1、 AWWA Standard SM Sodium Hydroxide (Caustic Soda) Effective date: Nov. 1, 2013. First edition approved by AWWA Board of Directors July 1, 1949. This edition approved June 9, 2013. Approved by American National Standards Institute Aug. 28, 2013. ANSI/AWWA B501-13 (Revision of ANSI/AWWA B501-08) Copyr
2、ight 2013 American Water Works Association. All Rights Reserved. ii AWWA Standard This document is an American Water Works Association (AWWA) standard. It is not a specification. AWWA standards describe minimum requirements and do not contain all of the engineering and administrative information nor
3、mally contained in specifications. The AWWA standards usually contain options that must be evaluated by the user of the standard. Until each optional feature is specified by the user, the product or service is not fully defined. AWWA pub- lication of a standard does not constitute endorsement of any
4、 product or product type, nor does AWWA test, certify, or approve any product. The use of AWWA standards is entirely voluntary. This standard does not supersede or take precedence over or displace any applicable law, regulation, or codes of any governmental authority. AWWA standards are intended to
5、represent a consensus of the water supply industry that the product described will provide satisfactory service. When AWWA revises or withdraws this standard, an official notice of action will be placed on the first page of the Official Notice section of Journal - American Water Works Association. T
6、he action becomes effective on the first day of the month following the month of Journal - American Water Works Association publication of the official notice. American National Standard An American National Standard implies a consensus of those substantially concerned with its scope and provisions.
7、 An American National Standard is intended as a guide to aid the manufacturer, the consumer, and the general public. The existence of an American National Standard does not in any respect preclude anyone, whether that person has ap - proved the standard or not, from manufacturing, marketing, purchas
8、ing, or using products, processes, or procedures not conforming to the standard. American National Standards are subject to periodic review, and users are cautioned to obtain the latest editions. Producers of goods made in conformity with an American National Standard are encour - aged to state on t
9、heir own responsibility in advertising and promotional materials or on tags or labels that the goods are produced in conformity with particular American National Standards. Caution n oti Ce : The American National Standards Institute (ANSI) approval date on the front cover of this standard indicates
10、 completion of the ANSI approval process. This American National Standard may be revised or withdrawn at any time. ANSI procedures require that action be taken to reaffirm, revise, or withdraw this standard no later than five years from the date of ANSI approval. Purchasers of American National Stan
11、dards may receive current information on all standards by calling or writing the American National Standards Institute, 25 West 43rd Street, Fourth Floor, New York, NY 10036; (212) 642-4900, or emailing infoansi.org. ISBN-13, print: 978-1-58321-977-5 eISBN-13, electronic: 978-1-61300-254-4 All right
12、s reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopy, recording, or any information or retrieval system, except in the form of brief excerpts or quotations for review purposes, without the written permissi
13、on of the publisher. Copyright 2013 by American Water Works Association Printed in USA Copyright 2013 American Water Works Association. All Rights Reserved. iii Committee Personnel The AWWA Standards Committee on Softening and Conditioning Chemicals, which reviewed and approved this standard, had th
14、e following personnel at the time of approval: Clyde R. Dugan, Chair General Interest Members W.J. Conlon, Land O Lakes, Fla. (AWWA) T.O. Crowley, Lees Summit, Mo. (AWWA) R.J. Casale-Meterchick,* Standards Council Liaison, American Water, Voorhees, N.J. (AWWA) S.J. Posavec,* Standards Group Liaison,
15、 AWWA, Denver, Colo. (AWWA) B.H. Wilder, Daytona Beach, Fla. (AWWA) M.H. Winegard, Consoer Townsend Envirodyne, Wheaton, Ill. (AWWA) Producer Members R.A. Brandau, General Chemical, Richmond, Va. (AWWA) D. Burnett, Burnett, Inc. Campobello, S.C. (AWWA) J.M. Shepard, Middletown, Del. (AWWA) User Memb
16、ers I. Alvarez, John Preston Water Plant, Hialeah, Fla. (AWWA) C.R. Dugan, East Lansing Meridian Water and Sewer Authority, East Lansing, Mich. (AWWA) D.A. Visintainer, City of St. Louis Water Division, St. Louis, Mo. (AWWA) * Liaison, nonvoting Copyright 2013 American Water Works Association. All R
17、ights Reserved. This page intentionally blank. Copyright 2013 American Water Works Association. All Rights Reserved. v Contents All AWWA standards follow the general format indicated subsequently. Some variations from this format may be found in a particular standard. SEC. PAGE SEC. PAGE Foreword I
18、Introduction. . vii I.A Background . vii I.B History vii I.C Acceptance vii II Special Issues. . viii II.A Safety . viii III Use of This Standard ix III.A Purchaser Options and Alternatives ix III.B Modification to Standard x IV Major Revisions . x V Comments x Standard 1 General 1.1 Scope 1 1.2 Pur
19、pose . 1 1.3 Application 1 2 References 2 3 Definitions . 2 4 Requirements 4.1 Physical Requirements . 3 4.2 Chemical Requirements 3 4.3 Impurities 3 5 Verification 5.1 Sampling . 4 5.2 Test Procedures . 5 5.3 Alkali (Na 2 O) . 5 5.4 Hydroxide . 6 5.5 Sodium Carbonate 6 5.6 Notice of Nonconformance
