1、ASHRAE STANDARDANSI/ASHRAE Standard 146-2011(Supersedes ANSI/ASHRAE Standard 146-2006)Methods of Testing and RatingPool HeatersApproved by the ASHRAE Standards Committee on January 29, 2011; by the ASHRAE Board of Directors onFebruary 2, 2011; and by the American National Standards Institute on Febr
2、uary 3, 2011. ASHRAE Standards are scheduled to be updated on a five-year cycle; the date following the standard numberis the year of ASHRAE Board of Directors approval. The latest edition of an ASHRAE Standard may be pur-chased on the ASHRAE Web site (www.ashrae.org) or from ASHRAE Customer Service
3、, 1791 Tullie Circle,NE, Atlanta, GA 30329-2305. E-mail: ordersashrae.org. Fax: 404-321-5478. Telephone: 404-636-8400(worldwide) or toll free 1-800-527-4723 (for orders in US and Canada). For reprint permission, go towww.ashrae.org/permissions. 2011 American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air
4、-Conditioning Engineers, Inc.ISSN 1041-2336American Society of Heating, Refrigeratingand Air-Conditioning Engineers, Inc.1791 Tullie Circle NE, Atlanta, GA 30329www.ashrae.orgASHRAE STANDARDS COMMITTEE 20102011Stephanie Reiniche, Manager of Standards H. Michael Newman, Chair Krishnan Gowri Janice C.
5、 PetersonCarol E. Marriott, Vice-Chair Maureen Grasso Douglas T. ReindlDouglass S. Abramson Cecily M. Grzywacz Boggarm S. SettyKarim Amrane Richard L. Hall James R. TaubyRobert G. Baker Nadar R. Jayaraman James K. VallortHoy R. Bohanon, Jr. Byron W. Jones William F. WalterSteven F. Bruning Jay A. Ko
6、hler Michael W. WoodfordKenneth W. Cooper Frank Myers Craig P. WrayMartin Dieryckx Hugh F. Crowther, BOD ExOAllan B. Fraser William P. Bahnfleth, COSPECIAL NOTEThis American National Standard (ANS) is a national voluntary consensus standard developed under the auspices of the AmericanSociety of Heat
7、ing, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE). Consensus is defined by the American National StandardsInstitute (ANSI), of which ASHRAE is a member and which has approved this standard as an ANS, as “substantial agreement reached bydirectly and materially affected interest categories. T
8、his signifies the concurrence of more than a simple majority, but not necessarily unanimity.Consensus requires that all views and objections be considered, and that an effort be made toward their resolution.” Compliance with thisstandard is voluntary until and unless a legal jurisdiction makes compl
9、iance mandatory through legislation.ASHRAE obtains consensus through participation of its national and international members, associated societies, and public review.ASHRAE Standards are prepared by a Project Committee appointed specifically for the purpose of writing the Standard. The ProjectCommit
10、tee Chair and Vice-Chair must be members of ASHRAE; while other committee members may or may not be ASHRAE members, allmust be technically qualified in the subject area of the Standard. Every effort is made to balance the concerned interests on all ProjectCommittees. The Manager of Standards of ASHR
11、AE should be contacted for:a. interpretation of the contents of this Standard,b. participation in the next review of the Standard,c. offering constructive criticism for improving the Standard,d. permission to reprint portions of the Standard.DISCLAIMERASHRAE uses its best efforts to promulgate Stand
12、ards and Guidelines for the benefit of the public in light of available information and acceptedindustry practices. However, ASHRAE does not guarantee, certify, or assure the safety or performance of any products, components, orsystems tested, installed, or operated in accordance with ASHRAEs Standa
13、rds or Guidelines or that any tests conducted under its Standardsor Guidelines will be nonhazardous or free from risk.ASHRAE INDUSTRIAL ADVERTISING POLICY ON STANDARDSASHRAE Standards and Guidelines are established to assist industry and the public by offering a uniform method of testing for ratingp
14、urposes, by suggesting safe practices in designing and installing equipment, by providing proper definitions of this equipment, and by providingother information that may serve to guide the industry. The creation of ASHRAE Standards and Guidelines is determined by the need for them,and conformance t
15、o them is completely voluntary.In referring to this Standard or Guideline and in marking of equipment and in advertising, no claim shall be made, either stated or implied,that the product has been approved by ASHRAE.ASHRAE Standard Project Committee 146Cognizant TC: TC 6.6, Service Water HeatingSPLS
16、 Liaison: James E. WoodsR. Michael Martin, Chair* Shamel A. Kassab*Albert R. Barfield* Alexander B. Lekov*Titu R. Doctor* Frank Myers*Robert E. Hamos* Mark W. Paquette*Henry Hwong* Bodh R. Subherwal*Dave Sutula*Denotes members of voting status when the document was approved for publicationCONTENTSAN
17、SI/ASHRAE Standard 146-2011Methods of Testing and Rating Pool HeatersSECTION PAGEForeword. 21 Purpose 22 Scope . 23 Definitions. 24 Classifications. 25 Requirements . 26 Instruments. 27 Apparatus . 38 Methods of Testing . 69 Test Procedures . 810 Data to Be Recorded 911 Calculation of Results. 912 R
