1、Designation: F2192 05 (Reapproved 2011)An American National StandardStandard Test Method forDetermining and Reporting the Berthing Energy andReaction of Marine Fenders1This standard is issued under the fixed designation F2192; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year ofori
2、ginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.INTRODUCTIONA marine fender is an energy-absorbing device that is typicall
3、y secured against the face of a marinefacility or a ships hull for the purpose of attenuating the forces inherent in arresting the motion ofberthing vessels safely. Most modern fenders fall into three general classifications based on thematerial used to absorb energy: (1) solid rubber fenders in whi
4、ch the material absorbs the energy, (2)pneumatic (air-filled) fenders in which air absorbs the energy, and (3) foam-filled fenders in which thefoam core absorbs the energy.1. Scope1.1 This test method covers the recommended proceduresfor quantitative testing, reporting, and verifying the energyabsor
5、ption and reaction force of marine fenders. Marinefenders are available in a variety of basic types with severalvariations of each type and multiple sizes and stiffnesses foreach variation. Depending on the particular design, marinefenders may also include integral components of steel, com-posites,
6、plastics, or other materials. All variations shall beperformance tested and reported according to this test method.1.2 There are three performance variables: berthing energy,reaction, and deflection. There are two methods used todevelop rated performance data (RPD) and published perfor-mance curves
7、for the three performance variables.1.3 The primary focus is on fenders used in berthside andship-to-ship applications for marine vessels. This testing pro-tocol does not address small fendering “bumpers” used inpleasure boat marinas, mounted to hulls of work boats, or usedin similar applications; i
8、t does not include durability testing. Itsprimary purpose is to ensure that engineering data reported inmanufacturers catalogues are based upon common testingmethods.1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded asstandard. No other units of measurement are included in thisstandard.1.5 This s
9、tandard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.
10、1 ASTM Standards:2E691 Practice for Conducting an Interlaboratory Study toDetermine the Precision of a Test Method3. Significance and Use3.1 General:3.1.1 All testing shall define fender performance undervelocities that decrease linearly or that are proportional to thesquare root of percent of remai
11、ning rated energy.3.1.2 Rated performance data (RPD) and manufacturerspublished performance curves or tables, or both, shall be basedon: (1) initial deflection (berthing) velocity of 0.15 m/s anddecreasing to no more than 0.005 m/s at test end, (2) testing offully broken-in fenders (break-in testing
12、 is not required forpneumatic fenders), (3) testing of fenders stabilized at 23 65C (excluding pneumatic fenders; see 6.3), (4) testing offenders at 0 angle of approach, and (5) deflection (berthing)frequency of not less than 1 h (use a minimum 5-min deflectionfrequency for pneumatic fenders.).3.1.3
13、 Catalogues shall also include nominal performancetolerances as well as data and methodology to adjust perfor-mance curves or tables or both for application parametersdifferent from RPD conditions. Adjustment factors shall beprovided for the following variables: (1) other initial velocities:0.05, 0.
14、10, 0.20, 0.25, and 0.30 m/s; (2) other temperatures:1This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee F25 on Shipsand Marine Technology and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee F25.07 onGeneral Requirements.Current edition approved May 1, 2011. Published May 2011. Originallyappr
15、oved in 2002. Last previous edition approved in 2005 as F2192 05. DOI:10.1520/F2192-05R11.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Sum
16、mary page onthe ASTM website.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.+50, +40, +30, +10, 0, 10, 20, 30; and (3) other contactangles: 3, 5, 8, 10, 15. In addition, RPD shall contain acautionary statement that published data do
17、 not necessarilyapply to constant-load and cyclic-loading conditions. In suchcases, designers are to contact fender manufacturers for designassistance.3.1.4 Adjustment factors for velocity and temperature shallbe provided for every catalogue compound or other energyabsorbing material offered by each
18、 manufacturer.3.2 Fender TestingPerformance testing to establish RPDmust use either one of two methods:3.2.1 Method ADeflection of full-size fenders at velocitiesinversely proportional to the percent of rated deflection ordirectly proportional to the square root of percent of remainingrated energy.
