1、AWWA Standard SM Disinfecting Water Mains Effective date: Feb. 1, 2015. First edition approved by AWWA Board of Directors Sept. 30, 1947. This edition approved June 8, 2014. Approved by American National Standards Institute Nov. 18, 2014. ANSI/AWWA C651-14 (Revision of ANSI/AWWA C651-05) Copyright 2
2、015 American Water Works Association. All Rights Reserved.ii AWWA Standard This document is an American Water Works Association (AWWA) standard. It is not a specification. AWWA standards describe minimum requirements and do not contain all of the engineering and administrative information normally c
3、ontained in specifications. The AWWA standards usually contain options that must be evaluated by the user of the standard. Until each optional feature is specified by the user, the product or service is not fully defined. AWWA pub- lication of a standard does not constitute endorsement of any produc
4、t or product type, nor does AWWA test, certify, or approve any product. The use of AWWA standards is entirely voluntary. This standard does not supersede or take precedence over or displace any applicable law, regulation, or codes of any governmental authority. AWWA standards are intended to represe
5、nt a consensus of the water supply industry that the product described will provide satisfactory service. When AWWA revises or withdraws this standard, an official notice of action will be placed in the Official Notice section of Journal - American Water Works Association. The action becomes effecti
6、ve on the first day of the month fol- lowing the month of Journal - American Water Works Association publication of the official notice. American National Standard An American National Standard implies a consensus of those substantially concerned with its scope and provisions. An American National S
7、tandard is intended as a guide to aid the manufacturer, the consumer, and the general public. The existence of an American National Standard does not in any respect preclude anyone, whether that person has ap - proved the standard or not, from manufacturing, marketing, purchasing, or using products,
8、 processes, or procedures not conforming to the standard. American National Standards are subject to periodic review, and users are cautioned to obtain the latest editions. Producers of goods made in conformity with an American National Standard are encour - aged to state on their own responsibility
9、 in advertising and promotional materials or on tags or labels that the goods are produced in conformity with particular American National Standards. Caution n oti Ce : The American National Standards Institute (ANSI) approval date on the front cover of this standard indicates completion of the ANSI
10、 approval process. This American National Standard may be revised or withdrawn at any time. ANSI procedures require that action be taken to reaffirm, revise, or withdraw this standard no later than five years from the date of ANSI approval. Purchasers of American National Standards may receive curre
11、nt information on all standards by calling or writing the American National Standards Institute, 25 West 43rd Street, Fourth Floor, New York, NY 10036; 212.642.4900, or emailing infoansi.org. ISBN-13, print: 978-1-62576-046-3 eISBN-13, electronic: 978-1-61300-310-7DOI: http:/dx.doi.org/10.12999/AWWA
12、.C651.14 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopy, recording, or any information or retrieval system, except in the form of brief excerpts or quotations for review purposes, without th
13、e written permission of the publisher. Copyright 2015 by American Water Works Association Printed in USA hours of work by your fellow water professionals. Revenue from the sales of this AWWA material supports ongoing product development. Unauthorized distribution, either electronic or photocopied, i
14、s illegal and hinders AWWAs mission to support the water community. This AWWA content is the product of thousands of Copyright 2015 American Water Works Association. All Rights Reserved.iii Committee Personnel The AWWA Standards Committee on Disinfection of Facilities, which reviewed and approved th
15、is standard, had the following personnel at the time of approval: Betsy Reilley, Chair General Interest Members G. Boyd,* Standards Council Liaison, Cadmus Group, Seattle, Wash. (AWWA) K.C. Choquette, Consultant, Des Moines, Iowa (AWWA) C.B. Hagar, Carollo Engineers, Phoenix, Ariz. (AWWA) J.M. Hende
16、rson, Consultant, Concord, Mass. (AWWA) P.J. Olson,* Standards Staff Liaison, AWWA, Denver, Colo. (AWWA) S. Vidika, Dixon Engineering Inc., Medina, Ohio (AWWA) J.S. Wailes, Consultant, Black Hawk, Colo. (AWWA) T.W. Walker, New York State Department of Health, Victor, N.Y. (AWWA) M.L. Wentink, Nebras
17、ka DHHS Division of Public Health, North Platte, Neb. (AWWA) Producer Members R.J. Gordhamer, Measurement Technologies Inc., Redmond, Wash. (AWWA) D.T. Hanson, Design Water Technologies, Shorewood, Minn. (AWWA) P.L. Smith, Smith LaSalle Inc., Western Springs, Ill. (AWWA) User Members G.A. Burlingame
