1、Designation: F1045 16 An American National StandardStandard Performance Specification forIce Hockey Helmets1This standard is issued under the fixed designation F1045; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last
2、 revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.INTRODUCTIONIce hockey is a contact sport with intrinsic hazards. The use of protective equipment will noteliminate all injuries but s
3、hould substantially reduce the severity and frequency of injury. Participationin the sport of ice hockey by a player implies acceptance of some risk of injury. The goal is tominimize this risk.This performance specification for head protective equipment has been prepared after considerationof head p
4、rotection relative to the following principle risks: high-mass, low-velocity impact (variousplaying situations), and fit. This performance specification may be modified as other risks areidentified.Performance requirements were determined after consideration of state-of-the-art of helmet designand m
5、anufacture and the demands of the sport.1. Scope1.1 This performance specification2covers performancerequirements for ice hockey helmets.1.2 The intent of this performance specification is to reducethe risk of injury to the head without compromising the formand appeal of the game.1.3 This performanc
6、e specification covers: (1) performancetests for shock absorption properties of the complete helmetand strength and elongation of the chin strap and its attach-ment; and (2) requirements for area of coverage and penetra-tion.1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded asstandard. The values
7、 given in parentheses are for informationonly.1.5 The following precautionary caveat pertains only to thetest methods portion, Section 12, of this performance specifi-cation: This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility
8、 of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:3F513 Specification for Eye and Face Protective Equipmentfor Hockey Players2.2 CEN Standard:4EN 960:20
9、06 Headforms for use in the testing of protectivehelmets3. Terminology3.1 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.1.1 retention system:3.1.1.1 chin strapthe chin strap, including a cup thatcovers the chin (see Fig. 1), is affixed to both sides of thehelmet and secures the helmet to the head
10、 when a Type I orType II full face protector is not worn with the helmet.3.1.1.2 neck strapthe neck strap that secures the helmet tothe head is affixed on both sides of the helmet and passes underthe lower jaw in close proximity to the jaw and the neck.Where the helmet is worn with a Type I or Type
11、II full faceprotector, the neck strap serves as the attachment of the helmetto the head.NOTE 1For a description of the Type I or Type II face protector, seethe Types of Protectors Section in Safety Specification F513.1This performance specification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM CommitteeF08 on S
12、ports Equipment, Playing Surfaces, and Facilitiesand is the directresponsibility of Subcommittee F08.15 on Ice Hockey.Current edition approved Oct. 1, 2016. Published November 2016. Originallyapproved in 1988. Last previous edition approved in 2015 as F1045 15. DOI:10.1520/F1045-16.2This performance
13、 specification is subject to revision as indicated by subsequentinjury statistics and subject to review at least every five years.3For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume informat
14、ion, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.4Available from European Committee for Standardization (CEN), AvenueMarnix 17, B-1000, Brussels, Belgium, http:/www.cen.eu.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United S
15、tates13.1.2 crowna point in the median plane that is equal chordlengths from the anterior and posterior intersections of themedian and reference planes.3.1.3 drop heightthe vertical distance between the lowestpoint (impact point) of the elevated helmet and the apex of theimpact surface.3.1.4 gthe di
16、mensionless ratio of the acceleration of theheadform during impact to the acceleration due to gravity.3.1.4.1 gmaxthe maximum value of g encountered duringimpact.3.1.5 helmetthe complete product, including the shell,liner, chin strap, including the cup or neck strap, and associatedattachment hardwar
17、e, assembled with components supplied bythe manufacturer. The helmet is intended to protect thewearers head while participating in ice hockey.3.1.6 helmet position index (HPI)the vertical distancefrom the brow of the helmet to the basic plane, when thehelmet is placed on a reference headform. The ma
18、nufacturershall specify the size of the headform and the vertical distance.3.1.7 linerthe material inside the shell for the purpose ofshock absorption or comfortable fit, or both.3.1.8 Reference Planes:3.1.8.1 basic planean anatomical plane that includes thesuperior rim of the external auditory meat