20、. 7 6 Delivery 6.1 Marking 8 6.2 Packaging and Shipping 8 6.3 Affidavit of Compliance 9 Copyright 2013 American Water Works Association. All Rights Reserved. This page intentionally blank. Copyright 2013 American Water Works Association. All Rights Reserved. vii Foreword This foreword is for informa
21、tion only and is not a part of ANSI*/AWWA B501. I. Introduction. I.A. Background. Sodium hydroxide, NaOH (also known as caustic soda), is available in liquid form in two common concentrations: 50 percent NaOH and 73 percent NaOH. On special request, other solution concentrations, including 25 and 20
22、 percent solutions, are available. Sodium hydroxide is also available as anhydrous sodium hydroxide, containing at least 96 percent NaOH. The 50 percent sodium hydroxide solution begins to crystallize at approximately 54F (12C), and the 73 percent concentration begins to crystallize at approximately
23、 145F (63C). The 25 percent solution begins to crystallize at approximately 8F (13C). I.B. History. The first edition of this standard for sodium hydroxide was prepared under the direction of the Water Purification Division of AWWA. The first edition was approved by the AWWA Board of Directors on Ju
24、ly 1, 1949. On Oct. 15, 1951, the AWWA Board of Directors reaffirmed the standard and designated it as AWWA B501-51T. In 1953, the designation was changed to AWWA B501-53. Additional revisions were adopted in 1964, 1975, 1980, 1988, 1993, 1998, 2003, and 2008. This edition was approved on June 9, 20
25、13. I.C. Acceptance. In May 1985, the US Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) entered into a cooperative agreement with a consortium led by NSF International (NSF) to develop voluntary third-party consensus standards and a certification program for direct and indirect drinking water additives. Ot
26、her members of the original consortium included the Water Research Foundation (formerly AwwaRF) and the Conference of State Health and Environmental Managers (COSHEM). The American Water Works Association and the Association of State Drinking Water Administrators (ASDWA) joined later. In the United
27、States, authority to regulate products for use in, or in contact with, drinking water rests with individual states. Local agencies may choose to impose requirements more stringent than those required by the state. To evaluate the health effects of products and drinking water additives from such prod
28、ucts, state and local * American National Standards Institute, 25 West 43rd Street, Fourth Floor, New York, NY 10036. Water Research Foundation, 6666 W. Quincy Avenue, Denver, CO 80235. Persons outside the United States should contact the appropriate authority having jurisdiction. Copyright 2013 Ame
29、rican Water Works Association. All Rights Reserved. viii agencies may use various references, including a standard developed under the direc- tion of NSF, NSF*/ANSI 60, Drinking Water Treatment ChemicalsHealth Effects. Various certification organizations may be involved in certifying products in acc
30、or- dance with NSF/ANSI 60. Individual states or local agencies have authority to accept or accredit certification organizations within their jurisdiction. Accreditation of certi- fication organizations may vary from jurisdiction to jurisdiction. Annex A, “Toxicology Review and Evaluation Procedures
31、,” to NSF/ANSI 60 does not stipulate a maximum allowable level (MAL) of a contaminant for substances not regulated by a USEPA final maximum contaminant level (MCL). The MALs of an unspecified list of “unregulated contaminants” are based on toxicity testing guidelines (noncarcinogens) and risk charac
32、terization methodology (carcinogens). Use of Annex A procedures may not always be identical, depending on the certifier. ANSI/AWWA B501 addresses additives requirements in Sec. 4.3.2 of the standard. The transfer of contaminants from chemicals to processed water or to residual solids is becoming a p
33、roblem of great concern. The language in Sec. 4.3.2 is a recommenda- tion, only, for direct additives used in the treatment of potable water to be certified by an accredited certification organization in accordance with NSF/ANSI 60, Drinking Water Treatment ChemicalsHealth Effects. However, users of
34、 the standard may opt to make this certification a requirement for the product. Users of this standard should also consult the appropriate state or local agency having jurisdiction in order to 1. Determine additives requirements, including applicable standards. 2. Determine the status of certificati
35、ons by parties offering to certify products for contact with, or treatment of, drinking water. 3. Determine current information on product certification. II. Special Issues. II.A. Safety. Sodium hydroxide is usually shipped in insulated tank cars or tank trucks and should arrive at the receiving poi
36、nt in liquid form. Depending on geographical location, tank cars are usually equipped with coils for steam heating. When unloading the sodium hydroxide, carefully follow the manufacturers unloading procedures. In climates where storage temperatures are below the solidification point for the grade of
37、 sodium hydroxide received, the material may be diluted on unloading to a concentration that will not solidify or require heated storage. Softened water should be used to dilute sodium hydroxide to prevent precipitation of calcium carbonate, which can clog feed equipment. * NSF International, 789 N.
