1、Guide for theFusion WeldingofTitanium andTitanium AlloysAWS G2.4/G2.4M:2014An American National StandardAWS G2.4/G2.4M:2014An American National StandardApproved by theAmerican National Standards InstituteMay 5, 2014Guide for theFusion Welding of Titaniumand Titanium Alloys2nd EditionSupersedes AWS G
2、2.4/G2.4M:2007Prepared by theAmerican Welding Society (AWS) G2 Committee on the Joining of Metals and AlloysUnder the Direction of theAWS Technical Activities CommitteeApproved by theAWS Board of DirectorsAbstractThe standard Guide for the Fusion Welding of Titanium and Titanium Alloys provides inst
3、ructional guidance for the welding oftitanium and titanium alloys. This guide explains processes, equipment, materials, workshop practices, joint preparation, weldingtechnique, tests, and the repair of defects.iiAWS G2.4/G2.4M:2014ISBN: 978-0-87171-848-8 2014 by American Welding SocietyAll rights re
4、servedPrinted in the United States of AmericaPhotocopy Rights. No portion of this standard may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in anyform, including mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the copyrightowner.Authorization
5、 to photocopy items for internal, personal, or educational classroom use only or the internal, personal, oreducational classroom use only of specific clients is granted by the American Welding Society provided that the appropriatefee is paid to the Copyright Clearance Center, 222 Rosewood Drive, Dan
6、vers, MA 01923, tel: (978) 750-8400; Internet:.iiiAWS G2.4/G2.4M:2014Statement on the Use of American Welding Society StandardsAll standards (codes, specifications, recommended practices, methods, classifications, and guides) of the AmericanWelding Society (AWS) are voluntary consensus standards tha
7、t have been developed in accordance with the rules of theAmerican National Standards Institute (ANSI). When AWS American National Standards are either incorporated in, ormade part of, documents that are included in federal or state laws and regulations, or the regulations of other govern-mental bodi
8、es, their provisions carry the full legal authority of the statute. In such cases, any changes in those AWSstandards must be approved by the governmental body having statutory jurisdiction before they can become a part ofthose laws and regulations. In all cases, these standards carry the full legal
9、authority of the contract or other documentthat invokes the AWS standards. Where this contractual relationship exists, changes in or deviations from requirementsof an AWS standard must be by agreement between the contracting parties.AWS American National Standards are developed through a consensus s
10、tandards development process that bringstogether volunteers representing varied viewpoints and interests to achieve consensus. While AWS administers theprocess and establishes rules to promote fairness in the development of consensus, it does not independently test, evalu-ate, or verify the accuracy
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17、with this standard, nor does it have the power to do so.Official interpretations of any of the technical requirements of this standard may only be obtained by sending a request,in writing, to the appropriate technical committee. Such requests should be addressed to the American Welding Society,Atten
18、tion: Managing Director, Technical Services Division, 8669 NW 36 St, # 130, Miami, FL 33166 (see Annex E).With regard to technical inquiries made concerning AWS standards, oral opinions on AWS standards may be rendered.These opinions are offered solely as a convenience to users of this standard, and
19、 they do not constitute professionaladvice. Such opinions represent only the personal opinions of the particular individuals giving them. These individualsdo not speak on behalf of AWS, nor do these oral opinions constitute official or unofficial opinions or interpretations ofAWS. In addition, oral
20、opinions are informal and should not be used as a substitute for an official interpretation.This standard is subject to revision at any time by the AWS required and should be addressed to AWS Headquarters.Such comments will receive careful consideration by the AWS G2 Committee on the Joining of Meta
21、ls and Alloys. Itmust be reviewed every five years, and if not revised, it must be either reaffirmed or withdrawn. Comments (recommen-dations, additions, or deletions) and any pertinent data that may be of use in improving this standard are required andshould be addressed to AWS Headquarters. Such c
