1、Designation: D4167 15 An American National StandardStandard Specification forFiber-Reinforced Plastic Fans and Blowers1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D4167; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the y
2、ear of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope*1.1 This specification covers centrifugal and axial fans andblowers with airstream components fabricated of fiber-
3、reinforced thermoset plastics (FRP) for corrosion resistance. Itis acceptable for internal structures to include encapsulatedmetal fastening devices, hubs, and shafts.1.2 Reinforcing materials other than fibrous glass are ac-ceptable for use in the fabrication, provided the fans andblowers produced
4、meet all the requirements of this specifica-tion.1.3 The term “fans” as used in this specification includesfans and blowers, both centrifugal and axial.1.4 The purpose of this specification is to provide users,system designers, specifiers, and manufacturers of FRP fanswith minimum standards for fan
5、construction and a commonbasis for determining safe operating speeds.1.5 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regardedas the standard. The values given in parentheses are providedfor information only.NOTE 1There is no known ISO equivalent to this standard.NOTE 2Appendix X2 contains a list
6、 of documents potentially ofinterest to designers of fan systems.1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the appl
7、ica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2C582 Specification for Contact-Molded Reinforced Thermo-setting Plastic (RTP) Laminates for Corrosion-ResistantEquipmentD883 Terminology Relating to PlasticsD2563 Practice for Classifying Visual Defects in G
8、lass-Reinforced Plastic Laminate Parts2.2 Other Standards:AMCA 99 Standards Handbook3AMCA Fan and Air System Applications Handbook(AMCA 200, 201, 202, 203)3AMCABulletin 210 Laboratory Methods of Testing Fans forCertified Aerodynamic Performance Rating3AMCA 300 Reverberant Room Method for Sound Testi
9、ng ofFans3AMCA 301 Methods for Calculating Fan Sound Ratingsfrom Laboratory Test Data3ACGIH Industrial Ventilation: A Manual of RecommendedPractice4NFPA 91 Standard for Exhaust Systems for Air Conveyingof Vapors, Gases, Mists, and Particulate Solids53. Terminology3.1 DefinitionsThe definitions of te
10、rms used in this speci-fication are the same as those found in Terminology D883.4. Construction of Fan Housings4.1 Laminate Construction shall conform to SpecificationC582. The same resin shall be used throughout a housingunless the user and manufacturer agree to use a different resinfor the inner s
11、urface and interior layer than for the structurallayer.4.1.1 The inner surface exposed to the chemical environ-ment shall be a resin-rich layer 0.010 to 0.020 in. (0.25 to 0.5mm) thick reinforced with a suitable chemical-resistant glass-fiber surface mat or with an organic-fiber surface mat.4.1.2 Th
12、e inner surface layer shall be followed with aninterior layer composed of resin reinforced only with non-continuous glass-fiber strands applied in a minimum of twoplies of chopped-strand mat equivalent to a total of 3 oz/ft2(0.92 kg/m2). As an alternative, a minimum of two passes ofchopped roving of
13、 minimum length of 0.5 in. (13 mm) to a1This specification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D20 onPlastics and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D20.23 on ReinforcedPlastic Piping Systems and Chemical Equipment.Current edition approved Dec. 1, 2015. Published January 2016. Orig
14、inallyapproved in 1982. Last previous edition approved in 2007 as D4167 97(2007).DOI: 10.1520/D4167-15.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards
15、 Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3Available from Air Movement and Control Association International, 30 WestUniversity Dr., Arlington Heights, IL 60004, http:/www.amca.org.4Available from American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists(ACGIH), 1330 Kemper Meadow Dr., Cincinnati, O
16、H 45240, http:/www.acgih.org.5Available from National Fire Protection Association (NFPA), 1 BatterymarchPark, Quincy, MA 02269, http:/www.nfpa.org.*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standardCopyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA
17、19428-2959. United States1maximum length of 2.0 in. (50.8 mm) shall be applieduniformly to an equivalent weight of 3 oz/ft2(0.92 kg/m2).Each ply of mat or pass of chopped roving shall be well rolledprior to the application of additional reinforcement. Thecombined thickness of the inner surface and i
18、nterior layer shallnot be less than 0.10 in. (2.5 mm).4.1.3 The structural layer comprises the balance of thehousing laminate.NOTE 3Although fan housings are subject to vibrational stresses, thedesign considerations regarding construction of the laminate are similar tothose used for static FRP proce
