1、Designation: E2102 17 An American National StandardStandard Test Method forMeasurement of Mass Loss and Ignitability for ScreeningPurposes Using a Conical Radiant Heater1This standard is issued under the fixed designation E2102; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year ofo
2、riginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.INTRODUCTIONThe screening fire-test-response method described in this st
3、andard uses a radiant energy sourcesimilar to that used in the cone calorimeter, Test Method E1354. However, the test method apparatusis much simpler, because it excludes measurements of oxygen consumption or of smoke obscuration,which are incorporated into the cone calorimeter to measure heat and s
4、moke release. A fire-test-response standard describes a test method from which one or more fire-test-response characteristicscan be measured, as a result of exposure to a prescribed source of heat or flame, under controlledconditions. There are many occasions, typically for initial research and deve
5、lopment, when there is aneed for screening samples of materials, products, or assemblies, using a simple test. This allows theuser to verify whether certain fire-test-response characteristics of the sample fall within the expectedmargins. Screening tests, as related to fire, are described in fire te
6、rminology as fire-response testsperformed to determine whether a material, product, or assembly (a) exhibits any unusual fire-relatedcharacteristics, (b) has certain expected fire-related characteristics, or (c) is capable of beingpreliminarily categorized according to the fire characteristic in que
7、stion. Screening tests addressingfire properties should be chosen so that the energy input (as heat or flame) is representative of that inthe fire test method for which screening is desired.1. Scope*1.1 This fire-test-response standard provides a means ofmeasuring mass loss and ignitability, for scr
8、eening purposes,from essentially planar materials, products, or assemblies(including surface finishes), exposed to controlled levels ofradiant heating, with or without an external ignitor. This testmethod is intended for screening purposes only.1.2 The principal fire-test-response characteristics ob
9、tainedfrom this test method are those associated with mass loss fromthe specimens tested, as a function of time. Time to sustainedflaming is also determined. Heat release is, optionally, deter-mined using thermopile measurements detailed in Annex A2.1.2.1 The fire-test-response characteristics obtai
10、ned fromthis test are best used for comparisons between materials withsome similarities in composition or structure.1.3 The relationship between mass loss and heat releasedepends on the material, product, or assembly tested, and nouniversal formula exists for calculation of heat release usingmass lo
11、ss measurements (see also additional limitations in 5.7).1.4 The fire-test-response characteristics obtained from thistest method are also obtainable with the apparatus used in TestMethod E1354 (the cone calorimeter) or in an applicationsstandards of that equipment (see also 5.4). The referenced tes
12、tmethods permit measurements of added fire-test-response char-acteristics.1.5 The fire-test-response characteristics obtained by thistest method are specific to the specimen tested, in the form andthickness tested, and are not an inherent property of thematerial, product, or assembly.1.6 This fire-t
13、est-response method does not provide infor-mation on the fire performance of the test specimens under fireconditions other than those conditions specified in this testmethod. For additional limitations of this test method, see 5.7.1.7 Use the SI system of units in referee decisions; seeIEEE/ASTM SI-
14、10. The units given in parentheses are forinformation only.1.8 This standard is used to measure and describe theresponse of materials, products, or assemblies to heat and flameunder controlled conditions, but does not by itself incorporate1This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee
15、 E05 on FireStandards and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E05.21 on Smoke andCombustion Products.Current edition approved July 1, 2017. Published August 2017. Originallyapproved in 2000. Last previous edition approved in 2015 as E2102 - 15. DOI:10.1520/E2102-17.*A Summary of Changes sec
16、tion appears at the end of this standardCopyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United StatesThis international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision o
17、n Principles for theDevelopment of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.1all factors required for fire hazard or fire risk assessment of thematerials, products, or assemblies under actual fire condition
