1、AWS B5.16:2006An American National StandardSpecification forthe Qualification ofWelding Engineers550 N.W. LeJeune Road, Miami, FL 33126AWS B5.16:2006An American National StandardApproved by theAmerican National Standards InstituteMarch 24, 2006Specification for theQualification of Welding EngineersS
2、upersedes AWS B5.16:2001Prepared by theAmerican Welding Society (AWS) B5C Subcommittee on Qualification of Welding EngineersUnder the Direction of theAWS Personnel and Facility Qualification CommitteeApproved by theAWS Board of DirectorsAbstractThis specification establishes the requirements for qua
3、lification of Welding Engineers employed in the welding industry.The minimum experience, examination, application, qualification, and requalification requirements and methods aredefined herein. This specification is a method for engineers to establish a record of their qualification and abilities in
4、welding industry work such as development of procedures, processes controls, quality standards, problem solving, etc.iiAWS B5.16:2006International Standard Book Number: 0-87171-043-9American Welding Society550 N.W. LeJeune Road, Miami, FL 33126 2006 by American Welding SocietyAll rights reservedPrin
5、ted in the United States of AmericaPhotocopy Rights. No portion of this standard may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in anyform, including mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the copyrightowner.Authorization to photoc
6、opy items for internal, personal, or educational classroom use only or the internal, personal, oreducational classroom use only of specific clients is granted by the American Welding Society provided that the appropriatefee is paid to the Copyright Clearance Center, 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 0
7、1923, tel: (978) 750-8400; Internet:.iiiAWS B5.16:2006Statement on the Use of American Welding Society StandardsAll standards (codes, specifications, recommended practices, methods, classifications, and guides) of the AmericanWelding Society (AWS) are voluntary consensus standards that have been dev
8、eloped in accordance with the rules of theAmerican National Standards Institute (ANSI). When AWS American National Standards are either incorporated in, ormade part of, documents that are included in federal or state laws and regulations, or the regulations of other govern-mental bodies, their provi
9、sions carry the full legal authority of the statute. In such cases, any changes in those AWSstandards must be approved by the governmental body having statutory jurisdiction before they can become a part ofthose laws and regulations. In all cases, these standards carry the full legal authority of th
10、e contract or other documentthat invokes the AWS standards. Where this contractual relationship exists, changes in or deviations from requirementsof an AWS standard must be by agreement between the contracting parties.AWS American National Standards are developed through a consensus standards develo
11、pment process that bringstogether volunteers representing varied viewpoints and interests to achieve consensus. While AWS administers the processand establishes rules to promote fairness in the development of consensus, it does not independently test, evaluate, orverify the accuracy of any informati
12、on or the soundness of any judgments contained in its standards.AWS disclaims liability for any injury to persons or to property, or other damages of any nature whatsoever, whetherspecial, indirect, consequential or compensatory, directly or indirectly resulting from the publication, use of, or reli
13、anceon this standard. AWS also makes no guaranty or warranty as to the accuracy or completeness of any informationpublished herein.In issuing and making this standard available, AWS is not undertaking to render professional or other services for or onbehalf of any person or entity. Nor is AWS undert
14、aking to perform any duty owed by any person or entity to someoneelse. Anyone using these documents should rely on his or her own independent judgment or, as appropriate, seek theadvice of a competent professional in determining the exercise of reasonable care in any given circumstances.This standar
15、d may be superseded by the issuance of new editions. Users should ensure that they have the latest edition.Publication of this standard does not authorize infringement of any patent or trade name. Users of this standard acceptany and all liabilities for infringement of any patent or trade name items
16、. AWS disclaims liability for the infringement ofany patent or product trade name resulting from the use of this standard.Finally, AWS does not monitor, police, or enforce compliance with this standard, nor does it have the power to do so.On occasion, text, tables, or figures are printed incorrectly
17、, constituting errata. Such errata, when discovered, are postedon the AWS web page (www.aws.org).Official interpretations of any of the technical requirements of this standard may only be obtained by sending a request,in writing, to the Managing Director, Technical Services Division, American Weldin
