondestructive examination.A GUIDE provides information on proven methods to accomplish certain tasks. It isnot manda
36、tory but should reflect best practices. An example is AWS B1.11, Guide forthe Visual Examination of Welds.Less Than or Greater Than?In many codes and standards, including API 1104, the rules vary depending on thesize of a part, intended service and manufacturing requirements. Often these rules aredi
37、fferentiated symbolically. Most people know that = means “equal to” but the symbolsfor “less than” and “greater than” can cause confusion. Heres an easy way to keepthem straight: The symbol for greater than points to the right. Example: 9 5 means nine isgreater than 5. is the symbol for less than or
38、 equal to. is the symbol for greater than or equal to.Study Guide for API Standard 1104, Twentieth Edition AWS API-M:2008IntroductionI-2Other Definitions API 1104 Section 3, Definition of Terms, presents a list of definitions of weldingterms based upon AWS 3.0, Standard Welding Terms and Definitions
39、. Section 3 of thisStudy Guide provides additional key terms and definitions that users of the standardshould know.The Meaning of QualityQuality is measurable conformance to specifications. To establish product quality,purchasers invoke or mandate certain codes, standards, and specifications that st
40、atethe requirements to which the product must conform. Thus, quality professionals mustbe able to read, understand, and apply the provisions of the governing documents citedin a contract, job specification, or purchase order.To facilitate working with a code, you should attach an index tab to the fi
41、rst page ofeach section, and to significant tables and figures that you will use frequently. API1104 has 13 sections and two appendices. See Study Guide Figure A.Many codes make extensive use of notes (which may be footnotes, or general notesincorporated into the text) to explain something, or to co
42、ver special cases and particu-lar circumstances. Every time you apply a code, look up the information, be thorough,Figure ASection ID TabsGeneralReferenced PublicationsDefinition of TermsSpecificationsQualification ofWelding ProceduresQualification of WeldersAWS API-M:2008 Study Guide for API Standa
43、rd 1104, Twentieth EditionIntroductionI-3and pay close attention to any notes. Carefully review the tables and figures, beingattentive to superscripts and their corresponding footnotes, which can modify theeffect of the information in the table or figure.You will see three types of footnotes: Global
44、 footnoteAppears at the top of a figure, list, or table, and influences every-thing therein. Regional footnoteAppears at the top of a column, subsection, or row in a figure,list, or table, and influences only that portion of the material. Local footnoteApplies only to the specific item being footnot
45、ed.For example, turn to page 8 in your copy of API 1104. Note the small superscriptletters that follow certain Filler Metal Group Numbers in Table 1. Each superscriptrefers to a footnote, which changes some aspect of the provisions of the table.As you work with a code, check periodically for applica
46、ble Errata Sheets. If any exist,mark the changes in the code. Errata may result from printing errors or advances inknowledge and practice.Typically, codes are revised periodically according to a regular schedule. API gener-ally updates its standards every five years, though up to two additional year
47、s may beadded to a review cycle. See the foreword of API 1104 for information on ascertainingthe status of the Twentieth Edition.Finding Code ProvisionsCodes typically use the multiple decimal numbering system. See Study Guide Figure B.1. 1.1 1.1.1 1.1.2 1.2 1.2.1 1.2.2 2. Figure BMultiple Decimal N
48、umbering SystemStudy Guide for API Standard 1104, Twentieth Edition AWS API-M:2008IntroductionI-4A code provision is the specific text contained within a numbered section orsubsection of a code.When you use a code, identify the key term or phrase that best describes the issue orrequirement of intere
49、st, and then locate the code provision that best addresses thatissue or requirement.Although you might find a particular provision by thumbing through the code, a moresystematic approach is to convert the information you seek into a question, thenanalyze the question to identify key words or expressions. Look for those key wordsor expressions in the table of contents to locate the applicable provisions by section orsubsection number. Those numbers are called references. Then locate those ref
