1、AWS G2.3M/G2.3:2012An American National StandardGuide for theJoining of SolidSolution AusteniticStainless SteelsAWS G2.3M/G2.3:2012An American National StandardApproved by theAmerican National Standards InstituteOctober 16, 2012Guide for the Joining ofSolid Solution AusteniticStainless Steels2nd Edi
2、tionSupersedes AWS G2.3M/G2.3:2009Prepared by theAmerican Welding Society (AWS) G2 Committee on the Joining of Metals and AlloysUnder the Direction of theAWS Technical Activities CommitteeApproved by theAWS Board of DirectorsAbstractThis guide presents a description of solid solution austenitic stai
3、nless steels and the processes and procedures that can beused for the joining of these materials. This standard discusses the welding processes and welding parameters, qualifica-tions, inspection and repair methods, cleaning, and safety considerations. Practical information has been included in thef
4、orm of figures, tables, and graphs that should prove useful in determining capabilities and limitations in the joining ofaustenitic stainless steels.iiAWS G2.3M/G2.3:2012International Standard Book Number: 978-0-87171-824-2American Welding Society8669 Doral Blvd., Suite 130, Doral, FL 33166 2012 by
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7、rance Center, 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, tel: (978) 750-8400; Internet:.iiiAWS G2.3M/G2.3:2012Statement on the Use of American Welding Society StandardsAll standards (codes, specifications, recommended practices, methods, classifications, and guides) of the AmericanWelding Society (AWS)
8、are voluntary consensus standards that have been developed in accordance with the rules of theAmerican National Standards Institute (ANSI). When AWS American National Standards are either incorporated in, ormade part of, documents that are included in federal or state laws and regulations, or the re
9、gulations of other govern-mental bodies, their provisions carry the full legal authority of the statute. In such cases, any changes in those AWSstandards must be approved by the governmental body having statutory jurisdiction before they can become a part ofthose laws and regulations. In all cases,
10、these standards carry the full legal authority of the contract or other documentthat invokes the AWS standards. Where this contractual relationship exists, changes in or deviations from requirementsof an AWS standard must be by agreement between the contracting parties.AWS American National Standard
11、s are developed through a consensus standards development process that bringstogether volunteers representing varied viewpoints and interests to achieve consensus. While AWS administers theprocess and establishes rules to promote fairness in the development of consensus, it does not independently te
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18、nitor, police, or enforce compliance with this standard, nor does it have the power to do so.Official interpretations of any of the technical requirements of this standard may only be obtained by sending a request,in writing, to the appropriate technical committee. Such requests should be addressed
19、to the American Welding Society,Attention: Managing Director, Technical Services Division, 8669 Doral Blvd., Suite 130, Doral, FL 33166 (see Annex F).With regard to technical inquiries made concerning AWS standards, oral opinions on AWS standards may be rendered.These opinions are offered solely as
20、a convenience to users of this standard, and they do not constitute professionaladvice. Such opinions represent only the personal opinions of the particular individuals giving them. These individualsdo not speak on behalf of AWS, nor do these oral opinions constitute official or unofficial opinions
21、or interpretations ofAWS. In addition, oral opinions are informal and should not be used as a substitute for an official interpretation.This standard is subject to revision at any time by the AWS G2 Committee on the Joining of Metals and Alloys. It mustbe reviewed every five years, and if not revise
22、d, it must be either reaffirmed or withdrawn. Comments (recommendations,additions, or deletions) and any pertinent data that may be of use in improving this standard are required and shouldbe addressed to AWS Headquarters. Such comments will receive careful consideration by the AWS G2 Committee onth
