1、 ANSI/ASAE S296.5 W/Corr. 1 DEC2003 (R2013) General Terminology for Traction of Agricultural Traction and Transport Devices and Vehicles American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers ASABE is a professional and technical organization, of members worldwide, who are dedicated to advancemen
2、t of engineering applicable to agricultural, food, and biological systems. ASABE Standards are consensus documents developed and adopted by the American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers to meet standardization needs within the scope of the Society; principally agricultural field equi
3、pment, farmstead equipment, structures, soil and water resource management, turf and landscape equipment, forest engineering, food and process engineering, electric power applications, plant and animal environment, and waste management. NOTE: ASABE Standards, Engineering Practices, and Data are info
4、rmational and advisory only. Their use by anyone engaged in industry or trade is entirely voluntary. The ASABE assumes no responsibility for results attributable to the application of ASABE Standards, Engineering Practices, and Data. Conformity does not ensure compliance with applicable ordinances,
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6、pproval date. Newly developed Standards, Engineering Practices and Data approved after July of 2005 are designated as “ASABE“. Standards designated as “ANSI“ are American National Standards as are all ISO adoptions published by ASABE. Adoption as an American National Standard requires verification b
7、y ANSI that the requirements for due process, consensus, and other criteria for approval have been met by ASABE. Consensus is established when, in the judgment of the ANSI Board of Standards Review, substantial agreement has been reached by directly and materially affected interests. Substantial agr
8、eement means much more than a simple majority, but not necessarily unanimity. Consensus requires that all views and objections be considered, and that a concerted effort be made toward their resolution. CAUTION NOTICE: ASABE and ANSI standards may be revised or withdrawn at any time. Additionally, p
9、rocedures of ASABE require that action be taken periodically to reaffirm, revise, or withdraw each standard. Copyright American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers. All rights reserved. ASABE, 2950 Niles Road, St. Joseph, Ml 49085-9659, USA, phone 269-429-0300, fax 269-429-3852, hqasabe
10、.org ANSI/ASAE S296.5 W/Corr. 1 DEC2003 (R2013) Copyright American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers 1 ANSI/ASAE S296.5 W/Corr. 1 DEC2003 (R2013) Revision approved December 2003; reaffirmed January 2014 as an American National Standard General Terminology for Traction of Agricultural
11、Traction and Transport Devices and Vehicles Proposed by the ASAE Tractive and Transport Efficiency Committee; approved by the ASAE Power and Machinery Division Technical Committee; adopted by ASAE as a Recommendation June 1966; revised February 1970; reconfirmed December 1975; revised and reclassifi
12、ed as a Standard December 1976; reconfirmed December 1981; revised April 1987; reconfirmed December 1991; revised June 1995; approved as an American National Standard December 1995; reaffirmed by ASAE for one year January 2001; reaffirmed by ANSI January 2001; reaffirmed by ASAE December 2001, revis
13、ed December 2003, approved by ANSI December 2003; reaffirmed by ASABE and ANSI February 2009; reaffirmed by ASABE December 2013; reaffirmed by ANSI January 2014; Corrigendum 1 published January 2014. Keywords: Terminology, Tire, Traction, Transport 1 Purpose and Scope 1.1 This terminology is to assi
14、st in the standardized reporting of information on traction and transport devices and vehicles. When it is not possible for data to be reported using this terminology, it is recommended that new terms be clearly defined. Unless otherwise indicated, all definitions refer to individual traction or tra
15、nsport devices or vehicles operating on a horizontal surface. 2 Normative References ASAE EP285.7 JAN01, Use of SI (Metric) Units OECD Code 1, Standard Code for the Official Testing of Agricultural and Forestry Tractor Performance 3 Basic Terminology Common to all Traction and Transport Devices and
16、Vehicles13.1 ballast: Mass that can be added or removed for the purpose of changing total load or load distribution. 3.2 contact area: The area of engagement of the traction and transport surfaces, projected onto a horizontal plane at the nominal ground surface. 3.3 flotation: The ability to resist
17、sinkage into or deformation of a surface being traversed. 3.4 ground pressure: The actual pressure exerted vertically on the soil surface by the traction and transport devices of a vehicle. 1All units should be consistent with ASAE EP285.7. Use of SI (Metric) Units. ANSI/ASAE S296.5 W/Corr. 1 DEC200
