1、 ANSI/ASAE S289.2 FEB1998 (R2013) Concrete Slip-Form Canal Linings American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers ASABE is a professional and technical organization, of members worldwide, who are dedicated to advancement of engineering applicable to agricultural, food, and biological syst
2、ems. ASABE Standards are consensus documents developed and adopted by the American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers to meet standardization needs within the scope of the Society; principally agricultural field equipment, farmstead equipment, structures, soil and water resource manage
3、ment, turf and landscape equipment, forest engineering, food and process engineering, electric power applications, plant and animal environment, and waste management. NOTE: ASABE Standards, Engineering Practices, and Data are informational and advisory only. Their use by anyone engaged in industry o
4、r trade is entirely voluntary. The ASABE assumes no responsibility for results attributable to the application of ASABE Standards, Engineering Practices, and Data. Conformity does not ensure compliance with applicable ordinances, laws and regulations. Prospective users are responsible for protecting
5、 themselves against liability for infringement of patents. ASABE Standards, Engineering Practices, and Data initially approved prior to the society name change in July of 2005 are designated as “ASAE“, regardless of the revision approval date. Newly developed Standards, Engineering Practices and Dat
6、a approved after July of 2005 are designated as “ASABE“. Standards designated as “ANSI“ are American National Standards as are all ISO adoptions published by ASABE. Adoption as an American National Standard requires verification by ANSI that the requirements for due process, consensus, and other cri
7、teria for approval have been met by ASABE. Consensus is established when, in the judgment of the ANSI Board of Standards Review, substantial agreement has been reached by directly and materially affected interests. Substantial agreement means much more than a simple majority, but not necessarily una
8、nimity. Consensus requires that all views and objections be considered, and that a concerted effort be made toward their resolution. CAUTION NOTICE: ASABE and ANSI standards may be revised or withdrawn at any time. Additionally, procedures of ASABE require that action be taken periodically to reaffi
9、rm, revise, or withdraw each standard. Copyright American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers. All rights reserved. ASABE, 2950 Niles Road, St. Joseph, Ml 49085-9659, USA, phone 269-429-0300, fax 269-429-3852, hqasabe.org ANSI/ASAE S289.2 FEB1998 (R2013) Copyright American Society of Ag
10、ricultural and Biological Engineers 1 ANSI/ASAE S289.2 FEB1998 (R2013) Revision approved February 1998; reaffirmed January 2014 as an American National Standard Concrete Slip-Form Canal Linings Developed by the ASAE Concrete Slip-Form Canal Linings Committee; approved by the Soil and Water Division
11、Steering Committee; adopted by ASAE June 1965; revised editorially and reconfirmed February 1970; reconfirmed December 1974; revised editorially February 1978; reconfirmed December 1979, March 1981, March 1982, December 1983, December 1984; revised April 1986; approved as an American National Standa
12、rd August 1988; reconfirmed December 1990, December 1991; reaffirmed by ANSI September 1992; reaffirmed by ASAE December 1992, December 1993, December 1994, December 1995, December 1996; revised February 1998; revision approved by ANSI February 1998; reaffirmed by ASAE February 2003, February 2004;
13、reaffirmed by ANSI March 2004; reaffirmed by ASABE and ANSI February 2009; reaffirmed by ASABE December 2013; reaffirmed by ANSI January 2014. Keywords: Canal, Concrete, Irrigation, Linings 1 Purpose and Scope 1.1 The growing demand for water in the world increases the need for conserving the availa
14、ble water supply. In open conveyance systems, conservation of irrigation water and reduced maintenance costs through control of weeds and seepage losses can best be accomplished by providing a dependable impervious lining. Non-reinforced concrete lining, which has a high hydraulic efficiency, is a d
15、ependable means of water control and seepage reduction in canals. The purpose of this Standard is to provide standards and specifications for the installation of concrete slip-form canal linings in the interest of reducing costs and assuring quality control. 1.2 The use of continuous excavating, tri
16、mming and lining equipment is the most economical method for construction of concrete-lined, trapezoidal canals. Available equipment permits construction to practical tolerances in alignment, grade and concrete thickness. The universal acceptance and use of standard trapezoidal canal sections will e
17、nable manufacturers to standardize excavating and lining equipment. This will permit a reduction in special engineering and equipment manufacturing costs, will make replacement and service parts readily available, and will result in a net reduction in the cost of completed linings. 1.3 This standard