19、Test parameters shall be as defined for publishedRPD. RPD tests shall start at 0.15 m/s. Tests to establishadjustment factors for initial berthing velocities other than 0.15m/s shall start at those other initial velocities.3.2.2 Method BDeflection of full size fenders at constantvelocity with perfor
20、mance adjusted by velocity factors devel-oped from model tests. Velocity factors shall be the ratio ofperformance test results of models under the following condi-tions: (1) a constant strain rate similar to the strain rate of thefull-size fender at its test speed, and (2) decreasing speeddeflection
21、 with initial strain rate similar to that of the full-sizefender under RPD deflection conditions.3.2.3 The RPD for pneumatic fenders shall be determinedusing either Method A or Method B with miniature-sizefenders; in which case, the compression performance of airshall be directly extrapolated from t
22、he test data of reducedscale models.4. Apparatus4.1 The test apparatus shall be equipped with load cell(s)and linear transducer(s) capable of providing continuous moni-toring of fender performance. The test apparatus shall becapable of recording and storing load-cell and transducer dataat intervals
23、of 0.01 H, where H is a fenders nominal height,and storing manually entered inputs. Output information shallinclude, as a minimum:4.1.1 Serial number and description of test item,4.1.2 Date, time at start, and time at end of test,4.1.3 Location of test facility and test apparatus ID,4.1.4 Stabilizat
24、ion temperature of test specimen,4.1.5 Test ambient temperature, and4.1.6 Graphic plot(s) of: (1) deflection velocity versusdeflection (optional) (If not plotted, deflection velocity and itscharacteristics shall be separately noted.), (2) reaction versusdeflection, and (3) energy versus deflection.4
25、.2 For fender tests, all equipment used to measure andrecord force and deflection shall be calibrated and certifiedaccurate to within 61 %, in accordance with ISO or equivalentJIS or ASTM requirements. Calibration shall be performedwithin one year of the use of the equipment, or less, if thenormal c
26、alibration interval is shorter than one year. Calibrationof test apparatus shall be performed by a qualified third-partyorganization, using instrumentation that is traceable to acertified, national standard.4.3 The test apparatus shall deflect specimens according toSection 5.5. Procedure5.1 The perf
27、ormance test shall deflect specimens accordingto either of the two methods listed below. Clear and unambigu-ous calculations must be provided for any adjustments made tothe test results.5.2 Method A:NOTE 1Steps 5.2.1 and 5.2.2 do not apply to pneumatic fenders. Step5.2.3 may be omitted for pneumatic
28、 fenders, provided internal pressure isadjusted to the manufacturers specified value for the ambient testtemperature.5.2.1 Break in the specimen by deflecting it three or moretimes to its rated deflection, or more, as recommended by themanufacturer.5.2.2 Remove load from specimen and allow it to “re
29、cover”for1hormore, as recommended by manufacturer.5.2.3 Before conducting performance test, stabilize fendertemperature in accordance with 6.1. Temperature-stabilizingtime can include time for 5.2.1 and 5.2.2.5.2.4 Deflect specimen once at a continuously decreasingdeflection velocity as defined in o
30、ne of the equations below:V 5 V0D 2 d!/D or 0.005 m/s whichever is greater (1)orV 5 V0=E 2 e!/E or 0.005 m/s whichever is greater (2)where:V = instantaneous deflection velocity of fender,V0= initial deflection velocity, where V0= 0.05, 0.10,0.15, 0.20, 0.25, or 0.30 m/s,D = rated deflection,d = inst
31、antaneous deflection,E = rated energy absorption of fender, kN/m, ande = instantaneous running total of energy absorbed,kN/m.Initial velocity shall be appropriate for particular testingpurpose.5.2.5 Stop test when deflection reaches rated deflection, ormore, as recommended by the manufacturer.5.2.6
32、Adjust performance to rating temperature (23 6 5C),if required, or to desired application temperature by multiply-ing both energy and reaction results by temperature factor (TF)(see 6.3).5.3 Method B:NOTE 2Steps 5.3.1 and 5.3.2 do not apply to pneumatic fenders. Step5.3.3 may be omitted for pneumati
33、c fenders, provided internal pressure isadjusted to the manufacturers specified value for the ambient testtemperature.5.3.1 Break in specimen by deflecting three or more times toits rated deflection, or more, as recommended by the manufac-turer.5.3.2 Remove load from specimen and allow it to “recove
34、r”for1hormore, as recommended by manufacturer.5.3.3 Before conducting performance test, stabilize fendertemperature in accordance with 6.1. Temperature-stabilizingtime can include time for 5.3.1 and 5.3.2.F2192 05 (2011)25.3.4 Deflect specimen once at a constant deflection veloc-ity.5.3.5 Stop test