18、3 (R2013) Copyright American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers 2 3.5 ground pressure, nominal: The static load of a vehicle divided by the sum of the contract areas of the traction and transport devices in contact with the ground surface. 3.6 sinkage: Deformation of the supporting sur
19、face normal to the direction of travel of a traction or transport device. Equal to the sum of the static sinkage and slip sinkage. 3.7 traction device: A powered device for propelling a vehicle using reaction forces from the supporting surface; may be a wheel, tire, or track. 3.8 transport device: A
20、 non-powered device (zero input or output torque) that supports a vehicle on a surface during travel over that surface. 3.9 vehicle: A traction or transport machine incorporating combinations of traction and/or transport devices. 4 Terminology for Traction and Transport Devices 4.1 load, dynamic Wd:
21、 The total force normal to the undisturbed supporting surface on which the traction or transport device is operating. (The force is the sum of the static load and any additional forces such as load transfer see Figure 1). Figure 1 Basic velocities and forces on a wheel, including resultant soil reac
22、tion force 4.2 load, static Ws: The total force normal to the supporting surface on which the traction or transport device is standing with zero input torque. 4.3 motion resistance of traction device MR = GT NT: The difference between gross traction and net traction; accounts for all energy losses o
23、f a traction device not attributed to travel reduction (see Figure 1). Motion resistance is the preferred term; also called rolling resistance. 4.4 motion resistance of transport device: The force required in the direction of travel to overcome resistance from the supporting surface and internal res
24、istance of the device. Motion resistance is the preferred term; also called towing force. 4.5 motion resistance ratio (or MRR) = MR/Wd: The ratio of motion resistance to dynamic load. Motion resistance ratio is the preferred term; also called coefficient of rolling resistance or coefficient of motio
25、n resistance. 4.6 power, input T: The product of input torque and angular velocity of the driving axle of a traction device. ANSI/ASAE S296.5 W/Corr. 1 DEC2003 (R2013) Copyright American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers 3 4.7 power, output NTV: The product of net traction and velocit
26、y of a traction device. 4.8 sinkage, slip: Sinkage, that results from the motion of a traction or transport device. 4.9 sinkage, static: Sinkage of a stationary traction or transport device under specified zero conditions. 4.10 slip s: See travel reduction, the preferred term. 4.11 surface reaction
27、force R: The resultant of all forces acting on the traction or transport device at the surface-device interface (see Figure 1). 4.12 torque, input T: The moment applied to the axle of the traction device (see Figure 1). 4.13 traction, gross GT = NT + MR: Gross traction is the sum of net traction and
28、 motion resistance. Gross traction can be calculated from the energy balance: GT = NT(1 travel reduction)/TE. 4.14 traction, net NT: The force parallel to the direction of travel, developed by the traction device and transferred to the vehicle (see Figure 1). 4.15 traction ratio, gross g = GT/Wd: Th
29、e ratio of gross traction to dynamic load. Gross traction ratio is the preferred term; also called coefficient of gross traction. 4.16 traction ratio, net n = NT/Wd: The ratio of net traction to dynamic load. Net traction ratio is the preferred term; also called coefficient of net traction. 4.17 tra
30、ctive efficiency TE = NTV/(T): The ratio of output power to input power for a traction device. 4.18 travel ratio: The ratio of the distance advanced per revolution of the traction device under operating conditions, to distance advanced per revolution under the specified zero condition. Travel ratio
31、is the preferred term; also called velocity ratio. 4.19 travel reduction s One minus travel ratio. The magnitude depends on the specified zero condition. Travel reduction is the preferred term; slip and travel reduction are sometimes used synonymously and are often expressed in percent. See OECD Cod
32、e 1, Standard Code for the Official Testing of Agricultural and Forestry Tractor Performance. 4.20 zero condition: The condition used to specify rolling radius. Four possible conditions are common: a self propelled condition on a nondeforming surface (recommended for rolling circumference data). a s
33、elf propelled condition on the test surface. a towed condition on a nondeforming surface. a towed condition on the test surface. The choice of zero condition determines the travel reduction defined for zero pull and zero torque. The zero condition used to define rolling radius should always be state