19、ss system components.4.2 Fastening Devices, such as bolts, shall be made ofmaterial the user and manufacturer agree is at least ascorrosion-resistant to the specified corrosive environment as isthe laminate construction, or shall be embedded in a laminatein such a way that the laminate covering the
20、device isreinforced with at least two layers of 112 oz/ft2(4.57 g/m2)chopped-strand glass mat and with the same surface finish usedin the housing laminate.4.3 Gasketing, used where housings are constructed so thatsections or inspection panels are removable, shall be ofelastomeric material sufficient
21、ly resilient to seal the sections.The gasketing shall be of material the user and manufactureragree is suitable for the corrosive environment.4.4 Housings, shall have minimum inside corner radii of 0.6in. (15 mm).4.5 Suitable housing construction design shall be deter-mined by running the fan at max
22、imum-rated speed with theinlet blocked tight and with an open outlet. The design will bedeemed acceptable if the test does not cause any part of thehousing to move more than a distance equal to12 of 1 % of thewheel diameter from the position with the fan not running.4.6 Where the user determines tha
23、t system design is suchthat it is possible that liquid will collect in housings, the fanhousings shall be specified with drains.5. Construction of Fan Wheels5.1 Where a history of service acceptable to the manufac-turer and the user shows that resin systems and joint designsselected for use in the c
24、onstruction of fan wheels areacceptable, destruction tests need not be run. Where acceptablehistory does not exist, destruction tests shall be performed inaccordance with Section 10.5.2 Defects visible in fan wheels shall be limited to thoseshown in Table 1 (taken from Practice D2563 and modified fo
25、rspecific use with fan wheels).5.3 Metal hubs, fasteners, and shafts shall be made ofmaterial at least as corrosion-resistant to the specified corrosiveenvironment as is the laminate construction, or be encapsulatedwith a laminate reinforced with at least two layers of 112 oz/ft2(45.7 g/m2) chopped-
26、strand mat with the same surface finishthat is used in the laminate.5.4 Shafts not made of corrosion-resistant alloy shall beprotected by a sleeve of FRP extending out through the fanhousing a minimum of 0.4 in. (10 mm) (see Section 7).5.5 Additives that obscure visual inspection shall be usedonly i
27、n the final surface coat(s) for the purpose of enhancingcorrosion resistance or preventing the buildup of staticelectricity, or both.5.6 Acceptable surface treatments include the following:resin coating without reinforcement; resin coating withreinforcement, such as glass flakes, graphite, or surfac
28、e veil; orresin coating reinforced with other materials agreed upon bythe fabricator and user. Resins that exhibit air inhibition shallbe paraffinated for use in the final coat.6. Spark-Resistant Construction6.1 Fans built in accordance with this specification will bespark-resistant, providing the o
29、uter surface of the wheel andthe inner surface of the housing are rendered electrostaticallyconductive (6.1.1). To be considered acceptably conductive,the surface resistivity between all points of the airstreamsurface and ground shall be no more than 1 M when testedwith an insulation resistance test
30、er.66.1.1 The user shall electrically ground all fan parts in orderto maintain spark resistance.7. Shaft-Hole Closures7.1 It is possible that gas will flow either into or out of theshaft holes of the fan housing, depending on pressure distribu-tion in the system and type of fan wheel. The shaft-hole
31、 closureshall be one of the following types, as specified by the user:NOTE 4The user needs to determine the importance of restricting gasflow through the shaft holes before selecting the type of closure required.7.1.1 Shaft encapsulated with an FRP sleeve to at least 0.4in. (10 mm) outside the fan h
32、ousing, with the shaft hole nolarger than the sleeve diameter plus 0.08 in. (2 mm). (Anacceptable alternative is to mount a membrane onto thehousing to maintain the 0.08-in. maximum space).7.1.2 Lubricated lip seals or stuffing boxes must ride onsmooth metal shafts or shaft sleeves, necessitating th
33、e use ofshafts or shaft sleeves made of material selected to withstandthe corrosive environment.8. Balancing and Test Running8.1 The fan manufacturer shall perform one of the followingmethods of checking balance of wheel/shaft assemblies andcomplete fans:8.1.1 Dynamically balance the wheel/shaft ass
34、embly as aunit in accordance with ANSI S2.19, Grade 6.3. For example:At 1000 rpm the maximum total residual unbalance of bothplanes is not to exceed 0.002 lbin./lb (0.05 gmm/g) of the totalassembly weight.6The sole source of supply of the apparatus known to the committee at this timeis the Danaher C
