1、 Structural WeldingCode TitaniumAWS D1.9/D1.9M:2015An American National StandardAWS D1.9/D1.9M:2015An American National StandardApproved by theAmerican National Standards InstituteAugust 27, 2015Structural Welding CodeTitanium2nd EditionSupersedes AWS D1.9/D1.9M:2007Prepared by theAmerican Welding S
2、ociety (AWS) D1 Committee on Structural WeldingUnder the Direction of theAWS Technical Activities CommitteeApproved by theAWS Board of DirectorsAbstractThis code covers the requirements for design and welding of any type of titanium structure. Titanium pressure vesselsand fluid-carrying pipe lines a
3、re specifically excluded. Clauses 1 through 5 and Annex A constitute a body of rules forthe regulation of welding in titanium construction. A commentary on the code is also included with the document.AWS D1.9/D1.9M:2015iiISBN: 978-0-87171-852-5 2015 by American Welding SocietyAll rights reservedPrin
4、ted in the United States of AmericaPhotocopy Rights. No portion of this standard may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in anyform, including mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the copyrightowner.Authorization to photoc
5、opy items for internal, personal, or educational classroom use only or the internal, personal, oreducational classroom use only of specific clients is granted by the American Welding Society provided that the appropriatefee is paid to the Copyright Clearance Center, 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 0
6、1923, tel: (978) 750-8400; Internet:.iiiAWS D1.9/D1.9M:2015Statement on the Use of American Welding Society StandardsAll standards (codes, specifications, recommended practices, methods, classifications, and guides) of the AmericanWelding Society (AWS) are voluntary consensus standards that have bee
7、n developed in accordance with the rules of theAmerican National Standards Institute (ANSI). When AWS American National Standards are either incorporated in, ormade part of, documents that are included in federal or state laws and regulations, or the regulations of other governmen-tal bodies, their
8、provisions carry the full legal authority of the statute. In such cases, any changes in those AWS standardsmust be approved by the governmental body having statutory jurisdiction before they can become a part of those lawsand regulations. In all cases, these standards carry the full legal authority
9、of the contract or other document that invokesthe AWS standards. Where this contractual relationship exists, changes in or deviations from requirements of an AWSstandard must be by agreement between the contracting parties.AWS American National Standards are developed through a consensus standards d
10、evelopment process that bringstogether volunteers representing varied viewpoints and interests to achieve consensus. While AWS administers the pro-cess and establishes rules to promote fairness in the development of consensus, it does not independently test, evaluate,or verify the accuracy of any in
11、formation or the soundness of any judgments contained in its standards.AWS disclaims liability for any injury to persons or to property, or other damages of any nature whatsoever, whetherspecial, indirect, consequential, or compensatory, directly or indirectly resulting from the publication, use of,
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13、r is AWS undertaking to perform any duty owed by any person or entity to someoneelse. Anyone using these documents should rely on his or her own independent judgment or, as appropriate, seek theadvice of a competent professional in determining the exercise of reasonable care in any given circumstanc
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18、rd may only be obtained by sending a request,in writing, to the appropriate technical committee. Such requests should be addressed to the American Welding Society,Attention: Managing Director, Technical Services Division, 8669 NW 36 St, # 130, Miami, FL 33166 (see Annex F).With regard to technical i
19、nquiries made concerning AWS standards, oral opinions on AWS standards may be rendered.These opinions are offered solely as a convenience to users of this standard, and they do not constitute professionaladvice. Such opinions represent only the personal opinions of the particular individuals giving
20、them. These individualsdo not speak on behalf of AWS, nor do these oral opinions constitute official or unofficial opinions or interpretations ofAWS. In addition, oral opinions are informal and should not be used as a substitute for an official interpretation.This standard is subject to revision at
