1、 B11.TR12016 ANSI Technical Report for Machines Ergonomic Guidelines for Design, Installation, and Use Registered by ANSI: 9 OCTOBER 2016 Secretariat and ANSI-accredited Standards Developing Organization: B11 Standards, Inc. POB 690905 Houston, TX 77269 Copyright; All rights reserved No part of this
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20、dards, Inc. All rights reserved. Printed in the United States of America No part of this publication may be reproduced in any form, in an electronic retrieval system or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the publisher. iii TABLE OF CONTENTS PAGE FOREWORD IV 1 SCOPE AND PURPOSE . 1 2
21、REFERENCES . 1 3 DEFINITIONS 3 4 APPROACHES TO ERGONOMIC RISK ASSESSMENT AND REDUCTION 5 5 CATEGORIES OF ERGONOMIC RISK 7 5.1 MACHINE AND HUMAN INTERFACES 7 5.2 ORGANIZATIONAL FACTORS 8 5.3 PHYSICAL FACTORS . 8 5.4 COGNITIVE AND PERCEPTUAL FACTORS . 8 5.5 ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS . 8 5.6 INTERACTIONS 8
22、 6 PHYSICAL ERGONOMIC CONSIDERATIONS 11 6.1 ANTHROPOMETRY . 11 6.2 BIOMECHANICAL (STRENGTH) REQUIREMENTS AND FORCEFUL EXERTIONS . 13 6.3 TASK DESIGN 14 6.4 WORKSTATION DESIGN 16 6.5 MAINTAINANCE AND ACCESSIBILITY . 18 7 COGNITIVE / PERCEPTUAL ERGONOMIC CONSIDERATIONS . 20 7.1 CONTROL SELECTION 20 7.
23、2 CONTROL CODING AND LABELING 23 7.3 CONTROL OPERATION DIRECTION 23 7.4 CONTROL ORGANIZATION . 24 7.5 INFORMATION DISPLAYS . 24 7.6 DISPLAY LOCATION 24 7.7 DISPLAY CHARACTERISTICS 25 7.8 GENERAL DISPLAY GUIDANCE . 25 8 ENVIRONMENTAL ERGONOMIC CONSIDERATIONS . 25 8.1 ILLUMINATION . 25 8.2 TEMPERATURE
24、 27 8.3 VIBRATION 34 8.4 NOISE 35 9 TRAINING 37 9.1 EDUCATION 37 9.2 GENERAL GUIDANCE FOR TRAINING DESIGN 37 9.3 OPERATOR AND MAINTENANCE INSTRUCTIONS AND MANUALS 38 ANNEX A SELECTED ANTHROPOMETRIC BODY DIMENSIONS 39 ANNEX B HORIZONTAL REACH AND GRASP DIMENSIONS 43 ANNEX C LIFTING, LOWERING, PUSHING
25、, PULLING AND CARRYING GUIDELINES 44 ANNEX D STANDING WORK TASK HEIGHT GUIDELINES 78 ANNEX E PRESS PALM BUTTONS AND MACHINE CONTROLS 79 ANNEX F TYPES OF MUSCULOSKELETAL DISORDERS (MSDS) AND . 81 ANNEX G EXAMPLES OF ERGONOMIC CHECKLISTS 87 ANNEX H ERGONOMIC ASSESSMENT TOOLS 101 iv Foreword The ANSI B
26、11 Accredited Standards Committee (ASC) for Machine Safety formed a subcommittee consisting of professionals that are involved in manufacturing, safety, design and ergonomics to revise the 1993 technical report giving guidelines for the application of ergonomic principles to machines during the desi
27、gn, installation and use phases. The revised guideline, approved and published in 2004, is a significant change and upgrade from the 1993 guideline. It was updated in 2016 to incorporate additional information in the segmental vibration section and include updated ISO anthropometry discussion and re
28、ferences. Clause 2 references have been updated and there are some additions to the general references. New Annex H provides a listing of common ergonomic assessment tools for upper limb and multiple body applications with guidance for each on physical risk factors and body regions considered and to
29、ol complexity. This Technical Report Guideline is intended to be a hands-on design reference to help reduce or eliminate work-related factors associated with musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs) and injuries associated with human error. This guideline offers an ergonomic risk assessment flow chart and r
30、isk reduction hierarchy referencing ANSI B11.0. This guideline is not intended to provide specific decisions as to risk acceptability nor replace existing ergonomic risk assessment tools now used within existing ergonomic programs. The guideline does offer ergonomic design references for strength, f
31、orceful exertions, posture, control and display selection and design, environmental exposures such as temperature, vibration, noise and illumination. Three sample checklists are offered in Annex G to assist with prioritizing risk factors for continuous improvements during design, installation and us
32、e. In addition, Lifting, Lowering, Pushing, Pulling and Carrying Tables are provided in Annex C. The data in these tables were developed by Liberty Mutual and have been in use since 1978 (Snook 1978; Snook and Ciriello 1991). The Liberty Mutual Tables in Annex C differ from all previously published
33、versions of the “Snook” Tables; e.g., population percentage is provided rather than maximum acceptable weights and forces. These tables are easy to use and flexible but ergonomic training as discussed in clause 9 is recommended before utilizing them. Metric units While the body of this Technical Rep
34、ort conforms to the B11 ASC Metric Policy (soft metric units, followed by parenthetical hard english units), space precludes conformance to this policy in some portions, e.g., many of the Annex tables. Publication of this ANSI Technical Report has been approved by the Accredited Standards Developer