19、us (upper edge of theexternal openings of the ear) and the inferior margin of theorbit (the lowest point of the floor of the eye socket). Theheadforms are marked with the basic plane (see Figs. 2 and 3).3.1.8.2 coronal planean anatomical plane perpendicularto both the basic and midsagittal planes an
20、d passing throughthe superior rims of the right and left auditory meatuses. Thetransverse plane corresponds to the coronal plane (see Figs. 2and 3).3.1.8.3 midsagittal planean anatomical plane perpendicu-lar to the basic plane and containing the midpoint of the lineconnecting the notches of the righ
21、t and left inferior orbitalridges and the midpoint of the line connecting the superior rimsof the right and left external auditory meatus. The longitudinalplane corresponds to the midsagittal plane (see Figs. 2 and 3).3.1.8.4 reference planea plane marked on the headformsat a specified distance abov
22、e and parallel to the basic plane (seeFig. 4).3.1.9 shellthe rigid outer material that gives the helmet itsform.4. General Requirements4.1 Materials:4.1.1 All materials used in the fabrication of helmets shallbe known to be suitable for the intended application. Forexample, shell materials shall rem
23、ain strong, semirigid, andfirm, and shall not permanently distort during an exposure of atleast4htoanytemperature in the range from 27 to 32C, norshall the material be significantly affected by exposure toultraviolet radiation, water, dirt, or vibration. All materialsshall be rot-resistant. In addit
24、ion, paints, glues, and finishesused in manufacture shall be compatible with the helmet shelland shock absorption system materials.FIG. 1 Chin Strap (Includes a Chin Cup)FIG. 2 Anatomical PlanesFIG. 3 Test HeadformBasic, Reference, and Misadgittal PlanesF1045 1624.1.2 Materials coming into contact w
25、ith the wearers headshall not be the type known to cause skin irritation or disease,and shall not undergo significant loss of strength, flexibility, orother physical change as a result of contact with perspiration,oil, or grease from the wearers hair.4.1.3 Any material used in the construction of he
26、lmets shallnot be adversely affected by ordinary household soap andwater, mild household detergent, or cleaners recommended bythe manufacturer.4.2 Helmet Assembly:4.2.1 Any optional devices fitted to the helmet shall be sodesigned that they are unlikely to cause any injury to thewearer or other part
27、icipants during contact.4.2.2 All edges shall be smooth and rounded and there shallbe no rigid projections on the inside of the helmet that couldcome in contact with the wearers head.4.2.3 All external projections shall be smooth and ad-equately faired to other surfaces. Split or bifurcated rivets s
28、hallnot be used.4.3 Types of Protectors:4.3.1 Type 1Head protectors that meet requirements forthe area of coverage mentioned in 4.5.1.4.3.2 Type 2Head protectors that meet requirements forthe area of coverage mentioned in 4.5.2.4.4 Impact Test Protected AreaThe area above the test line(see 12.2.7) s
29、hall be considered the impact test protected area.All parts of the wearers head covered by the area of the shellshall be protected at least to the minimum impact requirementsof 13.1 and 13.2.4.5 Area of CoverageArea of coverage measurementsshall be made with the protector mounted in accordance witht
30、he protector manufacturers instructions on the headforms thatcorrespond to the physical dimensions defined in EN 960:2006Headformcircumference(mm)X, mm Y, mm495 23.5 89.7535 25.5 96575 27.5 102.4605 29 107.2FIG. 4 Location of Reference LinesHeadformcircumference(mm)Distance (mm)tuv495 24 123 132535
31、26 128 140575 27 129.9 144.9605 28 132.2 151.2NOTE 1A-Reference plane, B-Coronal planeFIG. 5 Type 1Area of CoverageF1045 163as headform circumferences 495, 535, 575, or 605 mm. If ahelmet size range, as identified by the manufacturersinstructions, is capable of fitting two different headforms, thela
32、rger headform shall be used.4.5.1 Type 1The extent of coverage shall include at leastall of the area above line BCDEF as shown in Fig. 5. This areashall correspond with the headform size with which theprotector is to be tested. No ear aperture shall have anydimension exceeding 38 mm (1.5 in.). The e
33、ar aperture shall becompletely surrounded by the helmet. The distance from anyedge of an ear aperture to any edge of the helmet shall not beless than 20 mm (0.8 in.).4.5.2 Type 2The extent of coverage shall include at leastall of the area above line BCDGHEF as shown in Fig. 6. Thisarea shall corresp
34、ond with the headform size with which theprotector is to be tested.4.6 AttachmentsThe components of the fasteners for se-curing attachments to the shell shall be so attached that thedegree of protection afforded the wearer by the protectivepadding or cushioning material of the helmet is not therebyr