18、eference Properties 1113 References . 11Informative Appendix A: Correction Factor for Heating Value of Fuel Gas 11Informative Appendix B: Concurrent Water Meter Calibration 11Informative Appendix C: Optional Verification Test 12Informative Appendix D: Bibliography. 15NOTEApproved addenda, errata, or
19、 interpretations for this standard can be downloaded free of charge from the ASHRAE Web site at www.ashrae.org/technology. 2011 American Society of Heating,Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers, Inc.1791 Tullie Circle NEAtlanta, GA 30329www.ashrae.orgAll rights reserved. American Society of H
20、eating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers, Inc. (www.ashrae.org). For personal use only. Additional reproduction, distribution, or transmission in either print or digital form is not permitted without ASHRAEs prior written permission.2 ANSI/ASHRAE Standard 146-2011(This foreword is not pa
21、rt of this standard. It is merelyinformative and does not contain requirements necessaryfor conformance to the standard. It has not beenprocessed according to the ANSI requirements for astandard and may contain material that has not beensubject to public review or a consensus process.Unresolved obje
22、ctors on informative material are notoffered the right to appeal at ASHRAE or ANSI.)FOREWORDThis is a revision of Standard 146-2006. This standardwas prepared under the auspices of the American Society ofHeating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers, Inc.(ASHRAE). It may be used in whole or
23、in part by an associa-tion or government agency with due credit to ASHRAE.Adherence is strictly on a voluntary basis and merely in theinterests of obtaining uniform standards throughout theindustry. The changes made for the 2011 revision are as follows: Appendices were indicated as informative only.
24、References were updated.Citations in the body of the standard were updated to beconsistent with their references in Section 13.1. PURPOSEThe purpose of this standard is to provide methods of test-ing and rating pool heaters. 2. SCOPE2.1 This standard provides methods of testing for heatingcapacity a
25、nd energy efficiency.2.2 This standard applies to heaters operated by gas, oil,or electricity, including heat pumps using ambient air as aheat source.3. DEFINITIONSapparatus: as used in this standard, test room facilities andinstrumentation.coefficient of performance (COP): as applied to a heat pump
26、,the ratio of heat output in kilowatts (Btu/h) to the total powerinput in kilowatts (Btu/h). coil, outdoor: the heat exchanger that absorbs heat from theoutdoor air.equipment: as used in this standard, the equipment to betested.heat output: the rate at which heat is passed to the water inkilowatts (
27、Btu/h) under specified conditions of operation.heating capacity: the rate at which heat is passed to the waterin kilowatts (Btu/h) when the pool heater is operating at ratedinput and achieving the rated thermal efficiency or COP.pool heater: equipment designed for heating nonpotablewater contained a
28、t atmospheric pressure in swimming pools,spas, hot tubs, and similar applications.rated input: the energy-using capacity of a pool heater as spec-ified by the manufacturer and as specified in Section 8 of thisstandard.standard conditions: the conditions of temperature and pres-sure at which the high
29、er heating value of gas is reported,namely, 15.556C (60F) and 101.325 kPa (29.921 in. ofmercury).standard COP: the ratio of heat output in kilowatts (Btu/h) tototal power input in kilowatts (Btu/h) as defined when a heatpump pool heater is operating at standard rating conditions.standard rating cond
30、itions: the temperature, pressure, andwater-flow-rate conditions (specified in Section 8) at whichthe pool heater input and efficiency are reported.thermal efficiency: the ratio of heat output in kilowatts (Btu/h) to total power input in kilowatts (Btu/h) when a gas-fired,oil-fired, or electrical-re
31、sistance pool heater is operated atspecific conditions.total power input: for electrical pool heaters, the total electri-cal input to the equipment in kilowatts.4. CLASSIFICATIONSPool heaters are classified by energy source and includea. gas-fired pool heaters;b. oil-fired pool heaters;c. air-to-wat
32、er heat pump pool heaters employing a com-pressor, water-cooled condenser, and outdoor air coil ina single-package assembly; andd. electric resistance pool heaters.5. REQUIREMENTSThe pool heaters for which compliance with this standardis claimed shall be tested and calculations made to verifycapacit
33、y and efficiency using the following procedures asappropriate:a. a steady-state heating capacity test for a pool heater atstandard rating conditions;b. a steady-state efficiency test for a gas, oil, and electricresistance pool heater or coefficient of performance(COP) for a heat pump pool heater;c.
