1、 i ANSI/HPS N43.4-2005 American National Standard Classification of Radioactive Self-Luminous Light Sources Approved: 2005 American National Standards Institute, Inc. ii Published by Health Physics Society 1313 Dolley Madison Blvd. Suite 402 McLean, VA 22101 Copyright 2005 by the Health Physics Soci
2、ety All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced in any form, in an electronic retrieval system or otherwise, without prior written permission of the publisher. Printed in the United States of America iii Foreword (This foreword is not a part of American National Standard Class
3、ification of Radioactive Self-Luminous Light Sources, N43.4) The radiation from radioactive material is used as a source of energy for activating phosphors to produce light in self-luminous watches and clocks, instrument dials, aircraft exit markers, luminous switches, etc. Safety in the design and
4、use of radioactive materials in self-luminous products continues to be of concern to the industry, regulatory bodies and the general public. In 1967 Committee N43 was organized under the sponsorship of the National Bureau of Standards (now the National Institute of Standards and Technology) to repla
5、ce Sectional Committee Z54. The scope of the new committee is “standards pertaining to products and equipment, for non-medical scientific, industrial, and educational uses, involving ionizing radiation sources including radioactive materials, accelerators, and x-ray equipment but excluding nuclear r
6、eactors.” The responsibility to develop standards for self-luminous sources was assigned to Subcommittee N43-2. In 1975 a standard for classification of radioactive self-luminous light sources was approved by the USA Standards Committee N43-2 Subcommittee and published as American National Standard
7、N-540 (NBS Handbook 116), issued January 1976. This standard was reaffirmed as ANSI 43.2 (R1989). In 1985 Committee N43 was organized under the sponsorship of the Health Physics Society. The N43.4 Subcommittee published ANSI/HPS 43.4-2000 in September 2000. This standard is an elaboration and refine
8、ment of ANSI/HPS N43.4 for self-luminous sources. The N43.4 Subcommittee is responsible for preparing this standard. Realizing that questions may arise from time to time concerning interpretations of this standard, provisions have been made for an Interpretations Committee in order that uniform hand
9、ling of questionable cases may be provided. It is recommended that anyone using this standard and desiring an interpretation of a questionable case communicate with the Health Physics Society. Suggestions for improvement gained in the use of this standard shall be welcome. They should be sent to the
10、 Health Physics Society, 1313 Dolley Madison Blvd., Suite 402, McLean, VA 22101. An American National Standard implies a consensus of those substantially concerned with its scope and provisions. An American National Standard is intended as a guide to aid the manufacturer, the consumer, and the gener
11、al public. The existence of an American National Standard does not in any respect preclude anyone, whether that person has approved the standard or not, from manufacturing, marketing, purchasing, or using products, processes, or procedures not conforming to the standard. American National Standards
12、are subject to periodic review and users are cautioned to obtain the latest editions. Producers of goods made in conformity with an American National Standard are encouraged to state in their own advertising, promotional material, and on tags or labels that the goods are produced in conformity with
13、particular American National Standards. CAUTION NOTICE: The American National Standards Institute (ANSI) has established Essential Requirements that apply to activities related to the development of consensus for approvals, revision, reaffirmation, and withdrawal of American National Standards. iv M
14、embers of Subcommittee N43-4 that had responsibility for the development of ANSI N-540-1975 (NBS Handbook 116) are listed below: Robert F. Barker, Secretary James C. Malaro Arthur C. Chandler, Jr. Robert C. McMillan Harry H. Dooley, Chairman Donald McSparron Major Fecteau Walter T. Neal Marvin E. Go
15、nshery Gail Schmidt Will Hegarty R.F. Stewart Elmer Hites Darwin Taras Warren M. Holm C.W. Wallhausen Alphus L. Jones Richard N. Walz Members of Subcommittee N43.4 that had responsibility for the development of ANSI/HPS N43.4-2000 are listed below: David P. Alberth Gordon M. Lodde, Chairman Frances
16、Szrom Members of Subcommittee N43.4 that had responsibility for the development of ANSI/HPS N43.4-2004 are listed below: David P. Alberth Gerald A. Falo Anthony Kirkwood Gordon M. Lodde, Chairman Frances Szrom v This standard was consensus balloted and approved by the ANSI-Accredited HPS N43 Committ
17、ee on July 23, 2004. At the time of balloting, the HPS N43 Committee had the following membership: Chair Gordon M. Lodde Vice Chair William Morris ABB Industrial Systems Inc. John R. Dukes Alliance of American Insurers Thomas F. Bresnahan American Automobile Manufacturers Association Donald A. Gresc