18、g Society, 550 N.W. LeJeune Road,Miami, FL 33126 (see Annex B). With regard to technical inquiries made concerning AWS standards, oral opinionson AWS standards may be rendered. However, such opinions represent only the personal opinions of the particularindividuals giving them. These individuals do
19、not speak on behalf of AWS, nor do these oral opinions constitute officialor unofficial opinions or interpretations of AWS. In addition, oral opinions are informal and should not be used as asubstitute for an official interpretation.This standard is subject to revision at any time by the AWS Personn
20、el and Facilities Committee. It must be reviewedevery five years, and if not revised, it must be either reaffirmed or withdrawn. Comments (recommendations, additions,or deletions) and any pertinent data that may be of use in improving this standard are required and should be addressedto AWS Headquar
21、ters. Such comments will receive careful consideration by the AWS Personnel and Facilities Commit-tee and the author of the comments will be informed of the Committees response to the comments. Guests are invited toattend all meetings of the AWS Personnel and Facilities Committee to express their co
22、mments verbally. Procedures forappeal of an adverse decision concerning all such comments are provided in the Rules of Operation of the TechnicalActivities Committee. A copy of these Rules can be obtained from the American Welding Society, 550 N.W. LeJeuneRoad, Miami, FL 33126.This page is intention
23、ally blank.ivAWS B5.16:2006vAWS B5.16:2006Personnel*AdvisorAWS Personnel and Facility Qualification CommitteeP. R. Evans, Chair PCI Energy ServicesW. F. Behnke, 1st Vice Chair FordSterling PlantP. A. Michalski, 2nd Vice Chair Dominion East OhioS. P. Hedrick, Secretary American Welding SocietyK. W. C
24、oryell ConsultantJ. A. Grantham Welding special functions (exp, log); trigonometric func-tions (sin, cos, tan, cot, sec, csc, degrees, radians); alge-braic equations (linear, quadratic, polynomial); graphsand equations (slope, intercept, roots, derivatives, mini-mum, maximum, interpolation, and extr
25、apolation); ge-ometry (common geometric shapes); hyperbola,parabola; complex numbers; calculus (fundamentals ofdifferential equations); statistics (population and sam-ples: normal distribution, mean, standard deviation, vari-ance; simple correlation: linear regression via leastsquares method, r2corr
26、elation).8.1.2 Physics. Unit conversion (dimension, mass,temperature, time, energy, power); mass, weight, vol-ume, density; force, energy, work done, power; stress,strain, Hookes Law (elasticity); moment and momen-tum; temperature, heat, temperature measurement, ther-mocouples, pyrometers; thermal p
27、roperties of materials(thermal conductivity, thermal expansion, thermal stressand strain).8.1.3 Chemistry. Symbols (elements and inorganiccompoundsgases, fluxes, etc.); molecular weight andstoichiometry; acids and bases; balance chemical equa-tions; gas combustion reactions (chemical heat genera-tio
28、n) and oxidation-reduction reactions; ideal gas law(pressure, volume, temperature); mass balance (as inE7018 coating decomposition to gas, slag and metal);bulk and chemical analysis methodologies); reactivity,toxicity, environmental effect, disposal.8.2 Applied Sciences8.2.1 Strength of Materials. L
29、oad, deformation(elastic and plastic, buckling), stress-strain, YoungsModulus, shear modulus, stress-strain curve (yield stress,ultimate tensile stress, elongation), tensile stress andshear stress computation; welded member cross-sectionAWS B5.16:20064effect; mechanical testing (tensile, bend, fract
30、ure tough-ness, hardness, creep, and fatigue) and data interpreta-tion; Law of Conservation of Energy/Momentum; stressanalysis; typical engineering material properties.8.2.2 Heat Transfer and Fluid Mechanics. Heatconduction, convection, and radiation, thermal conduc-tivity and diffusivity, heat tran
31、sfer coefficients of engi-neering materials, Fouriers Law; heating rate andcooling rate; industrial heating methods and power con-sumption, gas flow rates; laminar and turbulent flow(Reynolds Number), dew point and relative humidity,pressure and regulators; venturi effect and gas velocitycalculation
32、; atmospheric pressure and hyperbaric condi-tions; vacuum equipment and measurements.8.2.3 Electricity. Current, voltage, resistance, imped-ance, and circuits; Ohms Law; Kirchoffs Law; resis-tance loss and current rectification; power generation;AC/DC, polarity; power factor; electromagnetic proper-
33、ties, right-hand rule; current and voltage measurements(devices and principles).8.3 Welding Related Disciplines8.3.1 NDE/Weld Discontinuities. NDE processes(radiographic, ultrasonic, magnetic particle, liquid pene-trant, eddy current, etc.characteristics, advantages, andlimitations). NDE symbols.8.3
