1、RecommendedPractices forFriction WeldingANSI/AWS C6.1-89 (R2009)An American National Standard550 N.W. LeJeune Road, Miami, FL 33126ANSI/AWS C6.1-89 (R2009)An American National StandardApproved by theAmerican National Standards InstituteMarch 17, 1989Recommended Practicesfor Friction Welding1st Editi
2、onPrepared by theAmerican Welding Society (AWS) C6 Committee on Friction WeldingUnder the Direction of theAWS Technical Activities CommitteeApproved by theAWS Board of DirectorsAbstractThis recommended practice describes friction welding fundamentals and basic equipment requirements. Suggestedproced
3、ure qualification, inspection methods, and joint designs are detailed. Typical mechanical property data are referenced.Key WordsFriction welding, direct drive friction welding, flywheel friction welding, friction forging, inertia friction welding, solid state bonding, spin weldingiiANSI/AWS C6.1-89
4、(R2009)International Standard Book Number: 0-87171-309-8American Welding Society550 N.W. LeJeune Road, Miami, FL 33126 1989 by American Welding SocietyAll rights reservedPrinted in the United States of AmericaReaffirmed: November 9, 1998 and February 24, 2009Photocopy Rights. No portion of this stan
5、dard may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in anyform, including mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the copyrightowner.Authorization to photocopy items for internal, personal, or educational classroom use only or the i
6、nternal, personal, oreducational classroom use only of specific clients is granted by the American Welding Society provided that the appropriatefee is paid to the Copyright Clearance Center, 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, tel: (978) 750-8400; Internet:.iiiANSI/AWS C6.1-89 (R2009)Statement on
7、 the Use of American Welding Society StandardsAll standards (codes, specifications, recommended practices, methods, classifications, and guides) of the AmericanWelding Society (AWS) are voluntary consensus standards that have been developed in accordance with the rules of theAmerican National Standa
8、rds Institute (ANSI). When AWS American National Standards are either incorporated in, ormade part of, documents that are included in federal or state laws and regulations, or the regulations of other govern-mental bodies, their provisions carry the full legal authority of the statute. In such cases
9、, any changes in those AWSstandards must be approved by the governmental body having statutory jurisdiction before they can become a part ofthose laws and regulations. In all cases, these standards carry the full legal authority of the contract or other documentthat invokes the AWS standards. Where
10、this contractual relationship exists, changes in or deviations from requirementsof an AWS standard must be by agreement between the contracting parties.AWS American National Standards are developed through a consensus standards development process that bringstogether volunteers representing varied v
11、iewpoints and interests to achieve consensus. While the AWS administers the pro-cess and establishes rules to promote fairness in the development of consensus, it does not independently test, evaluate,or verify the accuracy of any information or the soundness of any judgments contained in its standa
12、rds.AWS disclaims liability for any injury to persons or to property, or other damages of any nature whatsoever, whetherspecial, indirect, consequential, or compensatory, directly or indirectly resulting from the publication, use of, or relianceon this standard. AWS also makes no guarantee or warran
13、ty as to the accuracy or completeness of any informationpublished herein.In issuing and making this standard available, AWS is neither undertaking to render professional or other services for oron behalf of any person or entity, nor is AWS undertaking to perform any duty owed by any person or entity
14、 to someoneelse. Anyone using these documents should rely on his or her own independent judgment or, as appropriate, seek theadvice of a competent professional in determining the exercise of reasonable care in any given circumstances. It isassumed that the use of this standard and its provisions are
15、 entrusted to appropriately qualified and competent personnel.This standard may be superseded by the issuance of new editions. Users should ensure that they have the latest edition.Publication of this standard does not authorize infringement of any patent or trade name. Users of this standard accept
16、any and all liabilities for infringement of any patent or trade name items. AWS disclaims liability for the infringement ofany patent or product trade name resulting from the use of this standard.Finally, the AWS does not monitor, police, or enforce compliance with this standard, nor does it have th