34、d. 5 Terminology for Traction and Transport Vehicles 5.1 alignment: State of mutual parallelism of all traction and transport devices on a vehicle. 5.2 load, dynamic Wd: The total force normal to the undisturbed supporting surface on which a vehicle is operating. (The force is the sum of the static
35、load and any additional forces such as load transfer to the vehicle.) ANSI/ASAE S296.5 W/Corr. 1 DEC2003 (R2013) Copyright American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers 4 5.3 load, static Ws: The total force normal to the undisturbed supporting surface on which a vehicle is standing. 5.4
36、 load transfer Wt: The change in distribution of the force normal to the undisturbed supporting surface on which a vehicle is operating as compared to static vehicle forces. 5.5 power, drawbar DP = PV: The product of drawbar pull and vehicle velocity in the direction of travel. Also called power, ve
37、hicle output. 5.6 power, vehicle input PVI: The power provided to the vehicle traction systems at some input point. The input point should be stated. 5.7 power, vehicle output PVO: See power, drawbar. 5.8 pull, drawbar P: The force in the direction of travel produced by the vehicle at the drawbar or
38、 hitch. 5.9 traction ratio, dynamic: The ratio of drawbar pull to dynamic load on the vehicle traction devices. 5.10 traction ratio, vehicle: The ratio of drawbar pull to total dynamic load. 5.11 power delivery efficiency PDE = PVO/PVI: The ratio of drawbar power (vehicle output power) to vehicle in
39、put power. 5.12 vehicle zero condition: A vehicle supplied with sufficient input torque to propel it across an operating surface while delivering zero drawbar pull (individual devices on the vehicle may not be at zero net traction, but the sum of all devices will be at zero). 5.13 ridging or berming
40、: Result of vehicle operations in which soil “ridges” are formed from lateral forces applied to the soil surface, such as during tight turns or on side slopes. 5.14 rutting: Result of vehicle operations where significant sinkage occurs and channels form in the soil. 6 Terminology for Rubber and Stee
41、l Track Traction Devices 6.1 alignment: State of mutual parallelism of the elements of an undercarriage i.e. drive wheel, idlers, and bogies. 6.2 angle of approach: The angle between the supporting surface and that section of track forward of the foremost load or carrying element. 6.3 angle of depar
42、ture: The angle between the supporting surface and that section of track rearward of the rearmost load carrying element. 6.4 roller, bogie wheel or midwheel: Small, non-powered wheel located on the ground-engaging part of a track. 6.5 chordal action: The segmented bending action of a linked or hinge
43、d entity as it approximates a smooth arc. 6.6 drive, friction: A system where the power is transmitted from the drive wheel to the track by friction. 6.7 drive lugs: A series of lugs on the undercarriage-facing side of a rubber track that positively engage the drive wheel. Can also act as guide lugs
44、. 6.8 drive, positive: A system where the power is transmitted from the drive wheel or sprocket to the track by mechanical engagement. ANSI/ASAE S296.5 W/Corr. 1 DEC2003 (R2013) Copyright American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers 5 6.9 drive wheel, drive sprocket, or drive pulley: Th
45、e driving component of a track undercarriage. It transmits power from the drive axle(s) into the track. 6.10 flat length or circumferential length: The length (circumference) of a track at the neutral axis. It equals the length of a track if it were cut and laid out flat. 6.11 friction drive: See dr
46、ive, friction. 6.12 grouser or tread lug: The portion of a track that extends into the soil for the purpose of developing traction. “Grouser” is generally associated with steel track systems. “Lug” is generally associated with rubber track systems. See Figure 2. Figure 2 Lug and tread diagram 6.13 g
47、rouser or trend lug angle: The angle between the centerline of the grouser or lug and the normal to the circumferential centerline of the track. Grouser angle is typically zero. See Figure 2. 6.14 grouser or tread lug height: The perpendicular distance from the track shoe to the tip of the grouser,
48、or perpendicular distance from the track undertread fact to the lug face. See Figure 2, section A-A. 6.15 grouser or tread lug length: The distance measured along the grouser centerline from end to end along the longitudinal dimension. See Figure 2. 6.16 grouser or tread lug spacing or pitch: The di
49、stance between corresponding points on adjacent grousers or lugs in the direction of track circumferential centerline when the track surface is in the same plane. See Figure 2. 6.17 guide lugs or guide blocks: A series of lugs or blocks located on the undercarriage-facing side of a rubber track that prevent detracking. 6.18 idler: A non-driven wheel in a track system. 6.19 inside length: The length (circumference) of a track at the undercarriage-facing surface. 6.20 net-to-gross area ratio: The ratio o
