1、Designation: E2523 13 An American National StandardStandard Terminology forMetalworking Fluids and Operations1This standard is issued under the fixed designation E2523; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of la
2、st revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This terminology standard provides a compilation ofASTM and non-ASTM consensus definitions of terms used inthe metalwork
3、ing industry.1.2 This terminology standard does not purport to be anexhaustive lexicon. Rather it defines terms relevant to metal-working fluid management and metalworking fluid health andsafety.1.3 This terminology standard defines primary metalwork-ing operations, fluid types and other terms germa
4、ne to thepractice of metalworking fluid management.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of
5、regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D1356 Terminology Relating to Sampling and Analysis ofAtmospheresD2881 Classification for Metalworking Fluids and RelatedMaterialsD6161 Terminology Used for Microfiltration, Ultrafiltration,Nanofiltration and Reverse Osmo
6、sis Membrane ProcessesD7049 Test Method for Metal Removal Fluid Aerosol inWorkplace AtmospheresE1302 Guide for Acute Animal Toxicity Testing of Water-Miscible Metalworking FluidsE1497 Practice for Selection and Safe Use of Water-Miscible and Straight Oil Metal Removal FluidsE1687 Test Method for Det
7、ermining Carcinogenic Potentialof Virgin Base Oils in Metalworking FluidsE1972 Practice for Minimizing Effects of Aerosols in theWet Metal Removal EnvironmentE2144 Practice for Personal Sampling and Analysis of En-dotoxin in Metalworking Fluid Aerosols in WorkplaceAtmospheresE2148 Guide for Using Do
8、cuments Related to Metalworkingor Metal Removal Fluid Health and SafetyE2169 Practice for Selecting Antimicrobial Pesticides forUse in Water-Miscible Metalworking FluidsE2275 Practice for Evaluating Water-Miscible Metalwork-ing Fluid Bioresistance and Antimicrobial Pesticide Per-formanceE2563 Test M
9、ethod for Enumeration of Non-TuberculosisMycobacteria in Aqueous Metalworking Fluids by PlateCount MethodE2564 Test Method for Enumeration of Mycobacteria inMetalworking Fluids by Direct Microscopic Counting(DMC) MethodE2657 Test Method for Determination of Endotoxin Con-centrations in Water-Miscibl
10、e Metalworking FluidsE2693 Practice for Prevention of Dermatitis in the WetMetal Removal Fluid EnvironmentE2694 Test Method for Measurement of Adenosine Triphos-phate in Water-Miscible Metalworking Fluids2.2 Government Standards:329 CFR 1910.1200 Occupational Safety and HealthStandards, Hazard Commu
11、nication40 CFR 156 Labeling Requirements for Pesticides andDevices3. Significance and Use3.1 Personnel from a wide range of disciplines contribute tometalworking fluid management and plant environment healthand safety management. Consequently, terms familiar to somestakeholders will be unfamiliar to
12、 others.3.2 This terminology standard provides, in a singledocument, a compilation of definitions used by personnelinvolved with both metalworking environment health andsafety and fluid management.1This terminology is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E34 onOccupational Health and Safety and
13、is the direct responsibility of SubcommitteeE34.50 on Health and Safety Standards for Metal Working Fluids.Current edition approved April 1, 2013. Published April 2013. Originallyapproved in 2006. Last previous edition approved in 2011 as E2523 - 11. DOI:10.1520/E2523-13.2For referenced ASTM standar
14、ds, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3Available from U.S. Government Printing Office Superintendent of Documents,732 N. Capito
15、l St., NW, Mail Stop: SDE, Washington, DC 20401, http:/www.access.gpo.gov.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States13.3 Use of terms as defined in this terminology standard willenable all stakeholders to use metalworking industr
16、y terms inthe appropriate context, thereby improving interdisciplinarycommunications.4. Terminologyacid-fast bacteria, na distinctive staining property of My-cobacteria due to their lipid-rich cell walls.DISCUSSIONOnce stained, mycobacterium resist decolorizationwhen exposed to acidified organic sol
17、vents, and are therefore, infor-mally designated acid-fast. E2564active ingredient (a.i.), nthe chemical or components of anantimicrobial pesticide that provides its antimicrobialperformance. E2169, E2275acute dermal toxicity, nhealth hazards likely to arise fromshort-term exposure to a substance vi
18、a the skin or mucosa.E1302DISCUSSIONResults of acute dermal toxicity testing may provideinitial information on the dermal absorption and the mode of toxicaction of a substance. Moreover, some measure of irritation caused bythe fluid may be obtained by observing local tissue damage at the siteof appl