23、e Joining of Metals and Alloys and the author of the comments will be informed of the Committees response to thecomments. Guests are invited to attend all meetings of the AWS G2 Committee on the Joining of Metals and Alloys toexpress their comments verbally. Procedures for appeal of an adverse decis
24、ion concerning all such comments are providedin the Rules of Operation of the Technical Activities Committee. A copy of these Rules can be obtained from the AmericanWelding Society, 8669 Doral Blvd., Suite 130, Doral, FL 33166.This page is intentionally blank.ivAWS G2.3M/G2.3:2012vAWS G2.3M/G2.3:201
25、2PersonnelAWS G2 Committee on Joining Metals and AlloysF. S. Babish, Chair Sandvik Materials TechnologyG. Dunn, Vice Chair ExxonMobil Development CompanyA. L. Diaz, Secretary American Welding SocietyR. E. Avery Consultant to Nickel InstituteS. O. Luke Black laser beam, electron beam, plasma arc,resi
26、stance, and braze welding are not covered in great detail.The welding processes discussed in this guide include recommended welding parameters, filler metals, shielding gases,and fluxes. Procedure qualifications, inspection and repair considerations and methods, and cleaning and safety con-sideratio
27、ns are also discussed. Practical information has been included as figures, tables, and graphs that should proveuseful for determining the capabilities and limitations in the joining of austenitic stainless steels. This guide does notaddress martensitic, ferritic, or duplex stainless steels.1.2 Units
28、 of Measure. This standard uses both the International System of Units (SI) and U.S. Customary Units. Thelatter are shown with brackets ( ) or in appropriate columns in tables and figures. The measurements may not be exactequivalents; therefore, each system should be used independently.1.3 Safety. S
29、afety and health issues and concerns are beyond the scope of this standard; some safety and health infor-mation is provided, but such issues are not fully addressed herein. Safety and health information is available from thefollowing sources:American Welding Society:(1) ANSI Z49.1, Safety in Welding
30、, Cutting, and Allied Processes(2) AWS Safety and Health Fact Sheets(3) Other safety and health information on the AWS websiteMaterial or Equipment Manufacturers:(1) Material Safety Data Sheets supplied by materials manufacturers(2) Operating Manuals supplied by equipment manufacturersApplicable Reg
31、ulatory AgenciesWork performed in accordance with this standard may involve the use of materials that have been deemed hazardous,and may involve operations or equipment that may cause injury or death. This standard does not purport to address allsafety and health risks that may be encountered. The u
32、ser of this standard should establish an appropriate safety programto address such risks as well as to meet applicable regulatory requirements. ANSI Z49.1 should be considered whendeveloping the safety program.2. Normative ReferencesThe standards listed below contain provisions, which through refere
33、nce in this text, constitute mandatory provisions ofthis AWS standard. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced standard shall apply. For dated references,subsequent amendments to, or revisions of, any of these publications do not apply.AWS G2.3M/G2.3:20122American Welding Societ
34、y (AWS) standards:1AWS A3.0M/A3.0, Standard Welding Terms and Definitions, Including Terms for Adhesive Bonding, Brazing,Soldering, Thermal Cutting, and Thermal Spraying;AWS A4.2M:2006 (ISO 8249:2000 MOD), Standard Procedures for Calibrating Magnetic Instruments to Measurethe Delta Ferrite Content o
35、f Austenitic and Duplex Ferritic-Austenitic Stainless Steel Weld Metal;AWS A5.4/A5.4M, Specification for Stainless Steel Electrodes for Shielded Metal Arc Welding;AWS A5.8M/A5.8, Specification for Filler Metals for Brazing and Braze Welding;AWS A5.9/A5.9M, Specification for Bare Stainless Steel Weld
36、ing Electrodes and Rods;AWS A5.11/A5.11M, Specification for Nickel and Nickel-Alloy Welding Electrodes for Shielded Metal Arc Welding;AWS A5.14/A5.14M, Specification for Nickel and Nickel-Alloy Bare Welding Electrodes and Rods;AWS A5.12/A5.12M, Specification for Tungsten and Tungsten Alloy Electrode