17、e power to do so.On occasion, text, tables, or figures are printed incorrectly, constituting errata. Such errata, when discovered, are postedon the AWS web page (www.aws.org).Official interpretations of any of the technical requirements of this standard may only be obtained by sending a request, inw
18、riting, to the appropriate technical committee. Such requests should be addressed to the American Welding Society,Attention: Managing Director, Technical Services Division, 550 N.W. LeJeune Road, Miami, FL 33126. With regard totechnical inquiries made concerning AWS standards, oral opinions on AWS s
19、tandards may be rendered. These opinionsare offered solely as a convenience to users of this standard, and they do not constitute professional advice. Such opinionsrepresent only the personal opinions of the particular individuals giving them. These individuals do not speak on behalfof AWS, nor do t
20、hese oral opinions constitute official or unofficial opinions or interpretations of AWS. In addition, oralopinions are informal and should not be used as a substitute for an official interpretation.This standard is subject to revision at any time by the AWS C6 Committee on Friction Welding. It must
21、be reviewedevery five years, and if not revised, it must be either reaffirmed or withdrawn. Comments (recommendations, additions,or deletions) and any pertinent data that may be of use in improving this standard are required and should be addressedto AWS Headquarters. Such comments will receive care
22、ful consideration by the AWS C6 Committee on Friction Weldingand the author of the comments will be informed of the Committees response to the comments. Guests are invited toattend all meetings of the AWS C6 Committee on Friction Welding to express their comments verbally. Procedures forappeal of an
23、 adverse decision concerning all such comments are provided in the Rules of Operation of the TechnicalActivities Committee. A copy of these Rules can be obtained from the American Welding Society, 550 N.W. LeJeuneRoad, Miami, FL 33126.This page is intentionally blank.ivANSI/AWS C6.1-89 (R2009)vANSI/
24、AWS C6.1-89 (R2009)DedicationJ. O. BodineThis Recommended Practice is dedicated posthumouslyto Mr. J. O. Bodine, who, during his technical career,has made a significant contribution to the understandingand use of the friction welding process in production.This page is intentionally blank.viANSI/AWS
25、C6.1-89 (R2009)viiANSI/AWS C6.1-89 (R2009)Personnel (Reaffirmation)AWS C6 Committee on Friction WeldingT. J. Lienert, Chair Los Alamos National LaboratoryT. Stotler, Vice Chair Edison Welding InstituteR. Starks, Secretary American Welding SocietyD. C. Adams Manufacturing Technology, IncorporatedC. W
26、. Carrier General Electric CompanyJ. J. Donohue American Friction Welding, IncorporatedJ. W. Fischer American Friction WeldingG. A. Knorovsky Sandia National LaboratoriesD. L. Kuruzar Manufacturing Technology, IncorporatedM. Posada Naval Surface Warfare CenterJ. Price Thompson Friction WeldingH. W.
27、Seeds AAMA. S. Wadleigh Interface WeldingD. J. Walsh Walsh Friction Welding, IncorporatedR. R. Xu Rolls-Royce CorporationAdvisor to the AWS C6 Committee on Friction WeldingJ. R. Huber A RD Industries, LimitedThis page is intentionally blank.viiiANSI/AWS C6.1-89 (R2009)ixANSI/AWS C6.1-89 (R2009)Perso
28、nnel (Original)*AdvisorAWS C6 Committee on Friction WeldingD. E. Spindler, Chair Manufacturing Technology, IncorporatedR. B. Leachy, 1st Vice Chair Coatings, IncorporatedC. A. Johnson, 2nd Vice Chair Naval Weapons CenterW. A. Dierschow, Secretary American Welding SocietyC. E. Albright Ohio State Uni
29、versityJ. O. Bodine (Deceased) Caterpillar Tractor CompanyJ. B. Bolton DRILCO Division, Smith International, IncorporatedS. B. Carlson New Britian Machine Division, Litton IndustriesJ. T. Colla Evinrude Motors, OMCJ. O. Cowens Dana CorporationF. B. Grinsell NEI Thompson Welding SystemsJ. R. Kelley G
30、eneral Electric CompanyD. L. Kuruzar Manufacturing Technology, IncorporatedJ. D. Matyazic Terex CorporationJ. P. Thorne Newcor, IncorporatedW. C. Wright Freight Master Division, Halliburton CompanyH. S. Blair* Clark Equipment CompanyG. Duchon* University of WisconsinJ. F. Justice* Productivity Syste
31、ms, IncorporatedM. T. Pacak* Grant CorporationR. N. Vecchiarelli* Cindex Industries, IncorporatedF. J. Wallace* Pratt & Whitney AircraftK. K. Wang* Cornell UniversityR. P. Wilson* Chance Collar Company, HOMCO, W. R. Grace, IncorporatedThis page is intentionally blank.xANSI/AWS C6.1-89 (R2009)xiANSI/
