1、Designation: F2191/F2191M 13 An American National StandardStandard Specification forPacking Material, Graphitic or Carbon Braided Yarn1This standard is issued under the fixed designation F2191/F2191M; the number immediately following the designation indicates the yearof original adoption or, in the
2、case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A superscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This specification covers staple or continuous filamentcarbon/graphite yarn valve stem c
3、ompression packing, suitablefor use as end-rings on packing systems for valves. Intendedservices include steam, hydrocarbons, water and non-oxidizingchemicals. Where this specification is invoked as ASTMF2191, Sections 118apply. Where this specification isinvoked as ASTM/DoD F2191, Sections 118and t
4、heSupplementary Requirements shall be applicable.1.2 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound unitsare to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated ineach system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, eachsystem shall be used independently of the other. Combiningvalues from t
5、he two systems may result in non-conformancewith the standard.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica
6、-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2C135 Test Method for True Specific Gravity of RefractoryMaterials by Water ImmersionC561 Test Method for Ash in a Graphite SampleC562 Test Method for Moisture in a Graphite SampleC816 Test Method for Sulfur in
7、Graphite by Combustion-Iodometric Titration MethodC889 Test Methods for Chemical and Mass SpectrometricAnalysis of Nuclear-Grade Gadolinium Oxide (Gd2O3)PowderD129 Test Method for Sulfur in Petroleum Products (Gen-eral High Pressure Decomposition Device Method)D512 Test Methods for Chloride Ion In W
8、aterD1179 Test Methods for Fluoride Ion in WaterD1246 Test Method for Bromide Ion in WaterD3178 Test Methods for Carbon and Hydrogen in theAnalysis Sample of Coal and Coke (Withdrawn 2007)3D3684 Test Method for Total Mercury in Coal by theOxygen Bomb Combustion/Atomic Absorption Method(Withdrawn 201
9、4)3D3761 Test Method for Total Fluorine in Coal by theOxygen Bomb Combustion/Ion Selective ElectrodeMethodD3951 Practice for Commercial PackagingD4239 Test Method for Sulfur in the Analysis Sample ofCoal and Coke Using High-Temperature Tube FurnaceCombustion2.2 Military Standards:MIL-STD-129 Marking
10、 for Shipment and Storage4MIL-P-24583 Packing Material, Graphitic or CarbonBraided Yarn4MIL-P-24503 Packing Material, Graphitic, Corrugated Rib-bon or Textured Tape and Preformed Ring42.3 Fluid Sealing Association Handbook:Guidelines for the Use of Compression Packings, Copyright199753. Terminology3
11、.1 base fiber densitybulk density of the base fiber beforebeing coated or impregnated and braided into packing.3.2 braided flexible graphitea braid constructed of con-tinuous strands or strips of expanded flexible graphite tape orribbons, which have been overwrapped or have imbeddedreinforcing fiber
12、s.3.3 carbon fibersfibers used in braided packing are pro-duced from viscose rayon, pitch, or polyacrylonitrile (PAN)and are defined as a yarn with a carbon assay of less than 99 %.1This specification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee F25 on Shipsand Marine Technology and is the direct res
13、ponsibility of Subcommittee F25.02 onInsulation/Processes.Current edition approved Dec. 15, 2013. Published January 2014. Originallyapproved in 2002. Last previous edition approved in 2008 as F2191 - 02(2008).DOI: 10.1520/F2191_F2191M-14.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.as
14、tm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced onwww.astm.org.4Available from Standardization Documen
15、ts Order Desk, DODSSP, Bldg. 4,Section D, 700 Robbins Ave., Philadelphia, PA 19111-5098, http:/www.dodssp.daps.mil.5Available from the Fluid Sealing Association, 994 Old Eagle School Road,Suite 1019, Wayne, PA 19087-1866.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshoho
16、cken, PA 19428-2959. United States13.4 carbon yarnsmanufactured from continuous or staplecarbon fibers that are twisted or plied into continuous indi-vidual strands of between 6 and 18 m in diameter.3.5 carbon/graphite fiberscarbon/graphite fibers used inbraided packing are produced from viscose ray
17、on, pitch, orpolyacrylonitrile (PAN).3.6 center or corner filler strandsstrands of fiber/yarn thatrun parallel to the longitudinal axis of the braid in the cornersor center to control the internal density and dimensionalstability of the braid.3.7 continuousindividual fibers are almost infinite inlen
18、gth.3.8 continuous or staple carbon/graphitecontinuous orstaple defines the length of the individual fibers in thecarbonaceous yarn. Continuous means the fibers are infinite inlength and staple means the individual fibers are at least 75 mm3 in. long and preferably 150 to 200 mm 6 to 8 in. long.Allo