18、s.1.9 Fire testing is inherently hazardous. Adequate safe-guards for personnel and property shall be employed inconducting these tests. See also Section 7.1.10 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of
19、 this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.11 This international standard was developed in accor-dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-ization established in the Decision on Pri
20、nciples for theDevelopment of International Standards, Guides and Recom-mendations issued by the World Trade Organization TechnicalBarriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D5537 Test Method for Heat Release, Flame Spread, SmokeObscuration, and Mass Loss Testing of
21、 Insulating Mate-rials Contained in Electrical or Optical Fiber Cables WhenBurning in a Vertical Cable Tray ConfigurationD6113 Test Method for Using a Cone Calorimeter to Deter-mine Fire-Test-Response Characteristics of Insulating Ma-terials Contained in Electrical or Optical Fiber CablesE176 Termin
22、ology of Fire StandardsE535 Practice for Preparation of Fire-Test-Response Stan-dardsE603 Guide for Room Fire ExperimentsE638 Test Method for Calibration of Heat Transfer RateCalorimeters Using a Narrow-Angle Blackbody RadiationFacility (Withdrawn 2001)3E906 Test Method for Heat and Visible Smoke Re
23、leaseRates for Materials and Products Using a ThermopileMethodE1354 Test Method for Heat and Visible Smoke ReleaseRates for Materials and Products Using an Oxygen Con-sumption CalorimeterE1474 Test Method for Determining the Heat Release Rateof Upholstered Furniture and Mattress Components orComposi
24、tes Using a Bench Scale Oxygen ConsumptionCalorimeterE1537 Test Method for Fire Testing of Upholstered Furni-tureE1590 Test Method for Fire Testing of MattressesE1623 Test Method for Determination of Fire and ThermalParameters of Materials, Products, and Systems Using anIntermediate Scale Calorimete
25、r (ICAL)E1740 Test Method for Determining the Heat Release Rateand Other Fire-Test-Response Characteristics of WallCovering or Ceiling Covering Composites Using a ConeCalorimeterE1822 Test Method for Fire Testing of Stacked ChairsIEEE/ASTM SI-10 International System of Units (SI) TheModernized Metri
26、c System2.2 ISO Standards:4ISO 3261 Fire TestsVocabularyISO 5657 Fire TestsReaction to FireIgnitability of Build-ing ProductsISO 5660-1 Fire TestsReaction to FireRate of Heat Re-lease from Building Products (Cone calorimeter method)ISO 9705 Fire TestsFull Scale Room Test for SurfaceProductsISO 13943
27、 Fire Safety Vocabulary2.3 British Standards:5BS 476, Part 15, Fire Tests Reaction to FireRate of HeatRelease from Building Products (Cone calorimetermethod)BS 6809 Method of Calibration of Radiometers for Use inFire Testing3. Terminology3.1 Definitions: For definitions of terms used in this testmet
28、hod refer to the terminology contained in TerminologyE176, ISO 3261 and ISO 13943. In case of conflict, thedefinitions given in Terminology E176 shall prevail.3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.2.1 assembly, na unit or structure composed of a com-bination of materials or products,
29、or both.3.2.2 continuous (as related to data acquisition), adjconducted at data collection intervals of5sorless.3.2.3 critical heat flux for ignition, nthe midpoint withinthe range of heat fluxes between the maximum (highest) heatflux that produces no ignition and the minimum (lowest) heatflux that
30、produces ignition, for a specified exposure time.3.2.4 essentially flat surface, nsurface where the irregu-larity from a plane does not exceed 61 mm.3.2.5 exposed surface, nthat surface of the specimensubjected to the incident heat.3.2.6 flashing, nexistence of flame on or over the surfaceof the spe
31、cimen for periods of less than 1 s.3.2.7 irradiance (at a point of a surface),nratio of theradiant flux incident on a small but measurable element ofsurface containing the point, by the area of that element.3.2.7.1 DiscussionConvective heating is negligible in thehorizontal specimen orientation. In
32、the vertical orientation, it issmall, but not negligible. Despite this contribution fromconvective heating, the term “irradiance” is used instead of“heat flux” throughout this test method as it best indicates theessentially radiative mode of heat transfer.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the AS
33、TM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced onwww.astm.org.4Available from Inter
34、national Standardization Organization, P.O. Box 56,CH-1211; Geneva 20, Switzerland or American National Standards Institute(ANSI), 25 W. 43rd St., 4th Floor, New York, NY 10036.5Available from British Standards Institution, PO Box 4033, Linford Wood,Milton Keynes, MK 14 6LE, United KingdomE2102 1723