32、AWS C6.1-89 (R2009)ForewordThis foreword is not part of ANSI/AWS C6.1-89 (R2009), RecommendedPractices for Friction Welding, but is included for informational purposes only.The Committee on Friction Welding was formed in 1977 with representatives from governmental agencies, industry,and research org
33、anizations. The initial objective of the committee was the exchange of friction welding technical infor-mation. As the process gained wider acceptance, it became increasingly apparent that there was a growing need for a setof guidelines to the variations and application of the process.This recommend
34、ed practice represents the culmination of committee activity to assemble a summary of friction weldingtechnology into a single source.This document is intended to serve as a guide for use of the process. Specific applications may require the consider-ation of other factors outside the scope of this
35、document.This document has been reaffirmed in 2009 and includes errata. A vertical line in the margin indicates a revision fromthe 1989 edition.Comments and suggestions for the improvement of this standard are welcome. They should be sent to the Secretary,Committee on Friction Welding, American Weld
36、ing Society, 550 N.W. LeJeune Road, Miami, FL 33126.ErratumThe following Erratum has been identified and incorporated into the current reprint of this document.Page 14, equation in 6.2 was changed fromWeld Area = to Weld Area = . WOD()2WID()24- WOD2WID2()4-This page is intentionally blank.xiiANSI/AW
37、S C6.1-89 (R2009)xiiiANSI/AWS C6.1-89 (R2009)Table of ContentsPage No.Dedication vPersonnel (Reaffirmation) viiPersonnel (Original)ixForewordxiList of Tables.xvList of Figures.xv1. Scope.12. Definitions 13. Measurement .14. Process Fundamentals .14.1 Process Description 14.2 Process Variations.34.3
38、History 34.4 Process Advantages 34.5 Process Limitations 35. Equipment.85.1 General Machine Characteristics85.2 Direct Drive Friction Welding Machines .85.3 Inertia Friction Welding Machines.115.4 Workpiece Restraint .115.5 Parameter Input Methods .115.6 Weld Parameter Monitoring .115.7 Flash Remova
39、l 125.8 Automated Material Handling125.9 Angular Orientation126. Joint Design.126.1 Joint Types126.2 Geometry Considerations .126.3 Other Joint Configurations .147. Materials .147.1 Material Compatibilities.147.2 Welding Parameters167.3 Material Quality Requirements 167.4 Thermal Treatment of Fricti
40、on Weldments 168. Process Requirements and Applications 178.1 General Requirements 178.2 Direct Drive Friction Welding Machines .178.3 Inertia Friction Welding Machines.188.4 Applications189. Process Qualification199.1 Welding Procedure Qualification .19xivPage No.ANSI/AWS C6.1-89 (R2009)9.2 Welding
41、 Machine Qualification199.3 Operator of Automatic Welding Equipment Qualification.1910. Inspection of Test Methods1910.1 General .1910.2 Nondestructive Tests.1910.3 Destructive Tests.2011. Safe Practices2011.1 General .2011.2 Noise and Hearing Protection.2111.3 Smoke.2111.4 Sparks and Loose Particle
42、s.2111.5 Mechanical .2112. Mechanical Properties of Friction Weldments 22Annex A (Informative)Nomenclature and Metric Conversion.23Annex B (Informative)References25Annex C (Informative)DVS Part 4, Friction Welding Defects.27xvANSI/AWS C6.1-89 (R2009)List of TablesTable Page No.1 Nondestructive Exami
43、nation Techniques and Defect Applicability .202 Destructive Examination Techniques and Defect Applicability .20List of FiguresFigure Page No.1 Basic Steps in Friction Welding22 Direct Drive Friction Welding Parameter Characteristics 43 Inertia Friction Welding Parameter Characteristics54 Modificatio
44、ns of Friction Welding65 Friction Surfacing .86 Friction Welding Machine Construction.97 Basic Joint Types for Friction Welding.138 Friction Weldment Geometry Considerations 149 Material Combinations Weldable by Friction Welding 15This page is intentionally blank.xviANSI/AWS C6.1-89 (R2009)ANSI/AWS
45、C6.1-89 (R2009)1Recommended Practicesfor Friction Welding1. AWS standards are published by the American WeldingSociety, 550 N.W. LeJeune Road, Miami, FL 33126.ANSI/AWS C6.1-89 (R2009)2Figure 1Basic Steps in Friction WeldingANSI/AWS C6.1-89 (R2009)3ANSI/AWS C6.1-89 (R2009)4Figure 2Direct Drive Fricti
46、on Welding Parameter CharacteristicsANSI/AWS C6.1-89 (R2009)5Figure 3Inertia Friction Welding Parameter CharacteristicsANSI/AWS C6.1-89 (R2009)6Figure 4Modifications of Friction WeldingANSI/AWS C6.1-89 (R2009)7Figure 4 (Continued)Modifications of Friction WeldingANSI/AWS C6.1-89 (R2009)8ANSI/AWS C6.1-89 (R2009)9Figure 6Friction Welding Machine ConstructionANSI/AWS C6.1-89 (R2009)10Figure 6 (Continued)Friction Welding Machine ConstructionANSI/AWS C6.1-89 (R2009)11a aaANSI/AWS C6.1-89 (R2009)12ANSI/AWS C6.1-89 (R2009)13Figure 7Basic Joint Types for Friction Welding
