1、AWWA Standard SM Granular Filter Material Effective date: May 1, 2016. First edition approved by AWWA Board of Directors Nov. 15, 1948. This edition approved Jan. 16, 2016. Approved by American National Standards Institute Dec. 10, 2015. Incorporates Errata dated June 2017. ANSI/AWWA B100-16 (Revisi
2、on of ANSI/AWWA B100-09) Copyright 2016 American Water Works Association. All Rights Reserved. ii AWWA Standard This document is an American Water Works Association (AWWA) standard. It is not a specification. AWWA standards describe minimum requirements and do not contain all of the engineering and
3、administrative information normally contained in specifications. The AWWA standards usually contain options that must be evaluated by the user of the standard. Until each optional feature is specified by the user, the product or service is not fully defined. AWWA pub- lication of a standard does not
4、 constitute endorsement of any product or product type, nor does AWWA test, certify, or approve any product. The use of AWWA standards is entirely voluntary. This standard does not supersede or take precedence over or displace any applicable law, regulation, or code of any governmental authority. AW
5、WA standards are intended to represent a consensus of the water supply industry that the product described will provide satisfactory service. When AWWA revises or withdraws this standard, an official notice of action will be placed on the first page of the Official Notice section of Journal American
6、 Water Works Association. The action becomes effective on the first day of the month following the month of Journal American Water Works Association publication of the official notice. American National Standard An American National Standard implies a consensus of those substantially concerned with
7、its scope and provisions. An American National Standard is intended as a guide to aid the manufacturer, the consumer, and the general public. The existence of an American National Standard does not in any respect preclude anyone, whether that person has ap - proved the standard or not, from manufact
8、uring, marketing, purchasing, or using products, processes, or procedures not conforming to the standard. American National Standards are subject to periodic review, and users are cautioned to obtain the latest editions. Producers of goods made in conformity with an American National Standard are en
9、cour - aged to state on their own responsibility in advertising and promotional materials or on tags or labels that the goods are produced in conformity with particular American National Standards. Caution n oti Ce : The American National Standards Institute (ANSI) approval date on the front cover o
10、f this standard indicates completion of the ANSI approval process. This American National Standard may be revised or withdrawn at any time. ANSI procedures require that action be taken to reaffirm, revise, or withdraw this standard no later than five years from the date of publication. Purchasers of
11、 American National Standards may receive current information on all standards by calling or writing the American National Standards Institute, 25 West 43rd Street, Fourth Floor, New York, NY 10036; 212.642.4900; or emailing infoansi.org. ISBN-13, print: 978-1-62576-153-8 eISBN-13, electronic: 978-1-
12、61300-376-3 DOI: http:/dx.doi.org/10.12999/AWWA.B100.16 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopy, recording, or any information or retrieval system, except in the form of brief excerpt
13、s or quotations for review purposes, without the written permission of the publisher. Copyright 2016 by American Water Works Association Printed in USA hours of work by your fellow water professionals. Revenue from the sales of this AWWA material supports ongoing product development. Unauthorized di
14、stribution, either electronic or photocopied, is illegal and hinders AWWAs mission to support the water community. This AWWA content is the product of thousands of Copyright 2016 American Water Works Association. All Rights Reserved. iii Committee Personnel The AWWA Standards Committee on Filtering
15、Materials, which reviewed and approved this standard, had the following personnel at the time of approval: William W. Allis Jr., Chair R. Lee Roberts, Vice-Chair General Interest Members W.W. Allis Jr., Gannett Fleming Inc., Camp Hill, Pa. (AWWA) W.F. Clunie, AECOM, Manchester, N.H. (NEWWA) W. Conlo
16、n, Parsons Corporation, Tampa, Fla. (AWWA) J.R. DeWolfe, Hazen and Sawyer, State College, Pa. (AWWA) I. Diaz,* Gannett Fleming Inc., Miami, Fla. (AWWA) K.M. Heffernan, CH2M, Englewood, Colo. (AWWA) R.E. Hubel, Water Counsel LLC, Virginia Beach, Va. (AWWA) D.S. Koch, Black & Veatch Corporation, Chica
17、go, Ill. (AWWA) C.V. Lauderdale, Consultant, Arlington, Va. (AWWA) T.J. McCandless, Standards Engineer Liaison, AWWA, Denver, Colo. (AWWA) R.R. Rogers, CDM Smith, Chicago, Ill. (AWWA) L. Thomas, Standards Council Liaison, Stanley Consultants, Crystal Lake, Ill. (AWWA) Producer Members K.T. Brown, No
18、rthern Filter Media, Quincy, Ill. (AWWA) T.M. Getting, Leopold, A Xylem Brand, Zelienople, Pa. (AWWA) D.M. Oreskovich, Red Flint Sand and Gravel, Eau Claire, Wis. (AWWA) R.L. Roberts, Roberts Filter Group, Media, Pa. (AWWA) K. Ryan, Calgon Carbon Corporation, Moon Township, Pa. (AWWA) T.P. Walter, U
19、nifilt Corporation, Wilkes Barre Township, Pa. (AWWA) L.M. Zukus,* Leopold, A Xylem Brand, Watsontown, Pa. (AWWA) * Alternate Liaison, nonvoting Copyright 2016 American Water Works Association. All Rights Reserved. iv User Members M.G. Barsotti, Champlain Water District, South Burlington, Vt. (AWWA)
20、 D.W. Boone, Boyd Lake Water Treatment Plant, Loveland, Colo. (AWWA) S.E. Creel, American Water, Pennsauken, N.J. (AWWA) M.J. McFadden, Capital Region Water, Harrisburg, Pa. (AWWA) T. Meckes, City Water Light and Power, Springfield, Ill. (AWWA) Copyright 2016 American Water Works Association. All Ri
21、ghts Reserved. v Contents All AWWA standards follow the general format indicated subsequently. Some variations from this format may be found in a particular standard. SEC. PAGE SEC. PAGE Foreword I Introduction vii I.A Background . vii I.B History vii I.C Acceptance vii II Special Issues. . viii II.