18、, Philadelphia Water Department, Philadelphia, Penn. (AWWA) R.C. Lorenz, Westerville Water Plant, Westerville, Ohio (AWWA) P.M. Marchand, Bristol County Water Authority, Warren, R.I. (AWWA) B. Reilley, MWRA, Southborough, Mass. (AWWA) E.D. Schwartz, New Jersey American Water Company, Plainsboro, N.J
19、. (AWWA) B.L. Whitteberry, Greater Cincinnati Water Works, Cincinnati, Ohio (AWWA) * Liaison, nonvoting Copyright 2015 American Water Works Association. All Rights Reserved.This page intentionally blank. Copyright 2015 American Water Works Association. All Rights Reserved.v Contents All AWWA standar
20、ds follow the general format indicated subsequently. Some variations from this format may be found in a particular standard. SEC. PAGE SEC. PAGE Foreword I Introduction vii I.A Background . vii I.B History vii I.C Acceptance vii II Special Issues. . viii II.A Information on Application of This Stand
21、ard . viii III Use of This Standard xi III.A Purchaser Options and Alternatives xi III.B Modification to Standard xii IV Major Revisions . xii V Comments . xiii Standard 1 General 1.1 Scope 1 1.2 Purpose . 1 1.3 Application 1 2 References 2 3 Definitions . 2 4 Requirements 4.1 Forms of Chlorine for
22、Disinfection . 3 4.2 General Considerations for All Methods of Chlorination . 4 4.3 Tablet/Granule Method of Chlorination 5 4.4 Continuous-Feed Method of Chlorination 6 4.5 Slug Method of Chlorination 10 4.6 Spray Disinfection for Large Transmission Lines 11 4.7 Basic Disinfection Procedure for New
23、Mains . 11 4.8 Preventive and Corrective Measures During New Construction 12 4.9 Final Flushing for New Mains . 14 4.10 Final Connections to Existing Mains 14 4.11 Disinfection Procedures When Cutting Into or Repairing Existing Pipe . 15 5 Verification 5.1 Bacteriological Tests 19 5.2 Optional Sampl
24、ing and Testing . 21 6 Delivery . 21 Appenndixes A Chlorine Residual Testing . 23 A.1 DPD Drop Dilution Method (for Field Test) . 23 A.2 High-Range Chlorine Test Kits . 24 B Chlorine Dosages 25 Figures 1 Suggested Temporary Flushing/Testing Connection . 7 Copyright 2015 American Water Works Associat
25、ion. All Rights Reserved.vi 2 Suggested Combination Blowoff and Sampling Tap 9 Tables 1 Weight of Calcium Hypochlorite Granules to Be Placed at Beginning of Main and at Each 500-ft (150-m) Inter val 5 2 Number of 5-g Calcium Hypochlorite Tablets Required for Dose of 25 mg/L 6 3 Required Flow and Ope
26、nings (Either Taps or Hydrants) to Flush Pipelines at 3.0 ft/sec (0.91 m/sec) (40 psi 276 kPa Residual Pressure in Water Main) . 7 4 Chlorine Required to Produce an Initial 25-mg/L Concentration in 100 ft (30.5 m) of Pipe by Diameter . 9 B.1 Amounts of Chemicals Required to Produce Various Chlorine
27、Concentrations in 100,000 gal (378.5 m 3 ) of Water. 25 B.2 Amounts of Chemicals Required to Produce Chlorine Concentrations of 200 mL in Various Volumes of Water . 25 SEC. PAGE SEC. PAGE Copyright 2015 American Water Works Association. All Rights Reserved.vii Foreword This foreword is for informati
28、on only and is not a part of ANSI * /AWWA C651. I. Introduction. I.A. Background. This standard describes methods of disinfecting newly constructed potable water mains; mains that have been removed from service for planned repairs or for maintenance that exposes them to contamination; mains that hav
29、e undergone emergency repairs because of physical failure; and mains that, under normal operation, continue to show the presence of coliform organisms. The disinfecting agents discussed in this standard are chlorine solutions that may be derived from liquid chlorine (Cl 2 ), calcium hypochlorite (Ca
30、(OCl) 2 ), or sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl). Combinations of free chlorine residual and contact time are provided. Chlorine dosage reference tables are provided as appendix B of this standard. I.B. History. This standard was first approved on Sept. 30, 1947, by the AWWA Board of Directors and publishe
31、d as 7D.2-1948, A Procedure for Disinfecting Water Mains. Revisions were approved on Sept. 14, 1948; Mar. 6, 1953; May 27, 1954; June 2, 1968; and June 7, 1981. All were done under the designation ANSI/ AWWA C601, Standard for Disinfecting Water Mains. In 1986, the designation of the standard was ch
32、anged to ANSI/AWWA C651, and the subsequent editions were approved on Jan. 26, 1986; June 18, 1992; June 20, 1999; and Jan. 16, 2005. This edition was approved on June 8, 2014. I.C. Acceptance. In May 1985, the US Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) entered into a cooperative agreement with a co
33、nsortium led by NSF International (NSF) to develop voluntary third-party consensus standards and a certification program for direct and indirect drinking water additives. Other members of the original consortium included the Water Research Foundation (formerly AwwaRF) and the Conference of State Hea