19、f the fibers are between 6 to 18 m in diameter and aretwisted/plied into continuous strands called yarns.3.9 corrosion inhibitorsadditives to the yarn or braid tofunction in a passive or sacrificial manner to reduce galvaniccorrosion such as embedded zinc powder, phosphorus, orbarium molybdate.3.10
20、detrimental materialsabrasive or chemically activeconstituents such as abrasive ash particles (in high ash contentfoils) or elemental materials as in Table 2.3.11 diagonal interlocking braidthese strands criss-crossfrom the surface of the braid diagonally through the body of thebraid and each strand
21、 is strongly locked by other strands toform an integral structure (see Fig. 1).3.12 dispersionvarious coatings or impregnants added tothe base fibers or braid to facilitate handling, lubricate thefibers, accelerate break-in, or act as blocking agents during use.3.13 graphite fibersfibers used in bra
22、ided packing areproduced from viscose rayon, pitch, or polyacrylonitrile (PAN)and are defined as a yarn with a carbon assay of 99 % or higher.3.14 graphite yarnsmanufactured from continuous orstaple graphite fibers that are twisted or plied into continuousindividual strands between 6 to 18 m in diam
23、eter.3.15 lotall finished packing of one size, type, class, andgrade produced in a continuous run or at the same time andunder essentially the same conditions.3.16 PANpolyacrylonitrile fibers used as precursors tomanufacture carbon/graphite for braided packing.3.17 PTFEpolytetrafluoroethylene. (Warn
24、ingGraphiticvalve packing containing PTFE has been associated withaccelerated valve stem corrosion.)3.18 specific gravitythe ratio of the mass of a unit volumeof a material at a stated temperature to the mass of the samevolume of distilled water at the same temperature.3.19 square plait braidthe str
25、ands in this type of braidinterlock in a single plane and do not interlock through thebody of the braid (see Fig. 1).3.20 staple carbon/graphiteindividual fibers are at least75 mm 3 in. long and preferably 150 to 200 mm 6 to 8 in.long.3.21 unravelinga loss of the original braiding shape ordimensions
26、 of the cut end extending from the cut for a distancegreater than that specified along the axis of the packing.4. Classification4.1 ClassificationThe material shall be of the followingtypes, classes, and grades, as specified (see 5.1):4.1.1 Type IContinuous carbon or graphite yarn.4.1.2 Type IIStapl
27、e carbon or graphite yarn.4.1.3 Type IIIBraided flexible graphite.4.1.3.1 Class 1For use where detrimental material andlubricant content of the packing need not be controlled beyondnormal manufacturing limits.4.1.3.2 Class 2For use where detrimental materials con-tent must be controlled to limits sp
28、ecified herein.4.1.3.3 Class 3For use where detrimental materials con-tent need not be controlled beyond normal manufacturinglimits, and media temperatures do not exceed 500F 260C.(1) Grade ATreated with corrosion inhibitor.(2) Grade BNo corrosion inhibitor.5. Ordering Information5.1 Acquisition Req
29、uirementsAcquisition documentsmust specify the following:5.1.1 Title, number, and date of this specification.5.1.2 Type, Class and Grade required (see Section 4).5.1.3 Carbon or graphite.5.1.4 Type of corrosion inhibitor.5.1.5 Chemical properties (see 7.1).5.1.6 Inspection, testing, and certificatio
30、n of the materialshall be agreed upon between the purchaser and the supplier aspart of the purchase contract.TABLE 1 Chemical and Physical PropertiesProperty Value TestCarbon AssayGraphitic 99 % by mass, min. 13.4Carbon 95 % by mass, min. 13.4Ash 1 % by mass, max. 13.5Finished Packing (in as-supplie
31、d state):Specific gravity 1.38 g/cc, min. 13.6Moisture content 3 %, max. 13.7Compression recovery 25 %, min. 13.10TABLE 2 Detrimental Materials (Class 2 only (see 13.8)ElementMaximum AllowableTotalImpurity Levels inparts per million(ppm)Mercury (Hg) 10Sulfur (S) 750Total halogens (chlorine, bromine,
32、 and fluorine) 500Chlorine (Cl) 250Bromine (Br) 250Fluorine (F) 250F2191/F2191M 1325.1.7 Size required (see 9.1). When pre-cut rings aredesired, specify the braid cross-section, inside diameter, out-side diameter, and number of rings required.5.1.8 Put-up, if other than required by Table S4.1 (seeSu
33、pplementary Requirements).5.1.9 Application data.5.1.10 Packaging requirements (see Section 18 and Supple-mentary Requirements).5.1.11 Marking requirements (see 17.1 and SupplementaryRequirements).6. Materials and Manufacture6.1 Materials and ManufactureThe material shall be asspecified in 6.1.1 6.1
34、.5.6.1.1 Yarn:6.1.1.1 Type I packing shall be made of continuous filamentcarbon or graphite yarn.6.1.1.2 Type II shall be made of staple carbon or graphiteyarn.6.1.1.3 Type III shall be made of flexible graphite.6.1.2 Packing:6.1.2.1 Class 1 packing shall be made of Type I or Type IIyarn and shall h
