1、Designation: E2119 16Standard Practice forQuality Systems for Conducting In Situ Measurements ofLead Content in Paint or Other Coatings Using Field-Portable X-Ray Fluorescence (XRF) Devices1This standard is issued under the fixed designation E2119; the number immediately following the designation in
2、dicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This practice covers the collection and
3、documentation ofquality control (QC) measurements for determining acceptablelevels of instrumental performance when using field-portableenergy-dispersive x-ray fluorescence spectrometry devices(XRFs) for the purposes of generating lead classificationresults from measurements on paint and other coati
4、ng filmswithin buildings and related structures.1.2 QC procedures covered in this provisional practiceinclude the performance of calibration checks, substrate biaschecks, and specific instructions for documenting the collecteddata for later use in reporting the results.1.3 No detailed operating inst
5、ructions are provided becauseof differences among the various makes and models of suitableinstruments. Instead, the analyst is to follow the instructionsprovided by the manufacturer of the particular XRF device orother relevant sources of information on XRF operation.1.4 This practice contains notes
6、 which are explanatory andare not part of the mandatory requirements of this provisionalpractice.1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded asstandard. No other units of measurement are included in thisstandard.1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any
7、, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory requirements prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2E1583 Practice for Evaluating Laboratories Engaged
8、 in theDetermination of Lead in Paint, Dust, AirborneParticulates, and Soil Taken From and Around Buildingsand Related Structures (Withdrawn 1998)3E1605 Terminology Relating to Lead in BuildingsE1613 Test Method for Determination of Lead by Induc-tively Coupled Plasma Atomic Emission Spectrometry(IC
9、P-AES), Flame Atomic Absorption Spectrometry(FAAS), or Graphite Furnace Atomic Absorption Spec-trometry (GFAAS) TechniquesE1645 Practice for Preparation of Dried Paint Samples byHotplate or Microwave Digestion for Subsequent LeadAnalysisE1729 Practice for Field Collection of Dried Paint Samplesfor S
10、ubsequent Lead Determination2.2 HUD Document:4Guidelines for the Evaluation and Control of Lead-BasedPaint Hazards in Housing, 2nd Edition, July 20123. Terminology3.1 DefinitionsFor definition of terms not presentedbelow, refer to Terminology E1605.3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
11、3.2.1 building component, npart or element of a buildingthat is made of an industry product that is manufactured as anindependent unit and is capable of being joined with otherelements. Examples include doors, walls, baseboard and exte-rior siding.1This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Com
12、mittee E06 on Perfor-mance of Buildings and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E06.23 on LeadHazards Associated with Buildings.Current edition approved March 1, 2016. Published April 2016. Originallypublished as PS 95-98. Last previous edition approved in 2000 as E2119-00 whichwas withdraw
13、n January 2009 and reinstated in March 2016. DOI: 10.1520/E2119-16.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM we
14、bsite.3The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced onwww.astm.org.4Available from U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development, 451 7thStreet, SW, Washington, DC 20410, http:/www.hud.gov.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken,
15、PA 19428-2959. United States13.2.2 calibration check, na procedure that generates a QCmeasurement using a calibration test sample with one type ofcontrol block (usually wood).3.2.3 calibration mode, na selected operating mode thatpermits adjustment of an instruments calibration.3.2.4 calibration tes
16、t sample, na test film sample of aknown lead level in mg/cm2, which must have a reporteduncertainty of the lead level. Calibration test samples may beseparate from a substrate or adhered to a substrate. Allcalibration test samples shall be traceable to the NationalInstitute of Standards and Technolo
17、gy (NIST) standard refer-ence materials or other national or international standardreference materials and have a known specified uncertainty inthe known lead level.3.2.5 continuing calibration check, na calibration checkperformed during the testing day after the initial calibrationcheck. A continui
18、ng calibration check also can serve as a finalcalibration check.3.2.6 control block, na small block of material of anidentifiable substrate type used to simulate a building materialduring QC measurements.3.2.7 display unit, nan electronic device that presents theresults of an XRF measurement to the