34、lth and Environmental Managers (COSHEM). The American Water Works Association (AWWA) and the Association of State Drinking Water Administrators (ASDWA) joined later. In the United States, authority to regulate products for use in, or in contact with, drinking water rests with individual states. Loca
35、l agencies may choose to impose requirements more stringent than those required by the state. To evaluate the health * American National Standards Institute, 25 West 43rd Street, Fourth Floor, New York, NY 10036. Persons outside the United States should contact the appropriate authority having juris
36、diction. Copyright 2015 American Water Works Association. All Rights Reserved.viii effects of products and drinking water additives from such products, state and local agencies may use various references, including 1. An advisory program formerly administered by USEPA, Office of Drinking Water, disc
37、ontinued on Apr. 7, 1990. 2. Specific policies of the state or local agency. 3. Two standards developed under the direction of NSF*: NSF/ANSI 60, Drinking Water Treatment ChemicalsHealth Effects, and NSF/ANSI 61, Drinking Water System ComponentsHealth Effects. 4. Other references, including AWWA sta
38、ndards, Food Chemicals Codex, Water Chemicals Codex, and other standards considered appropriate by the state or local agency. Various certification organizations may be involved in certifying products in accor- dance with NSF/ANSI 60. Individual states or local agencies have authority to accept or a
39、ccredit certification organizations within their jurisdictions. Accreditation of certi- fication organizations may vary from jurisdiction to jurisdiction. Annex A, “Toxicology Review and Evaluation Procedures,” to NSF/ANSI 60 does not stipulate a maximum allowable level (MAL) of a contaminant for su
40、bstances not regulated by a USEPA final maximum contaminant level (MCL). The MALs of an unspecified list of “unregulated contaminants” are based on toxicity testing guidelines (noncarcinogens) and risk characterization methodology (carcinogens). Use of Annex A procedures may not always be identical,
41、 depending on the certifier. ANSI/AWWA C651 does not address additives requirements. Thus, users of this standard should consult the appropriate state or local agency having jurisdiction in order to 1. Determine additives requirements including applicable standards. 2. Determine the status of certif
42、ications by parties offering to certify products for contact with, or treatment of, drinking water. 3. Determine current information on product certification. II. Special Issues. II.A. Information on Application of This Standard. Generally, it is easier to disinfect a new main than one that has had
43、emergency repairs in terms of access, sanitary control, and the time available for disinfection, sampling, and testing. * NSF International, 789 North Dixboro Road, Ann Arbor, MI 48105. Both publications available from National Academy of Sciences, 500 Fifth Street, NW, Washington, DC 20001. Copyrig
44、ht 2015 American Water Works Association. All Rights Reserved.ix For a new main, there is typically more time available for disinfection and test- ing since there is no immediate demand from customers. Given the often significant amount of time and materials involved in a new water main project, car
45、eful disin- fection and testing of the main are reasonable and necessary to ensure public health protection. Conditions for pipe repair projects vary tremendously in terms of the size of the repair, the sanitary conditions, and the time constraints resulting from immediate cus- tomer demands. It sho
46、uld be noted if the line is depressurized or opened to the envi- ronment prior to or during repair, the sanitary integrity of the pipe is compromised and it is critical to follow sanitary procedures throughout the repairnot just as it is being returned to service. Crews responsible for the repair of
47、 mains should be aware of the potential health hazards and be trained to carefully observe prescribed construction practices and disinfection procedures. Because of the differences between initial installation and repair, the disinfec- tion requirements for each situation are also different. The ins
48、tallation of new mains requires that two sets of samples for coliform analysis are collected at least 16 hr apart, or two sets collected 15 min apart after at least a 16-hr rest period. For repaired mains that are depressurized and/or wholly or partially dewatered, one set of samples may be required
49、, and depending on the sanitary conditions, the line may be returned to service prior to the completion of bacteriological testing. For repaired mains that are main- tained under pressurized conditions at all times, bacteriological testing is not required When required, samples are now specified to be collected at least 16 hr apart, or 15 min apart after a 16-hr rest period. The purpose of this change is to consider the balance between public health, improved test methods, and timely work completion. This timing is sufficient to allow bacterial regrowth within t