35、educed.4.7 Size of HelmetsHelmets shall be sized in accordancewith Table 1.4.8 Chin Strap or Neck Strap:4.8.1 The chin strap, including the cup, or the neck strap,shall be attached to the helmet so that the helmet remains in itsnormal position on the players head during play and impactconditions.4.8
36、.2 The chin strap or the neck strap used in combinationwith the face protector shall satisfy the requirements in 3.1.1.4.8.3 The minimum width of the chin strap exclusive of thecup shall be 12.7 mm (0.5 in.).5. Performance Requirements5.1 GeneralHelmets shall be capable of meeting therequirements in
37、 this performance specification throughout theirHeadformcircumference(mm)Distance (mm)tu v xyz495 24 123 132 535 26 128 140 18 30 50575 27 129.9 144.9 20 40 55605 28 132.2 151.2 20 45 55NOTE 1A-Reference plane, B-Coronal planeNOTE 2Dimension Y and Z are taken and must cover between the reference and
38、 the basic plane.NOTE 3495 mm Headform does not have Type 2 coverage.FIG. 6 Type 2Area of CoverageTABLE 1 Hat Sizes and Head FittingsNOTE 1These are U.S. and Canadian hat sizes.Hat SizeCircumference of Headin. mm6 19 483618 1938 492614 1934 502638 2018 511612 2012 521658 2078 530634 2114 540678 2158
39、 5507 22 559718 2238 568714 2234 578738 2318 587712 2312 597758 2378 606734 2414 616778 2458 6258 25 635F1045 164full range of adjustment. They shall be capable of meeting therequirements in Sections 11 and 12 at any temperature between27 to 32C.5.2 Shock AbsorptionThe helmet is mounted on a head-fo
40、rm that is oriented in different positions and dropped at aspecific velocity onto an impact surface.Alinear accelerometermounted at the center of gravity of the headform monitors theacceleration and the time history of impact that are recordedwith appropriate instrumentation. Maximum acceleration an
41、dtime duration data obtained by the specified procedures areintended to determine the shock absorption characteristics ofthe helmet.5.3 Chin StrapWhen tested in accordance with 12.8, theforce to separate the strap shall not be less than 50 N (11.2 lbf)nor more than 500 N (112.4 lbf), and the maximum
42、 displace-ment of the strap shall not exceed 25.4 mm (1 in.) at a load of109 N (24.5 lbf). The requirements of 12.8 shall be met atambient conditions.5.4 Penetration Resistance Test RequirementsIt shall notbe possible to touch the test headform with the curved end ofthe test stick blade within the r
43、equired area of coverage,excluding the ear opening.6. Apparatus6.1 Shock Absorption TestThe apparatus for the shockabsorption test shall consist of the following:6.1.1 Guide AssemblyThe headform shall be attached tothe free fall drop assembly carriage by an adjustable mountingthat will allow impacts
44、 to be delivered to any prescribed pointon the helmet (see Fig. 7). The carriage shall be free to slide onvertical guides. If wires are used, they must be placed under atleast 845.2 N (190 lbf) tension (see 12.4 for guide assemblyspecifications and allowable weight of drop assembly).6.1.2 Recording
45、EquipmentThe recording equipment shallmeet the following criteria:6.1.2.1 Acceleration TransducerThe linear accelerometeris mounted at the center of gravity of the combined testheadform and carriage assembly with the sensitive axis alignedto within 5 of the vertical when the helmet and headform arei
46、n the impact position. This transducer shall be capable ofwithstanding a shock of 1000 g without damage and shall havea frequency response (variation 61.5 %) over the range from 5to 900 Hz.6.1.2.2 System AccuracyThe impact recording systemshall be capable of measuring shocks of up to 500 g peakaccel
47、eration with an accuracy of 65%.NOTE 1Rail-guided drop assemblies are also permissible.FIG. 7 Schematic of Typical Drop AssemblyF1045 1656.1.2.3 Impact RecordingThe impact shall be recorded onsingle- or dual-trace storage oscilloscope with 0.1-mV to 20-Vdeflection factor, 1 to 5-ms sweep speed-divis
48、ion, and 500-kHzbandwidth.56.1.2.4 Test HeadformsTest headforms that correspond tothe physical dimensions defined in EN 960:2006 as headformcircumferences 495, 535, 575, or 605 mm. The weight of thedrop assembly, including the headform, shall be in accordancewith 12.4 unless otherwise specified in t
49、he individual perfor-mance specifications. The test headforms shall include surfacemarkings corresponding to the basic, coronal, midsagittal, andreference planes (see Figs. 2 and 3).6.1.2.5 Reference HeadformsMeasuring headforms con-toured in the same configuration as the test headforms withcircumferences of 495, 535, 575, or 605 mm, as defined in EN960:2006. The reference headforms shall include surfacemarkings corresponding to the basic, coronal, midsagittal, andreference planes (see F