19、user. Other parameterssuch as total measurement time also may be presented.3.2.8 final calibration check, nthe last calibration checkperformed in a testing period.3.2.9 inconclusive lead classification result, na lead clas-sification result that reliably cannot be expressed, for example,reported, as
20、 either containing lead (positive) or not containinglead (negative) at or above an appropriate local, state, orfederal action level for lead in coatings. Such results com-monly are referred to and reported as “inconclusive” results,for example, the XRF measurement that cannot determinewhether lead i
21、s or is not present at or above an appropriatelocal, state, or federal action level for lead in coatings.3.2.10 initial calibration check, nthe first calibrationcheck of the testing period performed after the XRF instrumenthas been turned on and allowed to warm up.3.2.11 lead classification result,
22、nan XRF measurementexpressed, for example, as either positive-for-lead, or negative-for-lead, at or above and appropriate local, state, or federalaction level for lead in coatings.Anegative-for-lead result doesnot mean there is no lead present. For some makes and modelsof XRF instruments, lead measu
23、rement values obtained near anappropriate local, state or federal action level for lead incoatings may generate inconclusive lead classification results.3.2.12 nominal read time, na read time that results whenthe radioactive source normally provided by the manufacturerfor that XRF instrument is at i
24、ts original source strength.3.2.13 operating mode, none or more settings that definethe operating parameters of an XRF instrument. Some XRFinstruments have multiple settings for use under differenttesting situations, for example, substrates, time or testingobjectives.3.2.14 power-down, nan event whe
25、re the power to theXRF instrument is turned off. The XRF instrument can notcollect and display any XRF measurements after a power-down.3.2.15 power-on, nan event where the power to the XRFinstrument from the battery is turned on. The XRF instrumentcan collect and display any XRF measurements after a
26、 power-on.3.2.16 probe, na hand-held device containing a radioac-tive source, x-ray detector and associated mechanical andelectronic components that is placed against a test location orcalibration test sample to obtain an XRF measurement.3.2.17 radioactive source, na radioactive material (forexample
27、,57Co or109Cd) that emits X rays or gamma rays thatcause ionization of atoms in the sample, and subsequently acascade of higher energy electrons into the vacated lowerenergy shells. As these electrons fall into the lower energyorbitals, X rays characteristic of the atomic species, such aslead, are e
28、mitted from the test location.3.2.18 read timea period of X ray data collection time. Itmay be controlled manually or automatically depending on theXRF instrument model. It begins with the opening of the XRFinstrument shutter to expose the paint film surface to sourcegamma rays and X rays and ends w
29、hen the source shutter isclosed and the XRF reading is complete.3.2.19 sampling sitea local geographical area that con-tains at least one unit being tested. A sampling site generally islimited to an area that is easily covered by walking.3.2.20 substrate, nthe building material that lies under theco
30、ating.3.2.21 substrate bias check (SBC), na procedure thatgenerates a QC measurement using a calibration test sampleand a control block to determine the effect of that substrate onthe XRF measurement.3.2.22 substrate-corrected XRF measurementsa proce-dure that corrects an XRF measurement for substra
31、te effects(see the HUD Guidelines for more information on substratecorrections).3.2.23 substrate type, nthe type of building material thatlies under the coating. Examples include wood, plaster, gyp-sum wallboard, metal, brick, and concrete.3.2.24 test location, nan area on a building componentwhere
32、a lead measurement value is obtained.3.2.25 testing period, na block of time that defines thecontinuous power-on operation of an XRF instrument. Anypower-down of an XRF instrument terminates the testingperiod.3.2.26 unit, nall or a portion of a structure or facility thatis the target of an investiga
33、tion. Test locations are considered tobe within a unit. An example of a unit is a single familydwelling including a detached garage that is part of theproperty.3.2.27 x-ray detector, na device that results in an elec-tronic signal as a result of the interception of an x-ray.Examples include gas prop
34、ortional counters, for example, Xe,E2119 162solid scintillation counters, for example, CsI, and semiconduc-tor devices of elemental composition, for example, Si or Ge, orcompound composition, for example, HgI2, CdTe, or CdZnTe.3.2.28 XRF instrument, na field-portable XRF device oranalyzer with assoc