22、omments will receive careful consideration by the AWS G2 Committeeon the Joining of Metals and Alloys and the author of the comments will be informed of the Committees response to thecomments. Guests are invited to attend all meetings of the AWS required and should be addressed to AWS Headquarters.S
23、uch comments will receive careful consideration by the AWS G2 Committee on the Joining of Metals and Alloys toexpress their comments verbally. Procedures for appeal of an adverse decision concerning all such comments are pro-vided in the Rules of Operation of the Technical Activities Committee. A co
24、py of these Rules can be obtained from theAmerican Welding Society, 8669 NW 36 St, # 130, Miami, FL 33166.This page is intentionally blank.ivAWS G2.4/G2.4M:2014vAWS G2.4/G2.4M:2014PersonnelAWS G2 Committee on the Joining of Metals and AlloysF. S. Babish, Chair Sandvik Materials TechnologyG. Dunn, Vi
25、ce Chair ExxonMobil Development CompanyA. L. Diaz, Secretary American Welding SocietyR. E. Avery Consultant to Nickel InstituteS. O. Luke Black therefore each system must be used independently of the other, without combining values in anyway when referring to filler metal properties. In selecting ra
26、tional metric units, the AWS A1.1, Metric Practice Guide forthe Welding Industry, and the International Standard ISO 544, Welding consumables Technical delivery conditions forwelding filler metals Type of product, dimensions, tolerances and markings, are used where suitable. Tables andfigures make u
27、se of both U.S. Customary and SI Units, which, with the application of the specified tolerances, providefor interchangeability of products in both the U.S. Customary and SI Units.A vertical line in the margin or underlined text in clauses, tables, or figures indicates an editorial or technical chang
28、efrom the 2007 edition.Comments and suggestions for the improvement of this standard are welcome. They should be sent to the Secretary, AWS G2Committee on Joining Metals and Alloys, American Welding Society, 8669 NW 36 St, # 130, Miami, FL 33166.This page is intentionally blank.viiiAWS G2.4/G2.4M:20
29、14ixAWS G2.4/G2.4M:2014Table of ContentsPage No.Personnel vForeword.viiList of TablesxiList of Figuresxi1. General Requirements .11.1 Scope11.2 Units of Measurements11.3 Safety .12. Normative References13. Terms and Definitions 24. Introduction .44.1 Oxygen, Nitrogen, Carbon, Iron, and Titanium54.2
30、Surface Oxide Film.55. Arc Welding Processes .65.1 Gas Tungsten Arc Welding (GTAW) .65.2 Gas Metal Arc Welding (GMAW) .65.3 Plasma Arc Welding (PAW)66. Equipment76.1 Power Source 76.2 Welding Torch.76.3 Tungsten Electrodes87. Materials 107.1 Base Metals.107.2 Filler Metals107.3 Procedure Qualificati
31、on 128. Workshop Practice.128.1 Workshop Layout128.2 Material Identification and Storage128.3 Inert Gas Protection 128.4 Inert Gas Distribution .138.5 In-Chamber Welding.138.6 Open-Air Welding.148.7 Shielding Gases.178.8 Argon Safety .179. Joint Preparation 179.1 Joint Design 179.2 Cutting 189.3 Pre
32、liminary Preparation 199.4 Cleaning for Welding209.5 Fitup and Tack Welding 20xPage No.AWS G2.4/G2.4M:201410. Welding Technique.2110.1 Welding Parameters2110.2 Preheating 2110.3 Filler Metal Practice .2110.4 Starting and Stopping the Arc.2110.5 Electrode Practice.2210.6 Wire Feeding2210.7 Interpass
33、Cleaning2210.8 Interpass Temperatures.2211. In-Process Weld Quality Tests .2211.1 Visual Inspection2211.2 Dew Point Testing 2411.3 Bend Testing 2411.4 Hardness Testing2412. Nondestructive Test 2512.1 Radiography.2512.2 Liquid Penetrant Testing.2512.3 Ultrasonic Inspection2613. Repair of Defects 2613
34、.1 Fabrication Defects.2613.2 Repairs Following Service Failures.2613.3 Porosity2613.4 Filler Metals for Welding Titanium Alloys Metal Joints 26Annex A (Informative)Requirements of Base Metals27Annex B (Informative)Requirements of Filler Metals 31Annex C (Informative) Informative References .35Annex
35、 D (Informative)Classifications for Titanium and Titanium Alloys37Annex E (Informative)Guidelines for the Preparation of Technical Inquiries 41List of AWS Documents on Joining Metals and Alloys43xiAWS G2.4/G2.4M:2014List of TablesTable Page No.1 Approximate Current Ranges Depending upon the Electrod