34、.2 Welding Heat Sources and Arc Physics.Power source static and dynamic characteristics (opencircuit voltage and short circuiting current, slope); differ-ences between CC and CV designs (principle of self-adjusting); welding arc characteristics (current and volt-age relationship, arc length effect);
35、 electron emission(ionization potential, work function, electrode material,shielding gas, arc stability); arc temperature and degreeof ionization (shielding gas influence); magnetic arcblow (work lead location and condition); Lorentz Force(effect on droplet detachment and on adjacent powercables); s
36、hielding gas drag force (effect on droplet de-tachment and metal transfer mode) weld penetration andwidth for different shielding gases.8.3.3 Welding Processes and Controls. Arc weldingprocesses (SMAW, GMAW, FCAW, GTAW, SAW,PAW); resistance welding processes (RW, high fre-quency RW), high energy den
37、sity welding processes(LBW, EBW); cutting processes (OFC, CAC, and PAC);surfacing processing (SW, THSP); solid-state weldingprocesses (FRW, FW).8.3.4 Welding and Joining Metallurgy. Crystalstructure of metals (FCC, BCC, HCP, unit cells, latticeparameter, c/a ratio, atom positions, interstitial posi-
38、tions); melting, and solidification, phase transformationsand phase diagrams (eutectic, eutectoid, peritectic andmonotectic, lever rule calculation) metallurgy and weld-ability of typical engineering materials (low carbonstructural steels, cast irons, stainless steels, nickel alloys,aluminum alloys,
39、 titanium alloys, etc.) microstructure(e.g., ferrous alloysgrain boundary ferrite, acicular fer-rite, bainite, martensite, austenite, delta ferrite, etc.) andmechanical properties; carbon equivalent (CEIIW, Pcm,expressions, alloying content and carbon content effect);hydrogen assisted cracking (heat
40、-affected zone cracking,cold cracking) base metal matching (e.g., electrodes withhigh strength steels); solidification cracking (segregationof impurity atoms, shrinkage cracking, lamellar tearing);delta ferrite in stainless consumables, specifications forconsumables (categories; all position, rutile
41、, basic); flux-metal reactions (oxygen and sulfur control in weld pool);typical temperature range of a heat source; temperaturedistribution in a weldment; HAZ formation; multipassthermal experience, reheated weld metal properties; weldmacro and micro-graph interpretation; solidification pro-file and
42、 preferred grain orientation (epitaxial growth);origin of weld ripples; special attributes of base metal(as-cast structure, deformation texture, oxide on flame-cut surfaces); thermal treatments (preheat, postheat,interpass influence on weld cooling rate and residualstress distribution); solid-state
43、transformations in welds(different forms of ferrite, bainite, and martensite, sigmaphase in stainless steels, Guinier-Preston type precipi-tates zones and aging in aluminum alloys); corrosion(sensitization in stainless steel welds, stress corrosioncracking in welds).8.3.5 Weld Design. Structural fab
44、rication require-ments, sectional properties, stress gradient; stress triaxi-ality, weld symbols, hardness and microhardness (e.g.,across a weld cross section); tensile properties, ductility,toughness, fillet break test (influence of second phaseand porosity), ductile fracture, brittle fracture, fat
45、igue(initiation, propagation, failure, high-cycle, low-cycle),temperature and strain rate effect.8.3.6 Brazing and Soldering. Characteristics of braz-ing and soldering, fluxes and substrates, capillary action,wetting and spreading, contact angle, joint clearance,viscosity, liquidus and solidus, flow
46、 of molten filler inhorizontal and vertical joints (maximum penetration andrate), filler metal systems (Sn-Pb solders, Ni and Cubased alloys, Ag-Cu based brazing alloys), and inter-metallic compound formation.8.3.7 Safety. Recognize health hazards relating towelding, (fumes, toxic gases, noise, radi
47、ation). Recog-nize safety hazards, (electric shock, compressed gases,fire, welding in a confined space, welding on containersand piping, moving equipment). Recognize precautionsto avoid injury, and possess a working knowledge ofsafety and fire codes.AWS B5.16:200659. Examination RequirementsIndividu
48、als seeking qualification as a Welding Engi-neer shall successfully complete the following exami-nations, drawn from the Body of Knowledge given inClause 8, except as permitted by 7.2, 7.3, and 7.4 (whenapplicable):9.1 Basic Science Fundamental Examination. Theindividual shall pass an examination wi
49、thout referencesconsisting of questions from each of the three BasicScience topics:9.2 Applied Science Fundamental Examination. Theindividual shall pass an examination without referencesconsisting of questions from each of the three AppliedScience topics:9.3 Welding Related Disciplines Examination. Theindividual shall pass an examination with references onthe application of engineering concepts in the areas of:TopicPercent ofExamination QuestionsMathematics 25%Physics 50%Chemistry 25%Total 100%TopicPercent ofExamination QuestionsStrength of Materials 40%Heat Transfer and Fluid Mech