18、 is restricted to irrigation canals that have a bottom width less than 1.8 m (72 in.), and a total depth of lined section not greater than 2.1 m (84 in.). Linings for larger canals usually involve more complex engineering and economic considerations; and they may require special criteria and constru
19、ction requirements for the canal section, as well as for the lining. 1.4 The wide variance in design requirements by those involved in designing irrigation works prohibits developing criteria for establishing freeboard or foundation treatment. The scope is limited to establishing standard dimensions
20、 and shape of the canal section. 2 Normative References The following standards contain provisions which, through reference in this text, constitute provisions of this Standard. At the time of publication, the editions indicated were valid. All standards are subject to revision, and parties to agree
21、ments based on this Standard are encouraged to investigate the possibility of applying the most recent editions of the standards indicated below. Standards organizations maintain registers of currently valid standards. ANSI/ASAE S289.2 FEB1998 (R2013) Copyright American Society of Agricultural and B
22、iological Engineers 2 ACI 305, Placing and Curing for Hot Weather Concreting ACI 306, Placing and Curing for Cold Weather Concreting ACI 318, Building Code Requirements for Reinforced Concrete ASTM C31, Making and Curing Concrete Test Specimens in the Field ASTM C33, Specifications for Concrete Aggr
23、egates ASTM C39, Test for Compression Strength of Cylindrical Concrete Specimens ASTM C94, Specification for Ready-Mix Concrete ASTM C150, Specification for Portland Cement ASTM C172, Sampling Fresh Concrete ASTM C260, Specifications for Air-Entraining Admixtures for Concrete ASTM C309, Specificatio
24、ns for Liquid Membrane-Forming Compounds for Curing Concrete ASTM D1850, Specifications for Concrete Joint Sealer, Cold-Application Type Fed. Spec. SS-S-1401B, Sealing Compound, Hot Applied for Concrete and Asphalt Pavements 3 General Definitions 3.1 concrete. A designed mixture of Portland cement,
25、well graded aggregate and water. Admixtures may be used to replace a portion of the cement. 4 Basic Concepts 4.1 Minimum thicknesses for concrete lining, Table 1, are required. These thicknesses are based on the assumption that concrete and placement meet specifications in Annex A. Concrete shall be
26、 placed on a moist, firm, unyielding subgrade, and shall be protected against external hydrostatic pressure, uplift caused by expansive clays, and frost heave. Provisions for underdrainage to relieve uplift and to minimize frost damage, treatment of foundations involving expansive clays, and determi
27、ning the design of the concrete mix are design considerations not included in this Standard. Table 1 Minimum required nominal thickness for slip-form concrete linings1)Design Velocity2)m/s (ft/s) Minimum Thickness, mm (in.) Warm Climate3)Cold Climate3)Less than 2.7 (9.0) 38 (1.5) 50 (2.0) 2.7 3.6 (9
28、.0 12.0) 50 (2.0) 63 (2.5) 3.6 4.5 (12.0 15.0) 63 (2.5) 75 (3.0) 1) Velocities in short chute sections shall not be considered design velocities. 2) For canals that have a bottom width not greater than 1.8 m (72 in.), design capacity not greater than 2.8 m3/s (100 ft3/s), and a maximum velocity of 4
29、.5 m/s (15 ft/s). 3) Warm = mean monthly midwinter temperature is 4.4 C (40 F) and above; cold = mean monthly midwinter temperature is less than 4.4 C (40 F). ANSI/ASAE S289.2 FEB1998 (R2013) Copyright American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers 3 4.2 Lining thickness, alignment, and g
30、rade shall conform to the following tolerances. Available excavating and lining equipment will permit construction of linings within the above tolerances. Abrupt deviations from design grade or horizontal alignment shall not be permitted. Local experience may indicate that in severe cold climates, m
31、inimum thickness shown in Table 1 must be increased. 4.3 Standard subgrade dimensions shall be maintained to meet the design dimensions of the lined ditch, Figure 1a. Any deviations from standard lining thickness shall be made by modifying the inside dimensions of the lining. Modifications made in t
32、his manner can be more economically accomplished than by changing subgrade dimensions. Figure 1(a) Standard trapezoidal canal section 4.4 Contraction joints shall be provided to control cracking caused by shrinkage and temperature change. Transverse grooves shall be uniformly spaced at intervals of
33、2.5 to 4.5 m (8 to 15 ft) as a function of canal width and lining thickness. Where depth of section exceeds 1.2 m (4 ft), provide longitudinal grooves on each side as shown in Figure 1a. The groove dimensions specified will provide adequate space for placing common mastic sealing compounds. 4.5 Stan
