1、 American National Standard for Evaluating the Simulated Wind Uplift Resistance of Roof Assemblies Using Static Positive and/or Negative Differential Pressures ANSI FM 4474-2004 (R2010) January 2011 2011 FM Approvals LLC. All rights reserved. FM Approvals Foreword NOTE: This foreword is introductory
2、 only and is not part of American National Standard FM 4474. This standard is intended to verify that the product as described will meet minimum specific stated conditions of performance, safety and quality, useful in determining the potential suitability for end-use conditions of these products. It
3、 describes minimum performance requirements for materials that are intended for use in roof assemblies by evaluating the ability of the materials and, in turn, the system components to withstand simulated wind uplift resistance. This American National Standard has been developed according to the ess
4、ential requirements of due process for standards development of the American National Standards Institute (ANSI). FM Approvals is an ANSI-accredited standards developer (ASD). ANSI/FM 4474 was originally published in March 2004 and re-affirmed in January 2011. No changes have been made. Approval of
5、an American National Standard requires verification by ANSI that the principles of openness and due process have been followed and that a consensus of those directly and materially affected by the standard has been achieved. Consensus requires that all views and objections be considered, and that a
6、concerted effort be made toward their resolution. Consensus is established when, in the judgment of the ANSI Board of Standards Review, substantial agreement has been reached. The American National Standards Institute does not develop standards nor will it in any circumstances give an interpretation
7、 of any American National Standard. Requests for interpretations of this test standard should be addressed to FM Approvals. ANSI regulations require that this American National Standard shall be revised, reaffirmed or withdrawn within five years of the date of publication. FM Approvals 1151 Boston-P
8、rovidence Turnpike P. O. Box 9102 Norwood, MA 02062 U. S.A. Phone: 781-762-4300 Fax: 781-762-9375 E-mail: A FM Approvals TABLE OF CONTENTS 1. INTRODUCTION 1 1.1 Purpose . 1 1.2 Scope 1 1.3 Basis for Requirements 1 1.4 System of Units . 1 2 GENERAL INFORMATION . 3 2.1 Product Information . 3 2.2 Requ
9、irements . 3 3 APPLICABLE DOCUMENTS AND GLOSSARY 4 3.1 Applicable Documents . 4 3.2 Glossary 4 4 GENERAL REQUIREMENTS . 6 4.1 General 6 4.2 Markings . 6 4.3 Simulated Wind Uplift Resistance Ratings 6 4.4 Roof Assembly Component Requirements 6 5 PERFORMANCE REQUIREMENTS 7 5.1 General 7 5.2 Conditions
10、 of Acceptance . 7 APPENDIX A: UNITS OF MEASUREMENT . 9 APPENDIX B: SIMULATED WIND UPLIFT PULL TEST PROCEDURE . 10 B-1 Introduction 10 B-2 Design of the Test Apparatus 10 B-3 Test Sample 10 B-4 Conduct of Test 11 B-5 Results 12 APPENDIX C: 5 9 SIMULATED WIND UPLIFT PRESSURE TEST PROCEDURE 13 C-1 Int
11、roduction 13 C-2 Design of the Test Apparatus . 13 C-3 Test Sample 14 C-4 Conduct of Test 14 C-5 Results 15 APPENDIX D: 12 24 SIMULATED WIND UPLIFT PRESSURE TEST PROCEDURE . 16 D-1 Introduction . 16 D-2 Design of the Test Apparatus 16 D-3 Test Sample 17 D-4 Conduct of Test 17 D-5 Results 18 D-6 Alte
12、rnate Test Methods . 18 D-7 Design of the Test Apparatus 18 D-8 Conduct of Test 19 D-9 Results 21 _ANSI FM 4474-2004(R2010) FM Approvals 1 1. INTRODUCTION 1.1 Purpose This standard states the test requirements for evaluating the simulated wind uplift resistance of roof assemblies by using static pos
13、itive and/or negative differential pressures. The standard applies to all components as assembled in the roof system. 1.2 Scope 1.2.1 Roof components, incorporated in complete roof assemblies, are exposed to various wind conditions. This standard presents test methods to evaluate the simulated wind
14、uplift resistance of the completed roof assembly by using static positive and/or negative differential pressures. 1.2.2 This standard applies to a complete roof assembly. Weatherability, leakage, hail, fire resistance, corrosion resistance of fasteners and aggregate blow-off potential are not a part
15、 of this evaluation. 1.2.3 The performance of a roof assembly depends in part on all components in the roof system and on how they interact. It is therefore necessary to evaluate the roof assembly as a whole when measuring the potential for its wind resistance classification. 1.2.4 This standard is
16、intended to evaluate only those hazards investigated, and is not intended to determine suitability for the end use of a product. 1.2.5 This standard is intended to be used to determine the simulated wind uplift resistance of the following types of roof assemblies: assemblies that utilize mechanical