36、e Diameter92 ASTM Specifications for Product Forms 103 Recommended Filler Metals .114 Recommended Shielding Gas Purity and Dew Point .135 Typical Joint Designs.186 Typical Parameters for GTAW, GMAW, and PAW.217 Surface Color in Titanium Welds238 Bend Test Requirements for Titanium Alloys25A.1 Chemic
37、al Composition Requirements of Base Metals (from ASTM B265).27A.2 Tensile Strength Requirements of Base Metals.29B.1 Symbols for Chemical Composition and Composition Requirements .32D.1 Guidelines for Compatible Filler Materials .37D.2 Base Material Grouping S-51 38D.3 Base Material Grouping S-52.38
38、D.4 Base Material Grouping S-53.39D.5 Base Material Grouping S-54.40D.6 Filler Material Grouping A-51B.40D.7 Filler Material Grouping A-52B.40D.8 Filler Material Grouping A-53B.40List of Figures1 Body-Centered Cubic (BCC) Structure32 Hexagonal Close-Packed (HCP) Structure33 Interstitial Elements.44
39、Substitutional Elements 45 Titanium Surface Oxide Formed by Heating in Air.56 Large-Diameter Gas Cup and Lens for Titanium Welding 77 Tungsten Electrode Tip Shape.88 Collapsible Plastic Chamber Purged with Argon .149 Typical Trailing Shield Design1510 Examples of Backup Shields for Manual GTAW.1611
40、Color Sequence in Titanium2312 Contamination of Tungsten Electrode from Air Entrainment .24This page is intentionally blank.xiiAWS G2.4/G2.4M:2014AWS G2.4/G2.4M:20141Guide for the Fusion Welding ofTitanium and Titanium Alloys1. General Requirements1.1 Scope. This guide provides information on weldin
41、g processes and procedures that are recommended for use in tita-nium fabrication. The document presents detailed and up-to-date technical information on the best practices to allow firsttime fabricators of titanium as well as established fabricators to join titanium parts into high quality component
42、s.1.2 Units of Measurements. This standard makes use of both the U.S. Customary Units and the International System ofUnits (SI). The latter are shown within brackets ( ) or in appropriate columns in tables and figures. The measurementsmay not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system must be used
43、 independently.1.3 Safety. Safety and health issues and concerns are beyond the scope of this standard and therefore are not fullyaddressed herein. Safety and health information is available from the following sources:American Welding Society:(1) ANSI Z49.1, Safety in Welding, Cutting, and Allied Pr
44、ocesses(2) AWS Safety and Health Fact Sheets(3) Other safety and health information on the AWS websiteMaterial or Equipment Manufacturers:(1) Material Safety Data Sheets supplied by materials manufacturers(2) Operating Manuals supplied by equipment manufacturersApplicable Regulatory AgenciesWork per
45、formed in accordance with this standard may involve the use of materials that have been deemed hazardous,and may involve operations or equipment that may cause injury or death. This standard does not purport to address allsafety and health risks that may be encountered. The user of this standard sho
46、uld establish an appropriate safety programto address such risks as well as to meet applicable regulatory requirements. ANSI Z49.1 should be considered whendeveloping the safety program.2. Normative ReferencesThe following standards contain provisions which, through reference in this text, constitut
47、e mandatory provisions of thisAWS standard. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced standard shall apply. For dated references,subsequent amendments to, or revision of, any of these publications do not apply. (Informative standards and specifica-tions for titanium fabrication ar
48、e available in Annexes C and D.)AWS Documents:1AWS A3.0M/A3.0, Standard Welding Terms and Definitions, Including Terms for Adhesive Bonding, Brazing, Soldering,Thermal Cutting, and Thermal Spraying;1AWS standards are published by the American Welding Society, 8669 NW 36 St, # 130, Miami, FL 33166.AW
49、S G2.4/G2.4M:20142A5.12M/A5.12:2009 (ISO 6848:2004 MOD), Specification for Tungsten and Tungsten-Alloy Electrodes for ArcWelding and Cutting;AWS A5.16/A5.16M:2004, Specification for Titanium and Titanium Alloy Welding Electrodes and Rods;AWS A5.32/A5.32M (ISO 14175 MOD), Welding ConsumablesGases and Gas Mixtures for Fusion Welding andAllied Processes; andOther Documents:ANSI Z49.1, Safety in Welding, Cutting, and Allied Processes.23. Terms and DefinitionsAWS A3.0M/A3.0, Standard Welding Terms and Definitions, Including Terms for Adhesive Bonding, Brazing, Soldering,Thermal Cutti