19、ication. Endpoint: mortality.acute inhalation toxicity, nthe potential of a fluid, vapor, orgas to cause death and other adverse health effects wheninhaled for a specified time period. E1302DISCUSSIONThe endpoint may be mortality or other specific healtheffect designated in the test protocol.acute o
20、ral toxicity, nhealth hazards likely to arise fromshort-term exposure to a substance via the oral route(ingestion). E1302DISCUSSIONResults of acute oral toxicity tests are used to developwarning statements on labels as may be required by OSHA HazardCommunication Standard 29 CFR 1910.1200 or Federal
21、HazardousSubstances Act. These are also used to establish a dosage regimen forsubchronic and other testing. Endpoint: mortality.adenosine monophosphate (AMP), nthe molecule formedby the removal of two molecules of phosphate (one pyro-phosphate molecule) from ATP. E2694adenosine triphosphate (ATP), n
22、a molecule comprised of apurine and three phosphate groups that serves as the primaryenergy transport molecule in all biological cells. E2694aerosol, na dispersion of solid or liquid particles in a gaseousmedium. D1356antimicrobial pesticide, nchemical additive registered un-der 40 CFR 156, for use
23、to inhibit growth, proliferation orboth of microorganisms. E2169, E2275DISCUSSIONAntimicrobial pesticides are registered for one or moreend-use applications, or sites, for use within an approved dose range.aseptic, adjsterile, free from viable microbial contamination.E2694as supplied (a.s.), adjanti
24、microbial pesticide finished prod-uct including the active ingredients, solvent and any addi-tional inactive ingredients. E2275bactericide, nan antimicrobial pesticide specifically or pri-marily effective against bacteria. E2169background RLU, nthe quantity of relative light unitsresulting from runn
25、ing the Method without incorporation ofthe sample. E2694bioburden, nthe level of microbial contamination (biomass)in a system. E2169DISCUSSIONTypically, bioburden is defined in terms of eitherbiomass or numbers of cells per unit volume or mass or surface areamaterial tested (g biomass/mL; g biomass/
26、g sample; cells/mL sample;colony forming units (CFU)/mL sample and so forth).biocide, nany chemical intended for use to kill organisms.E2169, E2275DISCUSSIONBiocide is a term usually used synonymously with thepreferred antimicrobial pesticide or microbicide.biodeterioration, nthe loss of commercial
27、value, perfor-mance characteristics or both of a product (metalworkingfluid) or material (coolant system or finished parts) throughbiological processes. E2169biofilm, na film or layer composed of microorganisms,biopolymers, water, entrained organic and inorganic debristhat forms as a result of micro
28、bial growth, proliferation andexcretion of polymeric substances at phase interfaces(liquid-liquid, liquid-solid, liquid-gas, and so forth). (syn-onym: skinnogen layer). E2169bioluminescence, nthe production and emission of light by aliving organism as the result of a chemical reaction duringwhich ch
29、emical energy is converted to light energy. E2694biomass, nany matter which is or was a living organism orexcreted from a microorganism D6161bioresistant, adjability to withstand biological attack.E2169, E2275DISCUSSIONBioresistant, or recalcitrant, chemicals are not readilymetabolized by microorgan
30、isms.biostatic, adjable to prevent existing microbial contaminantsfrom growing or proliferating, but unable to kill them.E2169, E2275DISCUSSIONBiostatic additives may be registered antimicrobialpesticides or unregistered chemicals with other performance properties.The difference between biocidal and
31、 biostatic performance may beattributed to dose, chemistry or both.boring, venlarging a hole that already has been drilled.DISCUSSIONGenerally boring is an operation of truing the previ-ously drilled hole with a single-point, lathe-type tool. Boring isessentially internal turning.breathing zone, nth
32、at location in the atmosphere at whichpersons breath. D1356DISCUSSIONThe workers breathing zone consists of a hemisphere300-mm radius in front of the face and measured from a line bisectingthe ears. D7049broaching, van operation in which a cutter progressivelyenlarges a slot or hole or shapes a work
33、piece exterior.DISCUSSIONLow teeth start the cut, intermediate teeth remove themajority of the material and high teeth finish the task. Broaching can bea one-step operation, as opposed to milling and slotting, which requirerepeated passes. Typically, however, broaching also involves multiplepasses.E
34、2523 132bubbler, na sampling device consisting of a gas dispenserimmersed in an absorbing liquid. D1356coining, va closed-die squeezing operation in which allsurfaces of the work are restrained (coined).DISCUSSIONCoining often imparts a pattern or shape onto theworkpiece. Coining also refers to a pr