35、orporation, 2200 Pennsylvania Avenue, NW, Suite 800W,Washington, DC 20037, to Everett, Washington. Their testers are sold by manycompanies and can be located on their web site: . If you are awareof alternative suppliers, please provide this information to ASTM InternationalHeadquarters. Your comment
36、s will receive careful consideration at a meeting of theresponsible technical committee,1which you may attend.D4167 1528.1.2 Run the assembled fan and balance in such a way thatthe peak-to-peak vibration measured horizontally at the pillowblocks perpendicular to the axis of the shaft will not exceed
37、 thefollowing:8.1.2.1 2.5 mils (0.06 mm) up to 600 rpm,8.1.2.2 2.0 mils (0.05 mm) up to 900 rpm,8.1.2.3 1.5 mils (0.04 mm) up to 1200 rpm,8.1.2.4 1.0 mils (0.025 mm) up to 1800 rpm,8.1.2.5 0.6 mils (0.015 mm) up to 3000 rpm, and8.1.2.6 0.5 mils (0.013 mm) above 3000 rpm.8.2 Balance correction shall
38、be accomplished by one ormore of the following methods:8.2.1 Removal of FRP built onto the wheel for this purpose.8.2.2 Addition of FRP so that it becomes homogeneous withthe wheel by proper surface preparation (normally by grindingaway the surface to expose structural fibers) and laminating thenece
39、ssary weight on so that it blends into the wheel withoutabrupt changes of contour.8.2.3 Application of metal weights, where the weights andnecessary fasteners are compatible with the corrosive environ-ment.8.2.4 Application of metal weights and fasteners covered byat least two layers of 112 oz/ft2(4
40、5.7 g/m2) chopped-strandglass mat with the same surface finish that is used in thelaminate.8.3 In all cases, FRP exposed as in 8.2.1 or applied as in8.2.2 and 8.2.4, shall be given the same surface treatment aswas used in constructing the wheel.TABLE 1 Allowable Defects in the Construction of FRP Fa
41、n Wheels (adapted from Practice D2563)Type of Defect Definition Degree AllowedChip A small piece broken off an edge or surface None permittedCrack An actual separation of the laminate, visible on opposite surfaces, and extending through thethicknessNone permittedCrack, surface Crack existing only on
42、 the surface of the laminate None permittedCrazing Fine cracks at or under the surface of a laminate None permittedDelamination, edge Separation of the layers of material at the edge of a laminate None permittedDelamination, internal Separation of the layers of material in a laminate None permittedD
43、ry spot Area of incomplete surface film where the reinforcement has not been wetted with resin 0.4-in. (10-mm) diameter and1/ft2(12/m2)Foreign inclusion(metallic)Metallic particles included in a laminate that are foreign to its composition 0.04-in. (1-mm) diameter and1/ft2(12/m2)Foreign inclusion(no
44、nmetallic)Nonmetallic particles of substance included in a laminate that seem foreign to its composition 0.04-in. (1-mm) diameter and1/ft2(12/m2)Fracture Rupture of laminate surface without complete penetration None permittedAir bubble (void) Air entrapment within and between the plies of reinforcem
45、ent, usually spherical in shape 0.04-in. (1-mm) diameter and200/ft2(2000/m2)Blister Rounded elevation of the surface of a laminate, with boundaries more or lesssharply defined, somewhat resembling in shape a blister on the human skinNone permittedBurned Showing evidence of thermal decomposition thro
46、ugh some discoloration, distortion, or destruc-tion of the surface of the laminateNone permittedFish-eye Small globular mass that has not blended completely into the surrounding material and is par-ticularly evident in a transparent or translucent materialNone permittedLack of fillout An area, occur
47、ring usually at the edge of a laminated plastic, where the reinforcement has notbeen wetted with resinNone permittedOrange peel Uneven surface somewhat resembling an orange peel None permittedPimple Small, sharp, or conical elevation on the surface of a laminate None permittedPit (pinhole) Small cra
48、ter in the surface of a laminate, with its width approximately of the same order of mag-nitude as its depth0.02 in. (0.5 mm) and 200/ft2(2000/m2)Porosity (pinhole) Presence of numerous visible pits (pinholes) None permittedPre-gel An unintentional extra layer of cured resin on part of the surface of
49、 the laminate. (This conditiondoes not cover gel coats.)None permittedResin pocket An apparent accumulation of excess resin in a small localized area within the laminate 0.125 by 0.250-in. (3 by 6mm) and 1/ft2(12/m2)Resin-rich edge Insufficient reinforcing material at the edge of molded laminate None permittedShrink mark (sink) Depression in the surface of a molded laminate where it has retracted from the mold None permittedWash Area where the reinforcement of molded plastic has moved inadvertently during closure of themold resulting in resin-rich areasN