35、when deflection reaches rated deflection, ormore, as recommended by the manufacturer.5.3.6 Adjust performance to rated temperature (23 6 5C),if required, or to desired application temperature by multiply-ing both energy and reaction results by temperature factor (TF)(see 6.3).5.3.7 Adjust performanc
36、e to RPD initial deflection velocity(0.15 m/s) or to desired initial berthing velocity, if required, bymultiplying both energy and reaction results by velocity factor(VF) (see 6.2).6. Supporting Procedures6.1 Temperature Stabilization:6.1.1 Test temperature for full-size specimens is defined asthe s
37、ame as stabilization temperature, as long as ambienttemperature at test apparatus is within 615C of stabilizationtemperature and testing is completed within2hofthespecimens removal from the temperature-controlled environ-ment.6.1.2 To stabilize temperature, store specimen at a constanttemperature 65
38、C. Record air temperature of space wherespecimen is stored within3mofspecimen surface, eithercontinuously or twice a day, no less than 10 h apart.6.1.3 Stabilization time shall be not less than 20x1.5days ormore as recommended by the manufacturer, rounded to thenext whole day (x = dimension of great
39、est rubber thickness, inmeters), after curing plus 20x1.5days, rounded to the nextwhole day, after being in an ambient temperature differing fromstabilization temperature by more than 10C for more than 8 h.6.2 Velocity Factor (VF)One of the following protocolsshall be followed to determine VF for ev
40、ery combination offender configuration, initial velocity other than RPD velocity,fender element standoff and energy-absorbing material. Speci-mens for determining VF may be either full-size fenders ormodels, as noted below. Pneumatic fenders do not require aVF.6.2.1 Method ATesting of full-size fend
41、ers at actual,decreasing rate deflection velocity.6.2.1.1 Test full-size fenders per 5.2 at 0.15-m/s initialvelocity and 23 6 5C.6.2.1.2 Repeat at other initial velocities.6.2.1.3 Derive the VFs from the data in 6.2.1.1 and 6.2.1.2per the following method:(1) Energy velocity factor and reaction velo
42、city factor byMethod A, VFeaand VFra, shall be defined by the followingequations:VFea5 Ev/ERPD(3)VFra5 Rv/RRPD(4)where:Ev= energy at other initial velocity per 6.2.1.2,ERPD= energy at the RPD initial velocity per 6.2.1.1,Rv= reaction at other initial velocity per 6.2.1.2, andRRPD= reaction at the RP
43、D initial velocity per 6.2.1.1.(2) Corrected energy and reaction performance is thencalculated by the following equations:Ea5 ERPD3 VFea(5)Ra5 RRPD3 VFra(6)where:Ea= energy at alternative initial velocity,Ra= reaction at alternative initial velocity,ERPD= energy at RPD initial velocity, andRRPD= rea
44、ction at RPD initial velocity.6.2.2 Method BTesting of model at both constant anddecreasing strain rates.6.2.2.1 Calculate the strain rate of the full-size fender whenit is deflected at the constant velocity of 0.0003 to 0.0013 m/s(2 to 8 cm/min).6.2.2.2 Test the model, per 5.3,at236 5C, at the stra
45、inrate calculated in 6.2.2.1 (610 %).6.2.2.3 Calculate the initial strain rate of the full-size fenderwhen it is deflected at the desired initial berthing velocity.6.2.2.4 Test the same model used in 6.2.2.2 per 5.3,at2365C, beginning at the initial strain rate calculated in 6.2.2.3(610 %).6.2.2.5 D
46、erive velocity factors for energy and reaction, VFeand VFr, from the data in 6.2.2.2 and 6.2.2.4 per the followingequations:VFr5 Rv/Rtest(7)VFe5 Ev/Etest(8)where:Ev= energy per 6.2.2.4,Etest= energy per 6.2.2.2,Rv= reaction per 6.2.2.4, andRtest= reaction per 6.2.2.2.6.3 Temperature Factor (TF)Tempe
47、rature factors (TF) forpneumatic fenders may be calculated using ideal gas laws. Forevery urethane, foam or rubber compound, the TFs shall bedetermined by the following procedure.6.3.1 Conduct standard performance tests on temperature-stabilized specimens using either Method A or Method B, perone of
48、 the two methods described below:6.3.1.1 (A)Stabilize specimens at test temperature per6.1.2 and 6.1.3. Specimens shall be either full-size fenders ormodels not smaller than 0.1 m in height. Test specimens in testapparatus maintained at test temperature for duration of test.6.3.1.2 (B)Stabilize spec
49、imens at test temperature per6.1.2 and 6.1.3. Specimens shall be either full-size fenders ormodels not smaller than 0.3 m in height. Test specimens atroom temperature. Test must be completed within 15 min ofsamples removal from temperature-controlled environment.6.3.2 Specimens shall be stabilized at the following tem-peratures: 30, 20, 10, 0, +10, +23, +30, +40, and +50C.The TFs for each of these temperatures, TFt, wheretis thenumber designating the reference temperature, shall then becalculated by the following equations:TFt5 Rt/R23(9)TFe5 Et