35、B11 Standards, Inc. This document is registered as a Technical Report in the ANSI B11 series of publications according to the Procedures for the Registration of ANSI Technical Reports. This document is not an American National Standard and the material contained herein is informative, not normative
36、in nature. Suggestions for improvement of this technical report are welcomed. They should be sent to: B11 Standards, Inc., POB 60905, Houston TX 77269. v ANSI B11 Accredited Standards Committee: Alan Metelsky, Gleason Works, Chairman Barry Boggs, Toyota, Vice-Chairman David Felinski, B11 Standards,
37、Inc., Secretary Organizations Represented Name of Representative Delegate Alternate Aluminum Extruders Council Melvin Mitchell American Society of Safety Engineers Bruce Main, PE, CSP George Karosas, PE, CSP Association For Manufacturing Technology Russell Bensman Alan Metelsky The Boeing Company Do
38、n Nelson Stephen Thomas Canadian Standards Association Jill Collins Walter Veugen Deere b) Design of a manufacturing system supporting machines and auxiliary components; c) Improve safety, quality and productivity, and reduce errors associated with a manufacturing system. Integrating ergonomic conce
39、pts early in the design process should maximize the impact and cost effectiveness of ergonomic interventions during the design process. The goal of this document is to provide guidance on the practical application of ergonomic principles in order to avoid work-related injuries and musculoskeletal di
40、sorders (MSDs), increase productivity, and improve product quality. This document is directed towards technicians, engineers, designers, and safety and health practitioners who deal with general ergonomic issues related to machines. It is not intended to replace in-depth analysis by qualified and ex
41、perienced ergonomists. 2 References The following references were either used as a basis for developing this document, or they represent other good reference sources that may be consulted for additional information on a particular topic. 1. The Ergonomics of Workspaces and Machines: A Design Manual,
42、 Clark, T.S. and Corlett, E.N. 2“d Edition, Taylor Geng, Hwaiyu. 2nd Ed., McGraw-Hill, New York, NY, 2015 12. Human Engineering Guide To Equipment Design, (Van Cott Lockout/Tagout and Alternative Methods. 35. BIFMA G1-2013, Ergonomic Guidelines for Furniture used in Office Work Spaces Designed for C
43、omputer Use, BIFMA International. 36. A Review of Machine Guarding; Recommendations, Applied Ergonomics, Vaillancourt, D.R., Snook, S.H., Vo1.26, No.2, pp. 141-145, 1995. ANSI Technical Report B11.TR1 - 2016 3 37. Musculoskeletal Disorders and Workplace Factors; A Critical Review of Epidemiologic Ev
44、idence for the Neck, Upper Extremity, and Low Back, DHHS (NI0SH) Publication No. 97-141. 38. Musculoskeletal Disorders and the Workplace; Low Back and Upper Extremities, National Research Council, Institute of Medicine, National Academy Press, 2001. 39. ANSI Z535.1 - 2006 (R2011) Safety Color Code.
45、40. ANSI Z535.2 - 2011 Environmental and Facility Safety Signs. 41. ANSI Z535.3 - 2011 Criteria for Safety Symbols. 42. ANSI Z535.4 - 2011 Product Safety Signs and Labels. 43. ANSI Z535.5 - 2011 Accident Prevention Tags and Labels. 44. Mil-Std 1472G Department of Defense, Design Criteria Standard-Hu
46、man Engineering, 2012. 45. ISO 7250 Basic human body measurements for technological design Part 1 (2008) Body measurement definitions and landmarks. 46. ISO TR 7250 Basic human body measurements for technological design Part 2 (2009): Statistical summaries of body measurements from individual ISO po
47、pulations. 47. ISO TR 12295:2014, Ergonomics application document for International Standards on manual handling (ISO 11228-1, ISO 11228-2 and ISO 11228-3) and evaluation of static working postures (ISO 11226). 48. ISO TR 22100-3:2016, Safety of machinery Relationship with ISO 12100: Part 3 - Implem
48、entation of ergonomic principles in safety standards 49. ISO 13732-1:2006, Ergonomics of the thermal environment - Methods for the assessment of human responses to contact with surfaces - Part 1: Hot surfaces 50. ISO/TS 13732-2:2001, Ergonomics of the thermal environment - Methods for the assessment
49、 of human responses to contact with surfaces - Part 2: Human contact with surfaces at moderate temperature 51. ISO 13732-3:2005, Ergonomics of the thermal environment - Methods for the assessment of human responses to contact with surfaces - Part 3: Cold surfaces 52. NIOSH 2016. NIOSH criteria for a recommended standard: occupational exposure to heat and hot environments. By Jacklitsch B, Williams WJ, Musolin K, Coca A, Kim J-H, Turner N. Cincinnati, OH: U.S. Department of Health and Human
