1、Gas Turbine Heat Recovery Steam GeneratorsAN AMERICAN NATIONAL STANDARDASME PTC 4.4-2008Revision of ANSI/ASME PTC 4.4-1981 (R2003)Performance Test CodesIntentionally left blank Gas Turbine Heat Recovery Steam Generators A N AMERICAN NATIONAL STANDARDPerformance Test Codes ASME PTC 4.4-2008Revision o
2、f ANSI/ASME PTC 4.4-1981 (R2003)Date of Issuance: January 30, 2009 This Code will be revised when the Society approves the issuance of a new edition. There will be no Addenda issued to this edition. ASME issues written replies to inquiries concerning interpretation of technical aspects of this Code.
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10、 OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERS All rights reserved Printed in U.S.A. iii CONTENTS Notice v Foreword vi Committee Roster . vii Correspondence With the PTC Committee ix Section 1 Object and Scope . 1 1-1 Object. 1 1-2 Scope 1 1-3 Test Uncertainty . 2 Section 2 Definitions of Terms, Symbols, and Conversion F
11、actors. 3 2-1 Definitions of Terms. 3 2-2 Symbols 6 2-3 Conversion Factors 10 2-4 Descriptive Figures. 12 Section 3 Guiding Principles 18 3-1 Introduction 18 3-2 Planning for the Test. 18 3-3 Prior Agreements 20 3-4 Test Preparations 21 3-5 Conducting the Test 22 3-6 Calculation, Analysis, and Repor
12、ting of Results 25 Section 4 Instruments and Methods of Measurement . 28 4-1 Introduction 28 4-2 General. 28 4-3 Temperature Measurement 31 4-4 Pressure Measurement 36 4-5 Flow Measurement . 38 4-6 Liquid and Gaseous Fuel Sampling. 40 4-7 Power Measurement . 41 4-8 Data Collection and Handling . 41
13、Section 5 Calculations. 43 5-1 Introduction 43 5-2 Intermediate Calculations 43 5-3 Gas Flow by HRSG Energy Balance. 52 5-4 Gas Flow by Gas Turbine Energy Balance 56 5-5 Weighted Capacity 57 5-6 Correction of Test Conditions to Guarantee. 58 iv Section 6 Report of Results . 61 6-1 General . 61 6-2 S
14、ection 1: Executive Summary 61 6-3 Section 2: Introduction 61 6-4 Section 3: Test Data 61 6-5 Section 4: Data Reduction, Corrections, and Results 61 6-6 Section 5: Appendices . 62 Section 7 Uncertainty Analysis . 63 7-1 Introduction. 63 7-2 Uncertainty Calculation. 63 7-3 Guidance for Determining Sy
15、stematic Changes . 66 Figures 2-4-1 Typical Gas Turbine Heat Recovery Steam Generator Diagram. 14 2-4-2 Typical Three Pressure Level HRSG With Supplementary Firing 15 2-4-3 Typical Two Pressure Level HRSG With Feedwater Heater and Supplementary Firing 16 2-4-4 Typical Single Pressure Level HRSG With
16、 Feedwater Heater and Supplementary Firing. 17 3-6.2-1 Repeatability of Runs 26 Tables 3-1-1 Typical Range of Uncertainties 18 3-5.3-1 Suggested Maximum Permissible Variations in Test Conditions 24 4-3.2-1 List of Potential Sources and Typical Ranges of Uncertainties . 32 4-5.2-1 Maximum Allowable F
17、low Measurement Uncertainty 38 5-2.4.3-1 Fuel Compound Heating Values 49 5-2.6.3-1 Constituent Enthalpy Equation Constants 50 Mandatory Appendix I Exhaust Flow by Gas Turbine Energy Balance 69 Nonmandatory Appendices A Sample HRSG Heat Balance Calculations . 72 B Sample Gas Turbine Heat Balance Calc
18、ulations. 83 C Uncertainty Sample Calculation 93 D Fuel Sensible Heat. 109 E Gas Enthalpy Equation Derivation. 111 F HRSG Heat Loss. 114 G Bypass Damper Leakage . 117 H Uncertainty Worksheet Form. 118 v NOTICE All Performance Test Codes must adhere to the requirements of ASME PTC 1, General Instruct
19、ions. The following information is based on that document and is included here for emphasis and for the convenience of the user of the Code. It is expected that the Code user is fully cognizant of Sections 1 and 3 of PTC 1 and has read them prior to applying this Code. ASME Performance Test Codes pr
20、ovide test procedures that yield results of the highest level of accuracy consistent with the best engineering knowledge and practice currently available. They were developed by balanced committees representing all concerned interests and they specify procedures, instrumentation, equipment-operating