37、s for Arc Welding;AWS A5.22/A5.22M, Specification for Stainless Steel Flux Cored and Metal Cored Welding Electrodes and Rods;AWS A5.32/A5.32M-97, Specification for Welding Shielding Gas;AWS A5.32/A5.32M:2011 (ISO 14175:2008 MOD), Welding ConsumablesGases and Gas Mixtures for FusionWelding and Allied
38、 Processes; andAWS A5.34/A5.34M, Specification for Nickel-Alloy Electrodes for Flux Cored Arc Welding.ASTM International standard:2ASTM A380, Standard Recommended Practice for Cleaning and Descaling and Passivation of Stainless Steel Parts,Equipment and Systems.3. Terms and DefinitionsAWS A3.0M/A3.0
39、, Standard Welding Terms and Definitions, Including Terms for Adhesive Bonding, Brazing, Soldering,Thermal Cutting, and Thermal Spraying, provides the basis for terms and definitions used herein. However, thefollowing terms and definitions are included below to accommodate usage specific to this doc
40、ument.austenite. A solid solution phase with the face-centered cubic (FCC) crystal structure. The FCC crystal structure ofaustenite is non-magnetic and remains ductile even at cryogenic temperatures. Austenite forms in stainless steelswhen iron is alloyed with sufficient austenite-promoting elements
41、 including nickel, carbon, nitrogen, manganese, orcopper.Charpy test. A pendulum-type single-blow impact test in which the specimen, usually notched, is supported at bothends as simple beam and broken by a falling pendulum. The energy absorbed is a measure of impact strength andnotch toughness. Duct
42、ility is measured in terms of lateral expansion.cleaning. Cleaning as discussed herein refers to the removal of surface contaminants (lubricants, soil, free iron, etc.)using cleaning solutions that range from soapy water to organic solvents to acid-based liquids, or by mechanicalmeans.creep. The tim
43、e-dependent strain that occurs under load at elevated temperature.ductility-dip cracking. A solid-state crack formed at elevated temperatures. Typically occurs in alloys with the austen-itic face-centered cubic (FCC) microstructure and is associated with an abrupt drop in ductility. This form of cra
44、ckingtypically occurs with high weld restraint, such as in the thick-section weldments, and when a large austenite grain sizeis present.1AWS standards are published by the American Welding Society, 8669 Doral Blvd., Suite 130, Doral, FL 33166.2ASTM International standards are published by ASTM Inter
45、national, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959.AWS G2.3M/G2.3:20123ferrite. A solid solution phase with the body-centered cubic (BCC) crystal structure. The term “ferrite” as discussed inthis document is “delta ferrite.” The presence of ferrite during solidification increases resi
46、stance to weld metal solidi-fication cracking but can also promote formation of brittle intermetallics such as sigma phase during subsequent hightemperature exposure. Delta ferrite forms during the solidification of molten stainless steels containing iron alloyedwith ferrite-promoting elements inclu
47、ding chromium, molybdenum, silicon, niobium, titanium, aluminum, vanadium,or tungsten.free iron. Iron particles or iron deposits on the materials surface not originating from the stainless steel base metal.heat (of material). A finite quantity of material melted and produced at a mill at one time.he
48、at-affected zone (HAZ). The portion of base metal that has had its mechanical properties or microstructure altered bythe heat of welding, brazing, soldering, or thermal cutting.heat tint. Also called discoloration. Any change in surface color from that of the unaffected base metal; usually associ-at
49、ed with oxidation. Heat tint may occur on the weld, weld heat-affected zone (HAZ), or base metal as a result ofheating from welding or other thermal processes. Heat tint colors may range from pale bluish-gray to deep blue, andfrom a pale straw color to a black crusty coating.hot crack. A crack formed at temperatures near the completion of solidification in weld metal or the partially metedzone. See also liquation cracking and weld metal solidification cracking.knifeline attack (KLA). Corrosion that occurs in a very narrow region directly adjacent to the weld fusion line. Stablecarbides (
