1、ANSI/AAMI/ISO 18241: 2016Cardiovascular implants and extracorporeal systemsCardiopulmonary bypass systemsVenous bubble trapsAmerican National StandardObjectives and uses of AAMI standards and recommended practices It is most important that the objectives and potential uses of an AAMI product standar
2、d or recommended practice are clearly understood. The objectives of AAMIs technical development program derive from AAMIs overall mission: the advancement of medical instrumentation. Essential to such advancement are (1) a continued increase in the safe and effective application of current technolog
3、ies to patient care, and (2) the encouragement of new technologies. It is AAMIs view that standards and recommended practices can contribute significantly to the advancement of medical instrumentation, provided that they are drafted with attention to these objectives and provided that arbitrary and
4、restrictive uses are avoided. A voluntary standard for a medical device recommends to the manufacturer the information that should be provided with or on the product, basic safety and performance criteria that should be considered in qualifying the device for clinical use, and the measurement techni
5、ques that can be used to determine whether the device conforms with the safety and performance criteria and/or to compare the performance characteristics of different products. Some standards emphasize the information that should be provided with the device, including performance characteristics, in
6、structions for use, warnings and precautions, and other data considered important in ensuring the safe and effective use of the device in the clinical environment. Recommending the disclosure of performance characteristics often necessitates the development of specialized test methods to facilitate
7、uniformity in reporting; reaching consensus on these tests can represent a considerable part of committee work. When a drafting committee determines that clinical concerns warrant the establishment of minimum safety and performance criteria, referee tests must be provided and the reasons for establi
8、shing the criteria must be documented in the rationale. A recommended practice provides guidelines for the use, care, and/or processing of a medical device or system. A recommended practice does not address device performance per se, but rather procedures and practices that will help ensure that a d
9、evice is used safely and effectively and that its performance will be maintained. Although a device standard is primarily directed to the manufacturer, it may also be of value to the potential purchaser or user of the device as a frame of reference for device evaluation. Similarly, even though a rec
10、ommended practice is usually oriented towards healthcare professionals, it may be useful to the manufacturer in better understanding the environment in which a medical device will be used. Also, some recommended practices, while not addressing device performance criteria, provide guidelines to indus
11、trial personnel on such subjects as sterilization processing, methods of collecting data to establish safety and efficacy, human engineering, and other processing or evaluation techniques; such guidelines may be useful to health care professionals in understanding industrial practices. In determinin
12、g whether an AAMI standard or recommended practice is relevant to the specific needs of a potential user of the document, several important concepts must be recognized: All AAMI standards and recommended practices are voluntary (unless, of course, they are adopted by government regulatory or procure
13、ment authorities). The application of a standard or recommended practice is solely within the discretion and professional judgment of the user of the document. Each AAMI standard or recommended practice reflects the collective expertise of a committee of health care professionals and industrial repr
14、esentatives, whose work has been reviewed nationally (and sometimes internationally). As such, the consensus recommendations embodied in a standard or recommended practice are intended to respond to clinical needs and, ultimately, to help ensure patient safety. A standard or recommended practice is
15、limited, however, in the sense that it responds generally to perceived risks and conditions that may not always be relevant to specific situations. A standard or recommended practice is an important reference in responsible decision-making, but it should never replace responsible decision-making. De
16、spite periodic review and revision (at least once every five years), a standard or recommended practice is necessarily a static document applied to a dynamic technology. Therefore, a standards user must carefully review the reasons why the document was initially developed and the specific rationale
17、for each of its provisions. This review will reveal whether the document remains relevant to the specific needs of the user. Particular care should be taken in applying a product standard to existing devices and equipment, and in applying a recommended practice to current procedures and practices. W