21、any time by the AWS D1 Committee on Structural Welding. It must be reviewedevery five years, and if not revised, it must be either reaffirmed or withdrawn. Comments (recommendations, additions,or deletions) and any pertinent data that may be of use in improving this standard are required and should
22、be addressed toAWS Headquarters. Such comments will receive careful consideration by the AWS D1 Committee on Structural Weld-ing and the author of the comments will be informed of the Committees response to the comments. Guests are invited toattend all meetings of the AWS D1 Committee on Structural
23、Welding to express their comments verbally. Procedures forappeal of an adverse decision concerning all such comments are provided in the Rules of Operation of the Technical Ac-tivities Committee. A copy of these Rules can be obtained from the American Welding Society, 8669 NW 36 St, # 130,Miami, FL
24、33166.This page is intentionally blank.ivAWS D1.9/D1.9M:2015vAWS D1.9/D1.9M:2015PersonnelAWS D1 Committee on Structural WeldingA. W. Sindel, Chair General Electric Power, Steam Power SystemsT. L. Niemann, Vice Chair Minnesota Department of TransportationR. D. Medlock, 2nd Vice Chair High Steel Struc
25、turesJ. Molin, Secretary American Welding SocietyF. G. Armao The Lincoln Electric CompanyE. L. Bickford Acute Technologies ServicesT. W. Burns AlcoTec Wire CorporationH. H. Campbell, III Pazuzu EngineeringR. D. Campbell Bechtel R. B. Corbit CB some safety and health information is pro-vided, but suc
26、h issues are not fully addressed herein.Safety and health information is available from the following sources:American Welding Society:(1) ANSI Z49.1, Safety in Welding, Cutting, and Allied Processes(2) AWS Safety and Health Fact Sheets(3) Other safety and health information on the AWS websiteMateri
27、al or Equipment Manufacturers:(1) Safety Data Sheets supplied by materials manufacturers(2) Operating Manuals supplied by equipment manufacturersApplicable Regulatory AgenciesWork performed in accordance with this standard may involve the use of materials that have been deemed hazardous,and may invo
28、lve operations or equipment that may cause injury or death. This standard does not purport to address allsafety and health risks that may be encountered. The user of this standard should establish an appropriate safety programto address such risks as well as to meet applicable regulatory requirement
29、s. ANSI Z49.1 should be considered whendeveloping the safety program.4CLAUSE 1. GENERAL REQUIREMENTS AWS D1.9/D1.9M:20151.8 Standard Units of MeasurementThis standard makes use of both U.S. Customary Units and the International System of Units (SI). The latter are shownwith brackets or in appropriat
30、e columns in tables and figures. The measurements may not be exact equivalents; there-fore, each system shall be used independently.1.9 Reference DocumentsAnnex B contains a list of all documents referenced in the code.AWS D1.9/D1.9M:201552. Design of Welded ConnectionsPart AGeneral Requirements2.1
31、GeneralThis clause covers the design of welded connections.2.2 Drawings and Design Data/Model2.2.1 General. The drawing or model shall show information regarding the following:(1) Base metal specifications(2) Dimensions of the members being joined(3) The location, type, size, and extent of all welds
32、2.2.2 Joint Details. The detail drawings shall clearly indicate, by means of welding symbols, the preparation and toler-ances for fit-up of material for the required joints. If joints with backing are to be used, the material, width, thickness,and contour for such backing shall be shown.2.3 Allowabl
33、e Stresses2.3.1 Allowable Stresses. The allowable stresses in welds and connections shall not exceed those given in Table 2.1. Itshall be noted that some combinations of weld metal and base metal may introduce additional issues that need to beassessed before the acceptance of the design.2.3.2 Data a
34、nd Analysis. Designs shall be supported by experimental data or engineering analysis or both when either:(1) Dissimilar titanium grades are joined, or(2) The welding filler metal has not been selected in accordance with Table 4.2.2.3.3 Loading and Fatigue Life. Designs exceeding the loading and fati
35、gue life conditions in Figure 2.9 and alternativeor special weld configurations not listed in Table 2.2 are permitted, provided they are supported by experimental data orengineering analysis or both.6CLAUSE 2. DESIGN OF WELDED CONNECTIONS AWS D1.9/D1.9M:2015Part BWeld Lengths and Areas2.4 Groove Wel
36、ds2.4.1 Effective Length. The maximum effective weld length of any groove weld, regardless of orientation, shall be thewidth of the part joined, perpendicular to the direction of tensile or compressive stress. For groove welds transmittingshear stress, the effective length is the length specified.2.