35、.2.8 material, nsingle substance, or uniformly dispersedmixture, for example metal, stone, timber, concrete, mineralfiber, or polymer.3.2.9 orientation, nthe plane in which the exposed face ofthe specimen is located during testing.3.2.9.1 DiscussionFor this standard, the specimen orien-tation may on
36、ly be either vertical or horizontal.3.2.10 sample, nan amount of the material, product, orassembly, to be tested, which is representative of the item as awhole.3.2.11 specimen, nrepresentative piece of the productwhich is to be tested together with any substrate or treatment.3.2.11.1 DiscussionThis
37、may include an air gap.3.2.12 sustained flaming, nthe existence of flame on orover the surface of the specimen for a period of4sormore.3.2.13 time to ignition, ntime between the start of the testand the presence of a flame on or over most of the specimensurface for a period of at least 4 s.3.2.14 ti
38、me to sustained flaming, ntime to ignition.3.2.15 transitory flaming, nthe existence of flame on orover the surface of the specimen for periods of between 1 and4s.4. Summary of Test Method4.1 This test method employs a conically-shapedelectrically-heated radiant-energy source, positioned so as topro
39、duce an irradiance level of up to 100 kW/m2, averaged overthe center of the exposed surface of an essentially planarspecimen. An external spark ignitor is available, if required.This test method is used to determine continuously the masslost during the combustion process, using a load cell, forscree
40、ning purposes. Ignitability is also assessed by the testmethod.4.1.1 Optionally, the test method is capable of obtaining anestimate of the heat released by the specimen during theburning process, using a thermopile housed above the burningspecimen (See Annex A2). Determinations of heat releaseusing
41、a similar radiant-energy source and oxygen consumptioncalorimetry, are made with the cone calorimeter, Test MethodE1354.4.2 The specimen is essentially planar, 100 mm by 100 mm(3.9 by 3.9 in.) in size, at a thickness not exceeding 25 mm (1in.) and is mounted within a holder.5. Significance and Use5.
42、1 This test method provides a means for screeningmaterials, products, or assemblies, for the mass loss, andignitability they exhibit under specified heat flux exposureconditions. As an option, the test method is also suitable forscreening for the heat released, by using a thermopile method(See Annex
43、 A2).5.1.1 Terminology E176, on fire standards, states that fire-test-response characteristics include ease of ignition and massloss (both measured in this test method), as well as flamespread, smoke generation, fire endurance, and toxic potency ofsmoke.5.1.2 The mass loss rate of a material, produc
44、t, or assemblyis a fire-test-response characteristic that gives an indication ofits burning rate. Thus, a lower mass loss rate is often associatedwith slower burning. Note, however, that mass loss is notalways a result of combustion, and that this method does notassess release of smoke or combustion
45、 products.5.1.3 The time to ignition of a material, product, or assem-bly is a fire-test-response characteristic that gives an indicationof its propensity to ignite at the applied heat flux level andsubsequently to release heat and spread flame over its surface.Thus, a longer time to ignition is an
46、indication of a lowerpropensity for the material, product, or assembly to becomeinvolved and contribute to fire spread or growth; however thismethod does not assess the smoke or combustion productsreleased.5.1.4 The apparatus used for this test method is suitable toassess the critical heat flux for
47、ignition of the materials,products, or assemblies tested, by assessing ignitability atvarious heat fluxes (see Appendix X3 for guidance).5.2 Values determined by this test are specific to thespecimen in the form and thickness tested and are not inherentfundamental properties of the material, product
48、, or assemblytested. Thus, closely repeatable or reproducible experimentalresults are not to be expected from this test method when testsare conducted for a given material, product, or assembly, whileintroducing variations in properties such as specimen thicknessor density.5.3 No incident irradiance
49、 is specified in this test method.The instrument is capable of generating irradiances ranging upto 100 kW/m2. The choice of irradiance is a function of theapplication of the material, product, or assembly to be tested,and of the fire scenario the user is investigating. However, themethod is not suitable for incident irradiances below 10kW/m3(see 5.7.3).5.4 The method used for optionally measuring heat release,a thermopile, is not as accurate as the conventional oxygenconsumption calorimetry method, used in the cone calorimeter,Test Method E1354, in its applic