34、a standby energy consumption test for all pool heatersexcept heat pump pool heaters.6. INSTRUMENTS6.1 General. Instruments are required for the followingmeasurements with the minimum precision noted. Instru-ments shall be calibrated at a minimum of once a year. Arecord shall be kept containing, as a
35、 minimum, the date ofcalibration, the method of calibration, and the referencestandard used.6.2 Temperature. Temperature-measuring devices andany associated instrumentation systems shall be in accor-dance with ASNI/ASHRAE Standard 41.1, Standard Method American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and
36、Air-Conditioning Engineers, Inc. (www.ashrae.org). For personal use only. Additional reproduction, distribution, or transmission in either print or digital form is not permitted without ASHRAEs prior written permission.ANSI/ASHRAE Standard 146-2011 3for Temperature Measurement.1Measurement of water
37、tem-perature shall be to an accuracy corresponding to 1.0% orless of the temperature rise with the exception of heat pumppool heaters, for which the accuracy shall correspond to0.03C (0.05F) or less of the temperature rise.6.3 Pressure. Pressure-measuring instruments shall haveerrors no greater than
38、 the following:a. Gas: 25 Pa (0.1 in. of water)b. Oil: 3.4 kPa (0.5 psi) c. Atmospheric: 33.8 Pa (0.01 in. Hg)d. Water: 6.9 kPa (1.0 psi) 6.4 Draft. Draft gauges shall have an accuracy of 1.2 Pa(0.005 in. of water). Minimum divisions on the draft gaugeshall be 1.2 Pa (0.005 in. of water).6.5 Mass. M
39、easuring instruments shall have an accuracysufficient to ensure an error no greater than 1.0% of the totalmass measured.6.6 Time. Timing instruments shall have an error no greaterthan 0.5 s/h.6.7 Electrical Instruments6.7.1 Electrical Measurements. Electrical measurementsshall be made with indicatin
40、g or integrating instruments.6.7.2 Instruments. Instruments used for measuring theelectrical input to heaters or other apparatus furnishing heatloads shall be accurate to 1.0% of the quantity measured.Instruments used for measuring the electrical input to fanmotors, compressor motors, or other equip
41、ment accessoriesshall be accurate to 1% of the measured value for heat pumppool heaters and for other tested equipment shall be accurateto 2.0% of the measured value.6.7.3 Voltages. Voltages shall be measured with instru-ments that are accurate to 1% of the quantity measured andshall be measured at
42、the equipment terminals.6.8 Higher Heating Value. Devices used to measure thehigher heating value of either natural gas, propane, or fuel oilshall have an error no greater than 1.0%.6.9 Water Flow. A flowmeter may be used instead of atank and scale for determining water flow rate and quantity.Conver
43、sion to mass of water, where required, shall be basedupon the specific volume listed in the ASHRAE HandbookFundamentals, Chapter 6, Table 3,2for the temperature ofthe water metered. Water flowmeters shall have an error nogreater than 1% of measured value. Concurrent water metercalibration, as descri
44、bed in Informative Appendix B, may beconducted as an alternative to calculation based on specificvolume.6.10 Combustion Products. Instruments used to measurethe concentration of carbon dioxide shall have an error nogreater than 2.5% of the reading.6.11 Smoke. Smoke-measuring instruments shall comply
45、with requirements for smoke meters as outlined in ASTM-D2156, Test Method for Smoke Density in the Flue Gases fromBurning Distillate Fuels.37. APPARATUS7.1 Test Platform. The equipment to be tested shall beinstalled in the test room in accordance with the manufac-turers installation instructions usi
46、ng recommended installa-tion procedures and accessories. In all cases, themanufacturers recommendations with respect to distancesfrom adjacent walls shall be followed. For a pool heater notapproved for installation on combustible flooring, suitablenoncombustible material shall be placed under it.7.2
47、 Water Piping. Water piping shall be installed accord-ing to the manufacturers recommendations. Unions may beused to facilitate installation and removal of the pipingarrangements.Any piping components or insulation supplied with thepool heater shall be included. Install a pressure gauge in thewater
48、supply line.When required for conduct of this test, an optional recir-culating loop of minimum length and a pump shall be providedas shown in Figure 1b. If the optional recirculation loop is usedin the test, it shall be insulated with insulation having an R-value of 0.7 m2K/W (4 hft2F/Btu). The reci
49、rculation pumpelectricity consumption shall be measured.7.3 Thermocouple Locations7.3.1 Water Pipe. Install thermocouples or temperature-measuring devices as illustrated in Figures 1a or 1b as appro-priate. The junction of the thermocouples shall not extendmore than 0.15 m (6 in.) into the pipe from the appropriateoutlet of the tee.7.3.2 Flue Pipe. Thermocouple grids shall be constructedof equally spaced thermocouples wired in parallel in a testplane less than half the distance (J/2) to the point of dilutionfrom the heater flue outlet perpendicular to the ax