37、4.2 Complete Joint Penetration (CJP) Groove Welds. The weld size of a complete joint penetration groove weldshall be the thickness of the thinner part joined.2.4.3 Partial Joint Penetration (PJP) Groove Welds. Weld reinforcement shall not be used when calculating weldsize.2.4.4 Effective Area. The e
38、ffective area shall be the product of the effective weld length multiplied by the weld size.2.5 Fillet Welds2.5.1 Maximum Weld Size. The maximum fillet weld size permitted along edges of material shall be as shown in Fig-ure 2.1 and detailed in the following subclauses:(1) The thickness of the base
39、metal, for metal less than 1/4 in 6 mm in thickness.(2) 1/16 in 1.5 mm less than the thickness of base metal, for metal 1/4 in 6 mm or more in thickness, unless theweld size is designated on the drawing to be built out to obtain full throat thickness. The distance between the edge ofthe base metal a
40、nd toe of the weld may be less than 1/16 in 1.5 mm, provided the edge is clearly visible and the weldsize clearly verifiable.2.5.1.1 The effective length of a straight fillet weld (not curved) shall be the overall length of the full-size fillet,including end returns. No reduction in effective length
41、 need be made for either the start or the crater of the weld if theweld is of full size throughout its length.2.5.1.2 The effective length of a curved fillet weld shall be measured along the centerline of the effective throat. If theeffective length of a fillet weld in a hole or slot leads to an eff
42、ective area greater than the area found from 2.6.1, then usethe greater value.2.5.1.3 The minimum effective length of a fillet weld shall be at least four times the weld size, or the weld size shallbe considered not to exceed one fourth of its effective length.2.5.1.4 The minimum length of an interm
43、ittent fillet weld shall be 1-1/2 in 38 mm or four times the weld size,whichever is greater.2.5.2 Effective Area. The effective area of the fillet weld shall be the product of the effective weld length and the effec-tive throat. 2.5.2.1 Stresses in Fillet Welds. Stress in a fillet weld shall be cons
44、idered as a shear load applied to this area, for anydirection of applied load.2.5.3 Fillets in Holes or Slots. Fillets in holes or slots in lap joints may be used to transfer shear, to prevent buckling orto prevent separation of lapped parts. Fillet welds in holes or slots shall not be considered pl
45、ug and slot welds.2.5.4 Fillets in Skewed T-Joints. Fillet welds may be used in skewed T-joints having a dihedral angle of not less than60 nor more than 120 (see Figure 2.2, details A and B).2.5.5 Size and Spacing of Holes and Slots. Minimum spacing and dimensions of holes or slots when fillet welds
46、 areused shall be in accordance with the requirements of 2.6.PART B7AWS D1.9/D1.9M:2015 CLAUSE 2. DESIGN OF WELDED CONNECTIONS2.6 Plug and Slot Welds2.6.1 Effective Area. The effective area shall be the nominal area of the hole or slot in the plane of the faying surfaces.Plug and slot welds shall be
47、 designed to resist shear loads parallel to their effective area.2.6.2 Minimum Plug Hole Diameter. The minimum hole diameter for a plug weld in material with thickness (T) of0.125 in 3 mm or greater shall be 2.5T.2.6.3 Minimum Spacing of Plug Welds. The minimum center-to-center spacing of plug welds
48、 shall be four times thediameter of the hole.2.6.4 Slot Length. The length of the slot for a slot weld shall not exceed ten times the thickness of the base metal. Theminimum slot length in material with thickness (T) of 0.125 in 3 mm or greater shall be 2.5T. 2.6.5 Slot Ends. The ends of the slot sh
49、all be semicircular or shall have the corners rounded to a radius not less than thethickness of the part containing it, except those ends which intersect an edge of the part.2.6.6 Minimum Spacing of Slot Welds 2.6.6.1 The minimum spacing of rows of slot welds in a direction transverse to their length shall be four times thewidth of the slot. 2.6.6.2 The minimum center-to-center spacing in a longitudinal direction on any line shall be two times the length ofthe slot.2.6.7 Fill Depth2.6.7.1 For base metal less than or equal to 5/8 in 16 mm thick, the depth of fill of p