34、dard canal sections are based on subgrade dimensions to provide standardized excavation and slip-form equipment to permit economical construction. 4.6 Moisture content of the subgrade prior to placement of concrete shall be sufficient to prevent water migration from the concrete mix to the subgrade
35、soil throughout the curing process. 5 Standard Cross Sections 5.1 The recommended standard cross sections, as shown in Table 2, consist of three sections with 1:1 side slopes, three sections with 1.25:1 side slopes, and five sections with 1.5:1 side slopes. The dimensional details of these standard
36、sections are shown in Figure 1a, and Table 2. The underneath bottom width (“a”), shown in Figure 1a , is a function of lining thickness and determined as shown in Figure 1b. Minimum recommended thickness is presented in Table 1. a = b + 2d where: a is underneath bottom width, using sharp corners; AN
37、SI/ASAE S289.2 FEB1998 (R2013) Copyright American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers 4 b is inside bottom width typically 300, 450, 600, 900, 1200, 1500, and 1800 mm (12, 18, 24, 36, 48, 60, and 72 in.); d is t cot (90 /2); t is lining thickness. Table 2 Dimensions of standard slip-for
38、m trapezoidal canal sections Side-slope (Z) b c e Min e Max R mm in. mm in. mm in. mm in. mm in. 1 : 1 300 12 100 4 400 15 750 30 230 9 1 : 1 450 18 100 4 400 15 750 30 230 9 1 : 1 600 24 100 4 400 15 750 30 230 9 1.25 : 1 300 12 100 4 450 18 900 36 300 12 1.25 : 1 450 18 100 4 450 18 900 36 300 12
39、1.25 : 1 600 24 100 4 450 18 900 36 300 12 1.5 : 1 600 24 150 6 600 24 1200 48 460 18 1.5 : 1 900 36 150 6 700 27 1400 54 460 18 1.5 : 1 1200 48 150 6 800 33 1700 66 460 18 1.5 : 1 1200 60 150 6 900 36 1800 72 460 18 1.5 : 1 1200 72 150 6 1000 42 2100 84 460 18 Figure 1(b) Corner detail of section.
40、5.2 The eleven standard sections displayed provide a desirable overlap in carrying capacity which permits adequate flexibility in selecting a section for optimum economy in materials and other construction costs. Flow capacities for various concrete lined sections are shown Figures 2a, 2b, 2c, and 2
41、d. ANSI/ASAE S289.2 FEB1998 (R2013) Copyright American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers 5 Figure 2(a) Lined ditch flow capacities: b = 0.3 0.6, Z = 1 : 1 each class of concrete; each change of concrete supplier; each change in source of materials for concrete mix; change in mix propo
42、rtions or mix specifications; for each 76 m3(100 yd3) of concrete or fraction thereof; or as frequently as deemed necessary by the responsible technician or engineer. A10.4 To conform to the requirements of this specification, the average of all of the strength tests representing each class of concr
43、ete shall be equal to or greater than the specified strength and not more than one test in 10 (if less than 10 tests are made per job, substitute “per job” for “in 10”) shall have an average value of less than 85% of specified strength. No one test shall have a value less than 70% of design strength
44、. A10.5 A record shall be made of the delivery ticket number for the particular load of concrete tested, and the exact location in the work at which each load represented by a strength test is deposited. A11 Delivery Tickets A11.1 Duplicate delivery tickets shall be furnished with each load of concr
45、ete delivered to the job: One for the contractor, and one for the responsible technician or engineer. Delivery tickets shall provide the following information: A11.1.1 Date A11.1.2 Name of ready-mix concrete plant A11.1.3 Job location A11.1.4 Contractor A11.1.5 Type (standard or air-entrained) and b
46、rand name of cement A11.1.6 Class and specified cement content in bags per m3(yd3) of concrete A11.1.7 Truck number A11.1.8 Time dispatched A11.1.9 Amount of concrete in load in m3(yd3) A11.1.10 Admixtures in concrete, if any A11.1.11 Maximum size of aggregate A11.1.12 Water added at job, if any A11
47、.1.13 Weather conditions; approximate temperature, relative humidity and wind velocity A11.1.14 Location of load placement ANSI/ASAE S289.2 FEB1998 (R2013) Copyright American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers 11 A12 Inspection and Testing A12.1 All required sampling, preparing specime
48、ns, and testing shall be performed by an independent laboratory or a person acceptable to the responsible technician or engineer. The cost of all tests shall be paid for as mutually agreed. A13 Control Joints A13.1 Contraction and construction joints shall be provided at the locations and to the dim
49、ensions as shown in Figure 1a. A13.2 A cold applied sealer conforming to ASTM D1850 or a hot-poured sealer meeting Federal Specification SS-S-1401B or other suitable materials approved for this application shall be used. CAUTION: Do not overheat hot-pour type sealers. A14 Curing A14.1 A pigmented concrete curing compound shall be applied to the concrete surface within 20 minutes after placing or finishing the concrete. The sealing compound shall be applied in a manner that will ensure a continuous, uniform
