1、Power PipingASME Code for Pressure Piping, B31AN INTERNATIONAL PIPING CODEASME B31.1-2016(Revision of ASME B31.1-2014)ASME B31.1-2016(Revision of ASME B31.1-2014)Power PipingASME Code for Pressure Piping, B31AN INTERNATIONAL PIPING CODETwo Park Avenue New York, NY 10016 USADate of Issuance: June 30,
2、 2016The next edition of this Code is scheduled for publication in 2018. This Code will become effective6 months after the Date of Issuance.ASME issues written replies to inquiries concerning interpretations of technical aspects of this Code.Interpretations are published under http:/go.asme.org/Inte
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11、 accordance with the establishedASME procedures and policies, which precludes the issuance of interpretations by individuals.No part of this document may be reproduced in any form,in an electronic retrieval system or otherwise,without the prior written permission of the publisher.The American Societ
12、y of Mechanical EngineersTwo Park Avenue, New York, NY 10016-5990Copyright 2016 byTHE AMERICAN SOCIETY OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERSAll rights reservedPrinted in U.S.A.CONTENTSForeword viiCommittee Roster . viiiIntroduction . xiiSummary of Changes xivChapter I Scope and Definitions. 1100 General . 1Chapte
13、r II Design . 14Part 1 Conditions and Criteria . 14101 Design Conditions . 14102 Design Criteria 15Part 2 Pressure Design of Piping Components . 21103 Criteria for Pressure Design of Piping Components . 21104 Pressure Design of Components . 21Part 3 Selection and Limitations of Piping Components . 3
14、6105 Pipe 36106 Fittings, Bends, and Intersections 36107 Valves 37108 Pipe Flanges, Blanks, Flange Facings, Gaskets, and Bolting . 38Part 4 Selection and Limitations of Piping Joints 39110 Piping Joints 39111 Welded Joints . 39112 Flanged Joints . 40113 Expanded or Rolled Joints . 40114 Threaded Joi
15、nts . 40115 Flared, Flareless, and Compression Joints, and Unions 45116 Bell End Joints 45117 Brazed and Soldered Joints 45118 Sleeve Coupled and Other Proprietary Joints . 46Part 5 Expansion, Flexibility, and Pipe-Supporting Element 46119 Expansion and Flexibility 46120 Loads on Pipe-Supporting Ele
16、ments . 49121 Design of Pipe-Supporting Elements . 49Part 6 Systems . 53122 Design Requirements Pertaining to Specific Piping Systems . 53Chapter III Materials. 68123 General Requirements . 68124 Limitations on Materials . 69125 Creep Strength Enhanced Ferritic Materials 71Chapter IV Dimensional Req
17、uirements 73126 Material Specifications and Standards for Standard and NonstandardPiping Components . 73Chapter V Fabrication, Assembly, and Erection 81127 Welding . 81128 Brazing and Soldering . 92129 Bending and Forming . 94130 Requirements for Fabricating and Attaching Pipe Supports . 97131 Weldi
18、ng Preheat . 97iii132 Postweld Heat Treatment 97133 Stamping . 104135 Assembly . 104Chapter VI Inspection, Examination, and Testing 106136 Inspection and Examination . 106137 Pressure Tests . 110Chapter VII Operation and Maintenance . 114138 General . 114139 Operation and Maintenance Procedures 1141
19、40 Condition Assessment of CPS 114141 CPS Records 115142 Piping and Pipe-Support Maintenance Program and PersonnelRequirements . 116144 CPS Walkdowns . 116145 Material Degradation Mechanisms . 116146 Dynamic Loading . 116Figures100.1.2(A.1) Code Jurisdictional Limits for Piping An Example of Forced
20、FlowSteam Generators With No Fixed Steam and Water Line . 2100.1.2(A.2) Code Jurisdictional Limits for Piping An Example of Steam SeparatorType Forced Flow Steam Generators With No Fixed Steam and WaterLine 3100.1.2(B.1) Code Jurisdictional Limits for Piping Drum-Type Boilers 4100.1.2(B.2) Code Juri
21、sdictional Limits for Piping Isolable Economizers Located inFeedwater Piping and Isolable Superheaters in Main Steam Piping(Boiler Pressure Relief Valves, Blowoff, and Miscellaneous Pipingfor Boiler Proper Not Shown for Clarity) . 5100.1.2(B.3) Code Jurisdictional Limits for Piping Nonintegral Separ
22、ately FiredSuperheaters 6100.1.2(C) Code Jurisdictional Limits for Piping Spray-Type Desuperheater . 7102.4.5 Nomenclature for Pipe Bends 19104.3.1(D) Reinforcement of Branch Connections 27104.3.1(G) Reinforced Extruded Outlets . 30104.5.3 Types of Permanent Blanks 34104.8.4 Cross Section Resultant