18、hile observed or potential risks with existing equipment typically form the basis for the safety and performance criteria defined in a standard, professional judgment must be used in applying these criteria to existing equipment. No single source of information will serve to identify a particular pr
19、oduct as “unsafe“. A voluntary standard can be used as one resource, but the ultimate decision as to product safety and efficacy must take into account the specifics of its utilization and, of course, cost-benefit considerations. Similarly, a recommended practice should be analyzed in the context of
20、 the specific needs and resources of the individual institution or firm. Again, the rationale accompanying each AAMI standard and recommended practice is an excellent guide to the reasoning and data underlying its provision. In summary, a standard or recommended practice is truly useful only when it
21、 is used in conjunction with other sources of information and policy guidance and in the context of professional experience and judgment. INTERPRETATIONS OF AAMI STANDARDS AND RECOMMENDED PRACTICES Requests for interpretations of AAMI standards and recommended practices must be made in writing, to t
22、he AAMI Vice President, Standards Policy and Programs. An official interpretation must be approved by letter ballot of the originating committee and subsequently reviewed and approved by the AAMI Standards Board. The interpretation will become official and representation of the Association only upon
23、 exhaustion of any appeals and upon publication of notice of interpretation in the “Standards Monitor“ section of the AAMI News. The Association for the Advancement of Medical Instrumentation disclaims responsibility for any characterization or explanation of a standard or recommended practice which
24、 has not been developed and communicated in accordance with this procedure and which is not published, by appropriate notice, as an official interpretation in the AAMI News. American National Standard ANSI/AAMI/ISO 18241:2016 Cardiovascular implants and extracorporeal systemsCardiopulmonary bypass s
25、ystems Venous bubble traps Approved 2 September 2016 by AAMI Approved 7 November 2016 by American National Standards Institute Abstract: Specifies requirements for sterile, single-use, venous bubble traps intended to remove air entering the venous line during surgical procedures requiring extracorpo
26、real circulatory support, which may include cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB), extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO), or venovenous bypass for liver transplantation. Keywords: biocompatibility, blood, cell, connectors, flow, packaging, sterility AAMI Standard This Association for the Advancement of
27、Medical Instrumentation (AAMI) standard implies a consensus of those substantially concerned with its scope and provisions. The existence of an AAMI standard does not in any respect preclude anyone, whether they have approved the standard or not, from manufacturing, marketing, purchasing, or using p
28、roducts, processes, or procedures not conforming to the standard. AAMI standards are subject to periodic review, and users are cautioned to obtain the latest editions. CAUTION NOTICE: This AAMI standard may be revised or withdrawn at any time. AAMI procedures require that action be taken to reaffirm
29、, revise, or withdraw this standard no later than 5 years from the date of publication. Interested parties may obtain current information on all AAMI standards by calling or writing AAMI, or by visiting the AAMI website at HUwww.aami.orgUH. All AAMI standards, recommended practices, technical inform
30、ation reports, and other types of technical documents developed by AAMI are voluntary, and their application is solely within the discretion and professional judgment of the user of the document. Occasionally, voluntary technical documents are adopted by government regulatory agencies or procurement
31、 authorities, in which case the adopting agency is responsible for enforcement of its rules and regulations. Published by AAMI 4301 N. Fairfax Drive, Suite 301 Arlington, VA 22203-1633 Uwww.aami.org 2017 by the Association for the Advancement of Medical Instrumentation All Rights Reserved This publi
32、cation is subject to copyright claims of ISO and AAMI. No part of this publication may be reproduced or distributed in any form, including an electronic retrieval system, without the prior written permission of AAMI. All requests pertaining to this document should be submitted to AAMI. It is illegal
33、 under federal law (17 U.S.C. 101, et seq.) to make copies of all or any part of this document (whether internally or externally) without the prior written permission of the Association for the Advancement of Medical Instrumentation. Violators risk legal action, including civil and criminal penaltie