21、 requirements, calculation methods, and uncertainty analysis. When tests are run in accordance with a Code, the test results themselves, without adjustment for uncertainty, yield the best available indication of the actual performance of the tested equipment. ASME Performance Test Codes do not speci
22、fy means to compare those results to contractual guarantees. Therefore, it is recommended that the parties to a commercial test agree before starting the test and preferably before signing the contract on the method to be used for comparing the test results to the contractual guarantees. It is beyon
23、d the scope of any code to determine or interpret how such comparisons shall be made. vi FOREWORD PTC 4.4, Gas Turbine Heat Recovery Steam Generators, was originally formed as a reorganized PTC 4.1, Steam Generating Units, in September 1973 to prepare an Appendix 10 to PTC 4.1 to cover Heat Recovery
24、 Steam Generators for Combined Cycles. During the early meetings (May 11 and 12, 1976 and May 3 and 4, 1977) it was decided that the scope was beyond the capacity of an Appendix. At this point a charter was approved by the PTC Supervisory Committee to prepare a separate code entitled PTC 4.4, Gas Tu
25、rbine Heat Recovery Steam Generators. The draft of PTC 4.4 was presented to the Supervisory Committee in February 1980 with final approval on January 26, 1981. This Performance Test Code was approved as an American National Standard by the ANSI Board of Standards Review on February 3, 1981. The Comm
26、ittee completely and extensively revised the 1981 edition to a much more specific procedure consistent with current industry practice on the testing of Heat Recovery Steam Generators. The PTC 4.4 Code utilizes two independent approaches to quantify the unit capacity. New sections related to measurem
27、ent uncertainty are added. This revision was approved by the Board on Standardization and Testing on April 15, 2008 and by the ANSI Board of Standards Review as an American National Standard on April 25, 2008. vii ASME PTC COMMITTEE Performance Test Codes (The following is the roster of the Committe
28、e at the time of approval of this Code.) STANDARDS COMMITTEE OFFICERS M. P. McHale, Chair J. R. Friedman, Vice Chair J. H. Karian, Secretary STANDARDS COMMITTEE PERSONNEL P. G. Albert, Thermal Performance Services R. P. Allen, Consultant R. L. Banister, Honorary Member, Consultant J. M. Burns, Burns
29、 Engineering W. C. Campbell, Southern Company Services M. J. Dooley, Alstom Power A. J. Egli, Alstom Power J. R. Friedman, Siemens Power Generation, Inc. G. J. Gerber, Consultant P. M. Gerhart, University of Evansville W. O. Hays, Honorary Member, Consultant T. C. Heil, Consultant R. E. Henry, Sarge
30、nt however, they should not contain proprietary names or information. Requests that are not in this format will be rewritten in this format by the Committee prior to being answered, which may inadvertently change the intent of the original request. ASME procedures provide for reconsideration of any
31、interpretation when or if additional information that might affect an interpretation is available. Further, persons aggrieved by an interpretation may appeal to the cognizant ASME Committee. ASME does not “approve,” “certify,” “rate,” or “endorse” any item, construction, proprietary device, or activ
32、ity. Attending Committee Meetings. The PTC Standards Committee holds meetings or telephone conferences, which are open to the public. Persons wishing to attend any meeting or telephone conference should contact the Secretary of the PTC Standards Committee or check our Web site at http:/cstools.asme.
33、org. Intentionally left blank ASME PTC 4.4-2008 1 GAS TURBINE HEAT RECOVERY STEAM GENERATORS Section 1 Object and Scope 1-1 OBJECT The object of this Code is to establish procedures for conducting performance tests of Heat Recovery Steam Generators (HRSGs) used to recover gas turbine exhaust energy.