23、Moment Loading 35122.1.7(C) Typical Globe Valves 57122.4 Desuperheater Schematic Arrangement 62127.3 Butt Welding of Piping Components With Internal Misalignment . 82127.4.2 Welding End Transition Maximum Envelope 83127.4.4(A) Fillet Weld Size 86127.4.4(B) Welding Details for Slip-On and Socket-Weld
24、ing Flanges; SomeAcceptable Types of Flange Attachment Welds . 87127.4.4(C) Minimum Welding Dimensions Required for Socket WeldingComponents Other Than Flanges 87127.4.8(A) Typical Welded Branch Connection Without AdditionalReinforcement . 87127.4.8(B) Typical Welded Branch Connection With Additiona
25、l Reinforcement . 87127.4.8(C) Typical Welded Angular Branch Connection Without AdditionalReinforcement 87127.4.8(D) Some Acceptable Types of Welded Branch Attachment DetailsShowing Minimum Acceptable Welds . 88127.4.8(E) Some Acceptable Details for Integrally Reinforced Outlet Fittings . 89127.4.8(
26、F) Typical Full Penetration Weld Branch Connections for NPS 3(DN 80) and Smaller Half Couplings or Adapters 90iv127.4.8(G) Typical Partial Penetration Weld Branch Connection for NPS 2(DN 50) and Smaller Fittings 91135.5.3 Typical Threaded Joints Using Straight Threads 105Tables102.4.3 Longitudinal W
27、eld Joint Efficiency Factors . 18102.4.5 Bend Thinning Allowance . 19102.4.6(B.1.1) Maximum Severity Level for Casting Thickness 412in. (114 mm) orLess 20102.4.6(B.2.2) Maximum Severity Level for Casting Thickness Greater Than 412in.(114 mm) . 21102.4.7 Weld Strength Reduction Factors to Be Applied
28、When Calculating theMinimum Wall Thickness or Allowable Design Pressure ofComponents Fabricated With a Longitudinal Seam Fusion Weld 22104.1.2(A) Values of y 24112 Piping Flange Bolting, Facing, and Gasket Requirements . 41114.2.1 Threaded Joints Limitations 45121.5 Suggested Steel Pipe Support Spac
29、ing 50121.7.2(A) Carrying Capacity of Threaded ASTM A36, A575, and A576Hot-Rolled Carbon Steel . 52122.2 Design Pressure for Blowoff/Blowdown Piping Downstream of BEPValves 58122.8.2(B) Minimum Wall Thickness Requirements for Toxic Fluid Piping . 65126.1 Specifications and Standards . 74127.4.2 Rein
30、forcement of Girth and Longitudinal Butt Welds . 85129.3.1 Approximate Lower Critical Temperatures . 94129.3.3.1 Post Cold-Forming Strain Limits and Heat-Treatment Requirements . 95129.3.4.1 Post Cold-Forming Strain Limits and Heat-Treatment Requirements . 96131.4.1 Preheat Temperatures 98132 Postwe
31、ld Heat Treatment 99132.1 Alternate Postweld Heat Treatment Requirements for Carbon andLow Alloy Steels, P-Nos. 1 and 3 100132.1.3 Postweld Heat Treatment of P36/F36 . 100132.2 Exemptions to Mandatory Postweld Heat Treatment 101136.4 Mandatory Minimum Nondestructive Examinations for PressureWelds or
32、 Welds to Pressure-Retaining Components . 108136.4.1 Weld Imperfections Indicated by Various Types of Examination . 109Mandatory AppendicesA Allowable Stress Tables 117Table A-1, Carbon Steel 118Table A-2, Low and Intermediate Alloy Steel . 130Table A-3, Stainless Steels . 140Table A-4, Nickel and H
33、igh Nickel Alloys 170Table A-5, Cast Iron . 182Table A-6, Copper and Copper Alloys 184Table A-7, Aluminum and Aluminum Alloys . 188Table A-8, Temperatures 1,200F and Above 196Table A-9, Titanium and Titanium Alloys 202Table A-10, Bolts, Nuts, and Studs . 206B Thermal Expansion Data 211C Moduli of El
34、asticity . 220D Flexibility and Stress Intensification Factors 226F Referenced Standards 233G Nomenclature . 237H Preparation of Technical Inquiries 244J Quality Control Requirements for Boiler External Piping (BEP) . 245N Rules for Nonmetallic Piping and Piping Lined With Nonmetals 247vNonmandatory
35、 AppendicesII Rules for the Design of Safety Valve Installations . 275IV Corrosion Control for ASME B31.1 Power Piping Systems 296V Recommended Practice for Operation, Maintenance, andModification of Power Piping Systems . 300VI Approval of New Materials 313VII Procedures for the Design of Restraine
36、d Underground Piping . 315VIII Guidelines for Determining If Low-Temperature Service RequirementsApply 326Index 335viFOREWORDThe general philosophy underlying this Power Piping Code is to parallel those provisions ofSection I, Power Boilers, of the ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code, as they can b