35、iated equipment designed and manufac-tured for use in measuring lead in paint or other coating films.XRF instruments, at minimum, include an excitation source,such as a radioactive source, x-ray detector, probe, and adisplay unit.3.2.29 XRF measurement, na procedure used to determinethe lead content
36、 of a coating at a test location using an XRFinstrument, or a lead result, expressed as mg of lead per cm2ofsurface, that is, mg/cm2, obtained from a coating at a testlocation using an XRF instrument. An XRF measurement maybe one reading or the average of one or more XRF readings.3.2.30 XRF reading,
37、 na response, expressed as mg oflead/cm2of surface, that is, mg/cm2, of an XRF instrument forone read time.4. Summary of Practice4.1 This practice covers the quality assurance (QA), qualitycontrol (QC), and recording procedures to follow when usingfield-portable energy-dispersive x-ray fluorescence
38、spectrom-etry devices (XRFs) to collect measurements of lead in paint orlead in other coating films for the purposes of generating leadclassification results. This practice includes start-upprocedures, beginning-of-day calibration check QCprocedures, during-the-test-day QC check procedures, andend-o
39、f-day QC check procedures designed to complementstandard operating procedures written by manufacturers forspecific models of field-portable XRF instruments.5. Significance and Use5.1 This practice provides procedures to generate and docu-ment QC data for ensuring that an XRF is operating withinaccep
40、table tolerances throughout the testing period when beingused to collect lead results during a lead-based pain (LBP)inspection for the purposes of generating lead classificationresults.5.2 This practice is intended to supplement XRF instrumentmanufacturer protocols and Performance Characteristic She
41、ets(PCSs)4through the use of QA and QC procedures to provideuniform lead testing practices among the wide variety ofavailable field-portable XRF instruments.5.3 While the QC results collected using this practice canprovide assurances that an XRF instrument is operating withinacceptable tolerances, t
42、his practice does not determine anactual level of confidence for a classification result obtainedfrom an XRF measurement.5.4 This practice does not address selection of test locationsor representative sampling for leaded paint. Additional infor-mation on conducting measurements of lead in leaded pai
43、nt orother coatings may be found in the HUD Guidelines, Chapter7.5.5 This practice involves the use of field-portable XRFinstruments that may contain radioactive materials that emit Xrays and gamma rays. These instruments are intended for useonly by qualified, trained personnel.5.6 The use of field-
44、portable XRF instruments for measure-ment of lead may not accurately reveal low but still potentiallyhazardous levels of lead.6. Materials and Equipment6.1 (Field-Portable) XRF InstrumentOne of a variety ofthe commercially available field-portable XRF instrumentsdesigned for use in measuring lead in
45、 paint and other coatings.6.2 Calibration Check SamplesCalibration test samplesthat are used to verify XRF instrument calibration.6.3 Control BlocksA set of substrate materials for use inmaking QC measurements as defined in Table 1.6.4 Substrate SupportA support material used to holdcalibration chec
46、k samples and control blocks away from anyadditional underlying material in a manner that will notinterfere with the lead measurements on calibration checksamples. The support material shall not itself have potentiallyinterfering leaded paint or other material within or on it andshall be one of the
47、following:6.4.1 A polystyrene foam block with minimum thickness of25 cm,6.4.2 Atable constructed from an empty cardboard box withminimum height of 25 cm, or6.4.3 Any physical arrangement that holds the calibrationcheck sample so that at least 25 cm of free air space or foammaterial exists between th
48、e XRF instrument-sample-substratearrangement and any nearby physical objects.7. Procedure7.1 Conduct XRF measurements on test locations in accor-dance with manufacturer protocols (see Note 1). In addition,XRF measurements shall adhere to the items presented in7.2-7.4.3.NOTE 1Exercise care to avoid p
49、erforming XRF measurements onsurfaces, which may generate inaccurate results even under conditionswhere all measurements are performed within the QC and QA specifica-tions described in this practice. Surfaces that may generate inaccurateresults include:TABLE 1 Specifications for Control BlocksAControl Block SubstrateMaterialSubstrate MaterialsRepresented by ControlBlockMinimum Thickness ofControl BlockBWood, clear pine All wood and wallboardmaterials17 mmSteel (316 stainless)CAll metal materials 6 mmBrick All plaster, poured concrete,pressed concr