35、ave a pure graphitic dispersion or carbondispersion.6.1.2.2 Class 2 packing shall be made of Type I yarn andshall have a pure graphite or carbon dispersion.6.1.2.3 Class 3 packing shall be made of Type I or Type IIyarn and shall have a pure graphite, or carbon dispersion andare permitted to be coate
36、d with polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)(see 7.2 and 13.9).6.1.3 Coating and Corrosion Inhibiting Treatments:6.1.3.1 Grade AGrade A packing shall be provided with apowdered zinc (Zn) active corrosion inhibiting treatment or apassive inhibiting treatment such as phosphorus or bariummolybdate. If require
37、d, both active and passive inhibitors shallbe used.6.1.3.2 Grade BGrade B packing shall not contain corro-sion inhibiting additives.6.1.4 Packing Construction (Type I and Type II)Packingshall be square (plait) braided for cross-sectional sizes smallerthan6mm14 in. Cross-sectional sizes of 6 mm 14 in
38、. orgreater shall use a diagonal interlocking type construction. TheFIG. 1 Packing ConstructionF2191/F2191M 133diagonal interlocking constructions shall consist of eithersingle or plied yarns braided on 12, 18, 20, 24, 32, or 36 carrierbraiding machines.Additional axial center, corner, and (stuffer)
39、warp yarn(s) can be added within the braid as necessary toproduce a dense square cross-section packing profile with gooddimensional stability.6.1.5 Mercury ExclusionDuring manufacturing,fabrication, handling, packaging, and packing, the packingmaterial shall not come in contact with mercury or mercu
40、rycontaining compounds.7. Properties7.1 Chemical and Physical PropertiesUnless otherwisespecified, the properties of the finished packing shall conformto the requirements of Table 1. Class 2 also requires compli-ance with Table 2.7.2 PTFE Coating (Class 3 only)If PTFE is used, it shallnot exceed 10
41、% by mass of the packing (see 13.9) unlessotherwise agreed to by the purchaser. (WarningGraphiticvalve packing containing PTFE has been associated withaccelerated valve stem corrosion.)7.3 Prohibited AdditionsThere shall be no intentionaladditions of any of the detrimental materials listed in Table
42、2 orany antimony (Sb), arsenic (As), bismuth (Bi), cadmium (Cd),gallium (Ga), indium (In), lead (Pb), mercury (Hg), silver (Ag),or tin (Sn), or, in the case of Grade B packing, zinc (Zn).8. Other Requirements8.1 Braid Geometry RetentionUntaped, cut ends shall notunravel more than 3 mm 18 in. with th
43、e packing dry or wet(see 13.11). For example, packing 12 mm 12-in. in crosssection shall not unravel more than 3 mm 18 in. at either endof the packing.9. Dimensions, Mass, and Permissible Variations9.1 Sizes and MassPacking shall be furnished in the sizesshown in Table 3, or other size(s) as is orde
44、red by the customer,(see Section 5 and 6.1.4). Packing shall be formed approxi-mately square or rectangular in cross-section (either whenstraight or when placed about a shaft) within the dimensionaltolerances of Table 3. When specified in the purchase docu-ment (see 5.1 and 13.2), the mass per linea
45、r foot (or othermeasure) shall be in accordance with the sizes listed in Table 4.Sizes not listed in Table 4 shall be as agreed between purchaserand manufacturer and specified in Section 5, Ordering Infor-mation. Include minimum mass per linear foot as a part of thebid and purchase documents.9.1.1 T
46、olerance and Measurement StandardsThe gener-ally accepted method of measurements in the packing manu-facturing environment is a hand held, direct reading, verniercaliper. To ensure concentricity, the inside diameter is mea-sured using a ground dimensional plug gauge and the outsidediameter is measur
47、ed by the above (caliper) while the plug isinserted. Information regarding tolerance and measurement isavailable in the Guidelines for the Use of CompressionPackings published by the FSA.10. Workmanship, Finish, and Appearance10.1 WorkmanshipThe packing shall be free of defectsthat have the potentia
48、l to affect its serviceability as defined inTable 5.10.2 ConstructionThe sample shall be visually examinedand confirmed to be of the correct braid construction (squareplait braid or diagonal interlocking braid) for the ordered size(see 5.1 and 6.1.4).11. Quality Assurance11.1 Quality SystemsManufact
49、urers shall be prepared todocument use of a quality system such as compliance with anISO 9000 series program or similar program.12. Specimen Preparation12.1 Specimen PreparationBuyer and seller shall agree onspecimen preparation.13. Test Methods13.1 TestsIn the event that testing is required as part of thepurchasing requirements 5.1, tests shall be made in accordancewith the following or by way of alternate methods of analysiswith equal to or improved accuracy and precision. The use ofan alternate