22、A Source of Supply. viii II.B Filter Media . ix II.C Particle Size Distribution ix II.D Filter-Media Support . x II.E Acid Solubility . x II.F Anthracite Quality Test . x II.G Bulk Shipment x II.H Media Records . xi II.I Removal of Filter Material and Reuse . xi II.J Possible Adverse Effects on Subm
23、erged Concrete Walls in Filter Box xii III Use of This Standard . xii III.A Purchaser Options and Alternatives . xii III.B Modification to Standard. xiii IV Major Revisions xiii V Comments . xiv Standard 1 General 1.1 Scope 1 1.2 Purpose . 1 1.3 Application 1 2 References 2 3 Definitions . 3 4 Requi
24、rements 4.1 Physical Requirements . 4 4.2 Chemical Requirements 7 4.3 Impurities 8 4.4 Placing Filter Media 8 4.5 Preparing Filter for Service 11 4.6 Replenishing Filter Media in Existing Filter Bed 12 5 Verification 5.1 Approval Samples 13 5.2 Sampling . 13 5.3 Test ProceduresGeneral . 16 6 Deliver
25、y 6.1 Marking 22 6.2 Packaging and Shipping 23 6.3 Affidavit of Compliance 24 Appendixes A Bibliography 25 B Sieves 29 C Particle Sizes 33 Copyright 2016 American Water Works Association. All Rights Reserved. vi D Filter-Media Support Gravel Size and Layer Depth . 35 E In-Place Sampling and Testing
26、of Existing Filter Media . 39 Figure 1 Specific Gravity Test Apparatus . 18 Tables 1 Specific Gravity and Acid-Solubility Levels for Filter Media . 4 2 Appropriate Fluidization Backwash Rates 9 3 Minimum Size of Composite Sample . 13 4 Sampling of Bagged Filter Material 14 5 Minimum Sample and Acid
27、Quantities for Acid-Solubility Tests . 16 6 Minimum Sample Size for Sieve Analyses 19 7 Maximum Allowable Quantity of Material Retained on an Individual Sieve . 20 B.1 Nominal Dimensions, Permissible Variations for Wire Cloth of Standard Test Sieves (US) Standard Series 30 D.1 Gravel Layers for Two
28、Sizes of Fine Filter Media and Two Sizes of Underdrain Orifices 36 SEC. PAGE SEC. PAGE Copyright 2016 American Water Works Association. All Rights Reserved. vii Foreword This foreword is for information only and is not a part of ANSI*/AWWA B100. I. Introduction. I.A. Background. The purpose of ANSI/
29、AWWA B100 is to provide purchasers with a standard for the purchase and installation of granular filter material (filter material). A wealth of information on innovations in filter design is available from various sources, including Journal AWWA, Water Treatment Plant Design, and references found in
30、 appendix A. These sources include design parameters for filters using single and multiple media. As a result, ANSI/AWWA B100 makes reference to filter design only as the design relates to the filter materials used. ANSI/AWWA B604, Standard for Granular Activated Carbon (GAC), should be consulted wh
31、en using GAC as a filter medium, because GAC is not specifically covered in ANSI/AWWA B100. I.B. History. The AWWA Standard for Filtering Material was approved as tentative by the AWWA Board of Directors on Nov. 15, 1948, and as a standard on Jan. 16, 1950. Revisions were approved on June 2, 1953, J
32、an. 31, 1972, June 20, 1980, Jan. 29, 1989, Dec. 1, 1996, and June 17, 2001. The original standard was approved and promulgated in the course of activities of the Water Purification Division and under jurisdiction of the Committee on Water Works Practice. The last edition was approved on Jan. 25, 20
33、09. This edition was approved on Jan. 16, 2016. I.C. Acceptance. In May 1985, the US Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) entered into a cooperative agreement with a consortium led by NSF International (NSF) to develop voluntary third-party consensus standards and a certification program for dire
34、ct and indirect drinking water additives. Other members of the original consortium included the Water Research Foundation (formerly AwwaRF) and the Conference of State Health and Environmental Managers (COSHEM). The American Water Works Association (AWWA) and the Association of State Drinking Water
35、Administrators (ASDWA) joined later. In the United States, authority to regulate products for use in, or in contact with, drinking water rests with individual states. Local agencies may choose to impose requirements more stringent than those required by the state. To evaluate the health * American N