34、s, and damages of $100,000 per offense. For permission regarding the use of all or any part of this document, complete the reprint request form at HUwww.aami.orgUH or contact AAMI at 4301 N. Fairfax Drive, Suite 301, Arlington, VA 22203-1633. Phone: +1-703-525-4890; Fax: +1-703-276-0793. Printed in
35、the United States of America ISBN 978-1-57020-634-4 Contents Page Glossary of equivalent standards . v Committee representation . vi Background of AAMI adoption of ISO 18241:2016. vii Foreword viii Introduction . ix 1 Scope. 1 2 Normative references. 1 3 Terms and definitions. 2 4 Requirements 3 4.1
36、 Biological characteristics . 3 4.2 Physical characteristics . 3 4.3 Performance characteristics 3 5 Tests and measurements to determine compliance with this document 4 5.1 General . 4 5.2 Biological characteristics . 4 5.3 Physical characteristics . 4 5.4 Performance characteristics 5 6 Information
37、 supplied by the manufacturer 7 6.1 Information on the venous bubble trap 7 6.2 Information on the packaging 7 6.3 Information in the accompanying documents 8 6.4 Information in the accompanying documents in a prominent form 9 7 Packaging 9 Bibliography . 10 2017 Association for the Advancement of M
38、edical Instrumentation ANSI/AAMI/ISO 18241:2016 v Glossary of equivalent standards International Standards adopted in the United States may include normative references to other International Standards. AAMI maintains a current list of each International Standard that has been adopted by AAMI (and A
39、NSI). Available on the AAMI website at the address below, this list gives the corresponding U.S. designation and level of equivalency to the International Standard. www.aami.org/standards/glossary.pdf vi 2017 Association for the Advancement of Medical Instrumentation ANSI/AAMI/ISO 18241:2016 Committ
40、ee representation Association for the Advancement of Medical Instrumentation Blood/Gas Exchange Device Committee The adoption of ISO 18241:2016 as an American National Standard was initiated by the AAMI Blood/Gas Exchange Device Committee. The AAMI Blood/Gas Exchange Device Committee also functions
41、as the U.S. Technical Advisory Group to the relevant work in the International Organization for Standardization (ISO). U.S. representatives from the AAMI Blood/Gas Exchange Device Committee (U.S. Sub-TAG for ISO/TC 150/SC 2/WG 4) played an active part in developing the ISO standard. At the time this
42、 document was published, the AAMI Blood/Gas Exchange Device Committee (U.S. Sub-TAG for ISO/TC 150/SC 2/WG 4) had the following members: Cochairs: Trevor Huang, PhD MBA Mark Kurusz, CCP Members: Richard Chan, CCP, Northshore University Hospital Drew Holmes, Baxter Healthcare Tsuyoshi Hosoi, Terumo C
43、ardiovascular Systems Trevor Huang, PhD MBA, Medtronic Perfusion Systems George Silvay, MD PhD, Mount Sinai Medical Center Catherine Wentz, FDA/CDRH Alternates: David M. Fallen, CCP, Terumo Medical Qijin Lu, FDA/CDRH Rakesh Sethi, Medtronic NOTE Participation by federal agency representatives in the
44、 development of this standard does not constitute endorsement by the federal government or any of its agencies. 2017 Association for the Advancement of Medical Instrumentation ANSI/AAMI/ISO 18241:2016 vii Background of AAMI adoption of ISO 18241:2016 As indicated in the foreword to the main body of
45、this document (page viii), the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) is a worldwide federation of national standards bodies. The United States is one of the ISO members that took an active role in the development of this standard, which was developed by ISO Technical Committee (TC) 15
46、0 Subcommittee (SC) 2, Cardiovascular implants and extracorporeal systems, to ensure that devices designed to remove air entering the venous line during surgical procedures requiring extracorporeal circulatory support have been adequately tested for both their safety and function, and that extracorp
47、oreal device characteristics are appropriately disclosed when labeling the device. U.S. participation in this ISO SC is organized through the U.S. Technical Advisory Group for ISO/TC 150/SC 2, administered by the Association for the Advancement of Medical Instrumentation (AAMI). AAMI encourages its
48、committees to harmonize their work with international standards as much as possible. The U.S. adoption of ANSI/AAMI/ISO 18421:2016 was approved by the American National Standards Institute (ANSI) on 7 November 2016. The AAMI Blood/Gas Exchange Device Committee (U.S. Sub-TAG for ISO/TC 150/SC 2/WG 4,
49、 Blood/gas exchangers) initiated the U.S. adoption of ISO 18241:2016. AAMI and ANSI procedures require that standards be reviewed and, if necessary, revised every five years to reflect technological advances that may have occurred since publication. AAMI (and ANSI) have adopted other ISO standards. See the Glossary of Equivalent Standards for a list of ISO standards adopted by AAMI which gives the corresponding U.S. designation and the level of equivalency with the ISO standard. As used within the context of this document, “shall” indicates requirements strictly to be fo