37、e appliedto power piping systems. The Allowable Stress Values for power piping are generally consistentwith those assigned for power boilers. This Code is more conservative than some other pipingcodes, reflecting the need for long service life and maximum reliability in power plant installations.The
38、 Power Piping Code as currently written does not differentiate among the design, fabrication,and erection requirements for critical and noncritical piping systems, except for certain stresscalculations and mandatory nondestructive tests of welds for heavy wall, high temperatureapplications. The prob
39、lem involved is to try to reach agreement on how to evaluate criticality,and to avoid the inference that noncritical systems do not require competence in design, fabrication,and erection. Someday such levels of quality may be definable, so that the need for the manydifferent piping codes will be ove
40、rcome.There are many instances where the Code serves to warn a designer, fabricator, or erectoragainst possible pitfalls; but the Code is not a handbook, and cannot substitute for education,experience, and sound engineering judgment.Nonmandatory Appendices are included in the Code. Each contains inf
41、ormation on a specificsubject, and is maintained current with the Code. Although written in mandatory language, theseAppendices are offered for application at the users discretion.The Code never intentionally puts a ceiling limit on conservatism. A designer is free to specifymore rigid requirements
42、as he feels they may be justified. Conversely, a designer who is capableof a more rigorous analysis than is specified in the Code may justify a less conservative design,and still satisfy the basic intent of the Code.The Power Piping Committee strives to keep abreast of the current technological impr
43、ovementsin new materials, fabrication practices, and testing techniques; and endeavors to keep the Codeupdated to permit the use of acceptable new developments.viiASME B31 COMMITTEECode for Pressure Piping(The following is the roster of the Committee at the time of approval of this Code.)STANDARDS C
44、OMMITTEE OFFICERSJ. E. Meyer, ChairJ. W. Frey, Vice ChairG. Eisenberg, SecretarySTANDARDS COMMITTEE PERSONNELR. J. T. ApplebyC. Becht IV, Becht Engineering Co.K. C. Bodenhamer, Willbros Professional ServicesR. Bojarczuk, ExxonMobil Research and Engineering Co.C. J. Campbell, Air LiquideJ. S. Chin, T
45、ransCanada Pipeline U.S.D. D. Christian, VictaulicP. Deubler, Fronek Power Systems, LLCG. Eisenberg, The American Society of Mechanical EngineersC. Eskridge, Jr., Jacobs EngineeringD. J. Fetzner, BP Exploration Alaska, Inc.P. D. Flenner, Flenner Engineering ServicesJ. W. Frey, Stress Engineering Ser
46、vices, Inc.D. Frikken, Becht Engineering Co.R. A. Grichuk, Fluor Enterprises, Inc.R. W. Haupt, Pressure Piping Engineering Associates, Inc.G. Jolly, Flowserve/Gestra, USAB31.1 POWER PIPING SECTION COMMITTEEW. J. Mauro, Chair, American Electric PowerK. A. Vilminot, Vice Chair, Black chemical, pharmac
47、euti-cal, textile, paper, semiconductor, and cryo-genic plants; and related processing plantsand terminalsB31.4 Pipeline Transportation Systems for Liquidsand Slurries: piping transporting productsthat are predominately liquid between plantsand terminals and within terminals, pump-ing, regulating, a
48、nd metering stationsB31.5 Refrigeration Piping and Heat TransferComponents: piping for refrigerants andsecondary coolantsB31.8 Gas Transmission and Distribution PipingSystems: piping transporting products thatare predominately gas between sources andterminals, including compressor, regulating,and me
49、tering stations; and gas gatheringpipelinesB31.9 Building Services Piping: piping typicallyfound in industrial, institutional, commercial,and public buildings, and in multi-unit resi-dences, which does not require the range ofsizes, pressures, and temperatures covered inB31.1B31.12 Hydrogen Piping and Pipelines: piping ingaseous and liquid hydrogen service, andpipelines in gaseous hydrogen serviceThis is the B31.1 Power Piping Code Section. Hereafter,in this Introduction and in the text of this CodeSection B31.1, where the word Code is used withoutspecific identifi