17、fasteners, adhesives, hot asphalt, heat welding, self adhesive components or combination thereof, to secure insulations, base sheets, cap sheets, exterior coverings and other components, in single or multi-layered constructions, to one another and to the roof deck assemblies that utilize structural
18、concrete, lightweight insulating concrete, cementitious wood fiber or gypsum roof decks having a minimum thickness of 2 in. (51 mm) assemblies that utilize fiber reinforced cement roof decks having a minimum thickness of 4 in. (102 mm) assemblies that utilize steel, wood or fiber reinforced plastic
19、roof decks standing/lap seam metal roof systems 1.2.6 This standard is not intended to be used to evaluate loose laid ballasted roof assemblies. 1.3 Basis for Requirements The requirements of this standard are based on experience, research and testing and/or the standards of other organizations. The
20、 advice of manufacturers, users, trade associations and loss control specialists was also considered. 1.4 System of Units Units of measurement are U.S. customary units. These are followed by their arithmetic equivalents in International System (SI) units, enclosed in parentheses. Appendix A lists so
21、me of the selected units used in testing these products; conversions to SI units are included. Conversion of U.S. customary units is in accordance with ANSI/IEEE/ASTM SI 10-97, Standard for Use of the International System of Units (SI): _ANSI FM 4474-2004(R2010) FM Approvals 2 The Modern Metric Syst
22、em. _ANSI FM 4474-2004(R2010) FM Approvals 3 2 GENERAL INFORMATION 2.1 Product Information Roof assemblies are usually comprised of a roof deck, insulation and roof covering. They are often constructed by first securing rigid insulation boards to the top surface of the deck with insulation fasteners
23、, fastener plates or adhesives. A weatherproof covering is then installed above the insulation. Some assemblies are permitted to incorporate vapor retarders and/or air barriers. Vapor retarders and air barriers are permitted to be placed directly on the deck with fasteners driven through the insulat
24、ion and vapor retarder and/or air barrier, in conjunction with sandwich-style construction, i.e., adhered over insulation board which has been attached to the deck with insulation fasteners or adhesive prior to applying a second layer of insulation, or in conjunction with a mechanically fastened bas
25、e sheet. The complete assembly shall meet the requirements of this standard. 2.2 Requirements 2.2.1 The requirements of this standard shall be used to measure and describe the performance of the roof assembly in response to exposure from simulated wind uplift pressure under controlled laboratory con
26、ditions. The results of these controlled exposures shall not be used to describe or appraise actual exposure conditions since such conditions vary widely. 2.2.2 The examination includes simulated wind uplift pressure. A review of construction and application instructions and specifications shall be
27、conducted. _ANSI FM 4474-2004(R2010) FM Approvals 4 3 APPLICABLE DOCUMENTS AND GLOSSARY 3.1 Applicable Documents The following are standards, test methods and practices referenced in this standard: Minimum Design Loads for Buildings and Other Structures, ASCE 7 (latest edition). 3.2 Glossary For pur
28、poses of this standard, the following terms apply: Air Barrier Provides protection to the above deck components from air infiltration from the building. When used with a mechanically fastened roof cover, the air barrier shall be installed such that the above deck components are encapsulated at the e
29、ntire roof perimeter and at all roof penetrations. Base Sheet A saturated or coated felt, which may include minerals or granules on one surface, placed as the first ply in some multi-ply built-up roof assemblies Fastener, Fastener Plates and Batten Bars A wide variety of devices of mechanical assemb
30、lies used to attach insulation boards or membranes to a substrate or deck. Plate attachments generally consist of a square-or circular-shaped metal or plastic plate with a hole in the center, through which a screw or nail-like clip is inserted. They are generally set in place with a drill-like devic
31、e. Insulation A material that reduces heat loss and/or gain. Laboratory Conditions The enclosure where the test samples are constructed, cured and tested. This enclosure shall be protected from the elements and be maintained at a temperature of 70F +25F, -30F (37C +14C, -17C) at a relative humidity
32、of 35% (25%). Lightweight Insulating Concrete Concrete lighter in weight than ordinary sand and gravel concrete. It generally consists of a mixture of portland cement and water with various aggregates and/or preformed foam and/or an air entraining agent. Live Loads Temporary loads which the roof sys