34、 The steam generator may include supplemental firing. This Code provides standard test procedures yielding the highest level of accuracy consistent with current engineering knowledge and practice. (a) The purpose of this Code is to determine the following: (1) capacity of the unit at specified condi
35、tions (2) energy input from gas turbine exhaust and supplementary firing (3) gas side pressure drop (4) steam/water side pressure drop(s) (b) This Code provides methods for converting the performance at test conditions to specified operating conditions. A determination of any or all of the performan
36、ce items listed above may be used for the following purposes: (1) checking the actual performance against guarantee (2) comparing these items at reference conditions (3) comparing different conditions or methods of operation (4) determining the specific performance of individual parts or sections of
37、 the HRSG unit (5) comparing the performance when firing different fuels (6) determining the effects of changes to equipment 1-2 SCOPE (a) This Code addresses steam generators whose primary function is to recover heat from gas turbine exhaust. Methods noted in this document may also be used for test
38、ing other heat recovery units, which may include the following: (1) units heating water only (2) units using working fluids other than water (3) units obtaining hot gas heat input from sources other than gas turbines (4) HRSGs with fresh air firing capability (b) This Code does not cover the followi
39、ng testing: (1) fired steam generators whose primary function does not include the recovery of heat from gas turbine exhaust. These are addressed in ASME PTC 4 and ASME PTC 34. (2) auxiliary equipment such as pumps and fans that are addressed in ASME PTC 8.2 and ASME PTC 11, respectively. (3) deaera
40、tor performance that is addressed in ASME PTC 12.3. (4) equipment noise emissions that are addressed in ASME PTC 36. (5) gaseous emissions to atmosphere. (6) steam purity. ASME PTC 4.4-2008 2 1-3 TEST UNCERTAINTY This Code requires an uncertainty analysis in accordance with ASME PTC 19.1 as detailed
41、 in Section 7. The pretest uncertainty analysis is used to develop unit specific test procedures that result in meeting an agreed-upon target uncertainty. Typical values of test uncertainties, various unit configurations, and performance parameters are presented in Sections 3 and 4. ASME PTC 4.4-200
42、8 3 Section 2 Definitions of Terms, Symbols, and Conversion Factors 2-1 DEFINITIONS OF TERMS The following terms are either not defined elsewhere in this document or need more clarification: absolute pressure: pressure above zero, the sum of the gauge and atmospheric pressures. acid dew point: tempe
43、rature at which the acid in the gas condenses. Generally, sulfuric acid is considered to be the most critical compound in the gas for which acid dew point needs to be determined. ambient temperature: the temperature of the air surrounding the HRSG. ammonia injection grid (AIG): a system of pipes to
44、introduce ammonia into the GTE for reaction with NOxin the presence of catalyst to form nitrogen and water. approach temperature: the difference between the saturation temperature in the drum and the water temperature entering the drum. attemperation: refer to desuperheating. auxiliary firing: combu
45、stion of fuel in the HRSG to raise the GTE temperature and increase steam capacity. auxiliary system: any system that uses fluids other than steam or water and exchanges energy with the GTE. These systems include air heaters, air coolers, fuel heaters, etc. base load: a GTG operating on its control
46、curve wherein the power produced is nominally 100%. blowdown: removal of water from an evaporator for the purpose of controlling the dissolved solids concentration. burner auxiliary air: air introduced into the burner to facilitate the combustion process. bypass: a passage for a fluid, permitting a
47、portion or all of the fluid to flow around certain heating surfaces through which it would normally pass. bypass damper: a damper that is used to bypass GTE from the HRSG to atmosphere. capacity: the amount of steam flow at the given steam temperature and pressure. cascading blowdown: a blowdown sys
48、tem wherein the water from a higher pressure level is blown down to lower pressure levels. CO catalyst: a catalyst that is used to reduce carbon monoxide level in the GTE. condensate: water coming from the condenser. condenser: the vessel that is used to condense the steam exiting the steam turbine.
49、 continuous blowdown: the uninterrupted removal of water from an evaporator section to control solids concentration. deaeration: removal of oxygen and other dissolved gases from the water. deaerator: the pressure vessel wherein the dissolved gases are removed from water. desuperheater: a mixing chamber wherein higher temperature steam is mixed with a lower temperature steam or water to decrease the overall steam temperature. desuperheating: reduction of steam temperature by mixing the superheated steam with either water or lower temperature steam. duct burner: an in-duct burner