35、ess-brake bending operation inwhich the punch bottoms against the workpiece and the die. It alsorefers to a process similar to bottoming although greater force isapplied. Coining alters the radius, and bottoming sets the bend open butdoes not affect shape.collector, na device for removing and retain
36、ing contaminantsfrom air or other gases. D1356contaminant, nsubstances contained in in-use metalworkingfluids that are not part of the received fluid, such as abrasiveparticles, tramp oils, cleaners, dirt, metal fines and shavings,dissolved metal and hard water salts, bacteria, fungi andmicrobiologi
37、cal decay products, and waste. E1497contamination control, nmaintenance of bioburden at anoperationally defined level, at or below which the bioburdendoes not affect the fluid or system adversely. E2169control, vto prevent, eliminate or reduce hazards related tothe use of metalworking fluids in meta
38、lworking processesand to provide appropriate supplemental, or interimprotection, or both, as necessary, to employees. E1497control standard endotoxin (CSE), na purified preparationof endotoxin based on the USP Reference Standard Endo-toxin (RSE); used in laboratories to prepare standardsolutions. E2
39、657coolant, nany liquid used for the purpose of facilitating heatremoval from metal removal, forming or both types ofmetalworking operations.DISCUSSIONCoolants are typically classified by the general chemi-cal composition as emulsifiable oils, semi-synthetic oils, straight oils orsynthetic fluid (Cl
40、assification D2881). See definitions 4.32, 4.72, 4.77and 4.78, respectively. Coolants are used primarily to cool andlubricate.culturable, adjmicroorganisms that proliferate as indicatedby the formation of colonies on solid growth media or thedevelopment of turbidity in liquid growth media underspeci
41、fic growth conditions. E2694demand, nthe sum of all factors that contribute to decreasingthe effective concentration of antimicrobial pesticide. E2169DISCUSSIONProcesses contributing to demand include, but are notlimited to, reactions with microbes, reactions with other chemicals inthe fluid, adsorp
42、tion onto surfaces, absorption into materials andtemperature.dermatitis, nan inflammatory response of the skin. E1497DISCUSSIONDermatitis can result from a wide variety of sources andprocesses. The most common origins are irritant or allergic responses toa chemical or physical agent. Signs and sympt
43、oms that typify the initialonset of dermatitis include: erythema (redness); edema (swelling);pruritis (itching); and vesiculation (pimple-like eruptions). In moresevere cases, fissures (deep cracks) and ulcers (open sores) maydevelop. The condition is usually reversible when exposure to thecausative
44、 agent ceases. More severe cases may require more time andsome medical attention. Some individuals may be at higher risk.dilution ventilation, nreferring to the supply and exhaust ofair with respect to an area, room, or building, the dilution ofcontaminated air with uncontaminated air for the purpos
45、e ofcontrolling potential health hazards, fire and explosionconditions, odors, and nuisance type contaminants, fromIndustrial Ventilation: A Manual of Recommended Practice.E2693dose, nconcentration of antimicrobial pesticide added totreated solution. E2169, E2275DISCUSSIONDose is generally expressed
46、 as either ppm activeingredient (a.i.) or ppm as supplied (a.s.).drawing, vprocess by which a metal blank is forced to flowthrough a die cavity without any constraint other than againstbuckling.DISCUSSIONInternal resistance flow of the metal towards the punchand dies sets up compressive stresses whi
47、ch, combined with tensilestresses created by the motion of the punch, produce two-dimensionalshear.drilling, voperation in which a rotating tool is used to createa round hole in a workpiece.DISCUSSIONDrilling is normally the first step in machining opera-tions such as boring, reaming, tapping, count
48、erboring, countersinkingand spotfacing.emergency, nany occurrence, such as, but not limited toequipment failure, rupture of containers, or failure of controlequipment that results in an uncontrolled release of asignificant amount of metalworking fluid. E1497employee exposure, nthe exposure to metalw
49、orking fluidsand contaminants which would occur without corrections forprotection by any respirator or other personal protectiveequipment that is in use.emulsifiable oil (frequently referred to as “soluble oil”),na metalworking fluid that generally contains 30 % oilbefore dilution with water. D2881DISCUSSIONEmulsifiable oils contain emulsifiers and other func-tional additives and generally create macro-emulsions (average size1.0 m) when diluted with water.DISCUSSIONEmulsifiable oils are blended with water in their endus