33、tem must be designed to support, as required by governing building codes. Live loads are generally moving and/or temporary, such as installation equipment, wind, snow, ice, water or personnel. Multi-Layered Constructions Roof assemblies that incorporate rigid roof insulations installed in two or mor
34、e layers with all joints offset between the upper and lower layers. Negative Pressure As used in this test standard, a suction pressure that is less than normal atmospheric pressure, that is applied from above the assembly. Positive Pressure As used in this test standard, pressure that is applied fr
35、om below the roof assembly. Roof Assembly An assembly of interacting roof components (including the roof deck) designed to weatherproof and normally, to insulate a buildings top surface, and to support anticipated loads. Roof System A system of interacting roof components (NOT including the roof dec
36、k) designed to weatherproof and, normally, to insulate a buildings top surface. Sandwich-Style Construction An application incorporated within the roof assembly, usually consisting of a vapor retarder between layers of roof insulation. Vapor Retarder A layer of material used to retard or prevent the
37、 passage of moisture into a roof system. Wind Uplift The force generated by wind on a roof system or components in a roof system resulting from wind-induced pressures. Wind that is deflected around and across the surfaces of a building causes a drop in air pressure immediately above the roof surface
38、 (negative pressure); the air _ANSI FM 4474-2004(R2010) FM Approvals 5 in the building will flow beneath the roof deck (positive pressure), and the combined uplift pressures attempt to lift the roof assembly upward. Wind uplift may also be caused by the introduction of wind underneath the roof edges
39、 where it can cause the roof assembly to pull away from the substrate. _ANSI FM 4474-2004(R2010) FM Approvals 6 4 GENERAL REQUIREMENTS 4.1 General During the investigation and prior to physical testing, the manufacturers specifications and installation instructions shall be reviewed to verify that t
40、he product is capable of being used within the limits of the investigation and to demonstrate proper installation procedures and techniques, as appropriate. 4.2 Markings Packaging material and/or containers shall bear the manufacturers name and product identification. 4.3 Simulated Wind Uplift Resis
41、tance Ratings Assemblies evaluated using this standard shall be assigned a simulated wind uplift resistance rating. The assigned rating shall be the maximum uplift resistance pressure for which the assembly meets all criteria when tested in accordance with the appropriate test method for the type of
42、 roof assembly under consideration. (See Paragraph 5.1.2 for an exception). Simulated wind uplift resistance ratings shall be stated in 15 lbs/ft2 (0.7 kPa) increments. 4.4 Roof Assembly Component Requirements 4.4.1 All fasteners used to secure roof insulations, membranes and other components to the
43、 roof deck shall be capable of being installed with the recommended equipment without damage to any of the components. 4.4.2 Fasteners shall be the proper length to assure penetration through the deck (if applicable) or to meet recommended minimum embedment lengths. 4.4.3 When a steel deck is utiliz
44、ed, fasteners shall penetrate through the top flange of the deck. 4.4.4 Test samples shall be permitted to cure under laboratory conditions for a period not to exceed 28 days. 4.4.5 All adhesives shall be applied in accordance with the manufacturers written instructions and at their recommended appl
45、ication rates. 4.4.6 Appropriate safety precautions, the need for proper ventilation, and use of special equipment when using adhesives, hot asphalt, heat welding or open flames shall be observed. _ANSI FM 4474-2004(R2010) FM Approvals 7 5 PERFORMANCE REQUIREMENTS 5.1 General Simulated wind uplift r
46、esistance ratings shall be determined using the specific test procedure shown below for the particular type of roof assembly being evaluated. 5.1.1 The Simulated Wind Uplift Pull Test Procedure (see Appendix B) shall be used to evaluate roof assemblies where all components are fully adhered, heat we
47、lded or hot mopped with asphalt to each other and to structural or lightweight concrete and for such assemblies where the roof cover or insulation is adhered or mopped with hot asphalt to the roof deck or insulation using ribbons of adhesive or hot asphalt spaced less than or equal to 12 in. (305 mm
48、) on center. 5.1.2 The 5 9 Simulated Wind Uplift Test Procedure (Appendix C) shall be permitted to be used to evaluate various types of roof assemblies except those noted below. The Simulated Wind Uplift Resistance Rating obtained using this procedure shall be limited to a maximum of 90 lbs/ft2 (4.3 kPa). assemblies with batten or fastener row spacing in excess of 4 ft (1.2 m) on center assemblies with fasteners (spot or grid affixed) spaced greater than 2 ft