36、ational Standards Institute, 25 West 43rd Street, Fourth Floor, New York, NY 10036. AWWA, ASCE, and CSSE. Water Treatment Plant Design, 5th Ed. Denver, Colo. (2012). Persons outside the United States should contact the appropriate authority having jurisdiction. Copyright 2016 American Water Works As
37、sociation. All Rights Reserved. viii effects of products and drinking water additives from such products, state and local agencies may use various references, including 1. An advisory program formerly administered by USEPA, Office of Drinking Water, discontinued on Apr. 7, 1990. 2. Specific policies
38、 of the state or local agency. 3. Two standards developed under the direction of NSF*: NSF/ANSI 60, Drinking Water Treatment ChemicalsHealth Effects, and NSF/ANSI 61, Drinking Water System ComponentsHealth Effects. 4. Other references, including AWWA standards, Food Chemicals Codex, Water Chemicals
39、Codex, and other standards considered appropriate by the state or local agency. Various certification organizations may be involved in certifying products in accor- dance with NSF/ANSI 61. Individual states or local agencies have authority to accept or accredit certification organizations within the
40、ir jurisdictions. Accreditation of certi- fication organizations may vary from jurisdiction to jurisdiction. Annex A, “Toxicology Review and Evaluation Procedures,” to NSF/ANSI 61 does not stipulate a maximum allowable level (MAL) of a contaminant for substances not regulated by a USEPA final maximu
41、m contaminant level (MCL). The MALs of an unspecified list of “unregulated contaminants” are based on toxicity testing guidelines (noncarcinogens) and risk characterization methodology (carcinogens). Use of Annex A procedures may not always be identical, depending on the certifier. ANSI/AWWA B100 do
42、es not address additives requirements. Thus, users of this standard should consult the appropriate state or local agency having jurisdiction in order to 1. Determine additives requirements, including applicable standards. 2. Determine the status of certifications by parties offering to certify produ
43、cts for contact with, or treatment of, drinking water. 3. Determine current information on product certification. II. Special Issues. II.A. Source of Supply. Filter material, such as silica sand, high-density sand, granular activated carbon, or anthracite, as well as support gravel, should be obtain
44、ed from sources that can certify the site-specific manufacturing facilities are * NSF International, 789 North Dixboro Road, Ann Arbor, MI 48105. Both publications available from National Academy of Sciences, 500 Fifth Street, NW, Washington, DC 20001. Copyright 2016 American Water Works Association
45、. All Rights Reserved. ix expressly qualified to produce and supply these materials for water treatment plants, in compliance with the ANSI/AWWA B100 standard. II.B. Filter Media. Filter media are the component of a filter that removes particulate matter from the water during the filtration process.
46、 This standard describes anthracite, silica sand, high-density sand, and filter-media support gravel material. High-specific gravity (high-density) filter media consisting of garnet, ilmenite, hematite, magnetite, or associated minerals of those ores are used by some utilities in an attempt to remov
47、e more suspended solids at higher filtration rates. These small, high-density media remain as a layer under the silica sand as a result of particle size and specific gravity differences in the same way that silica sand remains separated from overlaid anthracite in a dual-media filter. Some intermixi
48、ng usually occurs at the inter- face between the layers. The term garnet refers to several different minerals (mostly almandite and andra- dite) that are silicates of iron, aluminum, and calcium mixtures. However, garnet could also be grossularite, spessartite, and uvarovite, the latter being a chro
49、mium mineral. Ilmenite is an iron titanium mineral that invariably is associated with hematite and magnetite, both iron oxides. Properties of granular activated carbon when used as a filter medium are described in ANSI/AWWA B604, Standard for Granular Activated Carbon. Testing require- ments for granular activated carbon vary from those for anthracite, silica and garnet. Refer to ANSI/AWWA B604, Standard for Granular Activated Carbon. Properties of media used in precoat filters (such as diatomaceous earth) can be found in ANSI/AWWA B101, Precoat Filt