38、 Dixboro Road, Ann Arbor, MI 48105. Copyright 2013 American Water Works Association. All Rights Reserved. ix If the anhydrous form of sodium hydroxide is used, it should be carefully dissolved in water to prepare the desired strength of solution. A sodium hydroxide solution may be fed by conventiona
39、l liquid-chemical-feeding equipment. However, when purchasing chemical-feeding equipment, the fact that a caustic solution is to be handled should be specified. Caution : The handling of sodium hydroxide in all forms involves several extreme hazards. Considerable heat is generated in the dilution pr
40、ocess. Therefore, the rate of dilution, methods of cooling, and equipment and piping materials selected should be carefully controlled so that the liquid does not boil, splatter, or result in failure of stor- age and handling facilities. Because sodium hydroxide can cause severe burns to the skin an
41、d eyes, workers handling sodium hydroxide must wear complete protective equipment. This should include head covering, chemical workers goggles, cotton clothing (sodium hydroxide dissolves wool), long-sleeved shirt with buttoned collar, rubber apron, sleeves over rub- ber gloves, and trousers over ru
42、bber work shoes. Emergency shower and eyewash units should be located near feeding and pumping equipment, where sodium hydroxide is sampled and where tank cars or trucks are connected or disconnected. Refer to mate- rial safety data sheets (MSDS) available from the chemical supplier or manufacturer
43、for additional information. III. Use of This Standard. It is the responsibility of the user of an AWWA standard to determine that the products described in that standard are suitable for use in the particular application being considered. III.A. Purchaser Options and Alternatives. The following info
44、rmation should be provided by the purchaser: 1. Standard usedthat is, ANSI/AWWA B501, Sodium Hydroxide (Caustic Soda), of latest revision. 2. Quantity required. 3. Whether compliance with NSF/ANSI 60, Drinking Water Treatment ChemicalsHealth Effects, is required. 4. Details of other federal, state o
45、r provincial, and local requirements (Section 4). 5. Type of materialanhydrous or liquid (Sec. 4.1). 6. For liquid sodium hydroxide, the percentage of sodium hydroxide (Sec. 4.2.2). 7. Whether the purchaser will reject product from containers or packaging with missing or damaged seals. The purchaser
46、 may reject product from bulk containers or packages with missing or damaged seals unless the purchasers tests of representative samples, conducted in accordance with Sec. 5.3 through Sec. 5.5, demonstrate that the Copyright 2013 American Water Works Association. All Rights Reserved. x product meets
47、 the standard. Failure to meet the standard or the absence of, or irregu- larities in, seals may be sufficient cause to reject the shipment. 8. Form of shipmentbulk or package, type, and size (Sec. 6.2). 9. Whether alternative security measures have been adopted to replace or aug- ment the security
48、measures set out in Sec. 6.2.5 and 6.2.6. 10. Affidavit of compliance, or certified analysis, if required (Sec. 6.3). III.B. Modification to Standard. Any modification to the provisions, definitions, or terminology in this standard must be provided by the purchaser. I V. Major Revisions. Major revis
49、ions made to the standard in this edition include the following: Inclusion of the use of this material for wastewater and reclaimed water as well as definitions of these terms (Sections 1 and 3). V. Comments. If you have any comments or questions about this standard, please call AWWA Engineering and Technical Services at 303.794.7711, FAX at 303.795.7603, write to the department at 6666 West Quincy Avenue, Denver, CO 80235-3098, or email at standardsawwa.org. Copyright 2013 American Water Works Association. All Rights Reserved. 1 AWWA S