18、haw William Watt (alt.) David A. Felinski (alt.) American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists Gordon M. Lodde American Crystallographic Association Camden Hubbard American Insurance Services Group Stewart M. Fastman American Iron and Steel Institute Anthony LaMastra Peter A. Hernandez (
19、alt.) American Public Health Assoc., Inc. Jesse Lieberman American Society for Nondestructive Testing, Inc. K. Dieter Markert American Society for Testing and Materials Marvin M. Turkanis American Welding Society Edward L. Criscuolo Atomic Energy Control Board R. E. Irwin Conference of Radiation Con
20、trol Program Directors Mike Henry Bart Lago (alt.) Health Physics Society Sandy Perle William Harris (alt.) National Council on Radiation Protection and Measurements Susan M. Langhorst National Institute of Standards and Technology Douglas M. Eagleson James W. Tracy (alt.) Nuclear Regulatory Commiss
21、ion John P. Jankovich Underwriters Laboratories, Inc. Peter Boden David Dini (alt.) Univ. of California (Los Alamos Natl Lab) VACANT U.S. Dept of the Air Force, Office of the Surgeon General Ramachandra K. Bhat U.S. Dept of the Army, Office of the Surgeon General Frances Szrom U.S. Dept of the Army,
22、 Army Material Command Gregory R. Komp U.S. Dept of Energy Peter OConnell Joel Rabovsky (alt.) U.S. Dept of the Navy David E. Farrand William Morris (alt.) Steven Doremus (alt.) U.S. Dept of Health and Human Services - Public Health H. Thompson Heaton Frank Cerra (alt.) Individual Members John C. Ta
23、schner David Le vi Table of Contents 1. Scope .1 2. Definitions .1 3. General conditions.2 3.1 Activity level (Table 1).2 3.2 Self-luminous light source performance tests (Table 2).2 3.3 Performance standards for classification of self-luminous light sources (Table 3) 6 3.4 Fire and explosion . 6 3.
24、5 Radiotoxicity and solubility 6 4. Classification and testing 6 4.1 Classification procedures 6 4.2 Testing . 7 5. Classification designation 7 6. Product identification 8 7. Performance testing procedures . 8 7.1 General 8 7.2 Discoloration 8 7.3 Temperature test . 8 7.4 Thermal shock test . 8 7.5
25、 Pressure (reduced) test 9 7.6 Impact test . 9 7.7 Vibration test. 9 7.8 Immersion test .10 8. Evaluation10 9. Additional tests for special uses .10 9.1 Dust resistance 10 10. References . 11 Tables Table 1. Maximum activity in curies of an individual self-luminous light source .4 Table 2. Self-lumi
26、nous light source performance tests .4 Table 3. Performance standards for classification of self-luminous light sources 5 1 AMERICAN NATIONAL STANDARD ANSI/HPS N43.4-2005 Classification of Radioactive Self-Luminous Light Sources 1. Scope This standard establishes the classification of certain radioa
27、ctive self-luminous light sources according to radionuclide, type of source, activity and performance requirements. The standard does not attempt to establish design or safety standards, but leaves the design features to the judgment of the supplier and user, provided that the performance requiremen
28、ts are met. This standard does not specify the luminance of the self-luminous light source; however, many of these sources are used for safety proposes. Therefore, the luminosity must be commensurate with the intended use of the source(s). Note: Radioactive self-luminous light sources used in or on
29、timepieces are not covered by this standard. The following documents apply to radioluminous timepieces: a. International Atomic Energy Agency, Radiation Protection Standards for Radioluminous Timepieces, Safety Series No. 23, Vienna, 1967. b. International Association for Standardization, Radiolumin
30、escence for Time Measurement Instruments specifications (ISO 3157), Geneva, 1975. c. Nuclear Energy Agency, Radiation Protection Standards for Gaseous Tritium Light Devices, Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development, Paris, 1973. The objectives of this standard are to establish minimum p
31、rototype testing requirements for radioactive self-luminous light sources, to promote uniformity of marking such sources, and to establish minimum physical performance for such sources. This standard is primarily directed toward ensuring adequate containment of the radioactive material. Other factor
32、s, such as quality control, external radiation levels, radiotoxicity of the radionuclide, its chemical and physical form, and quantity of radioactive material in the source, also shall require consideration in view of the ever-present objective of keeping exposures as low as is reasonably achievable
33、 (ALARA). Compliance with this standard does not necessarily satisfy all requirements for manufacture and use that may be imposed by governmental regulatory agencies. 2. Definitions The definitions and terms contained in this standard, or in other American National Standards referred to in this docu
34、ment, are not intended to embrace all legitimate meanings of the terms. They are applicable only to the subject treated in this standard. Activity: The number of spontaneous nuclear transformations occurring in a given quantity of material during a suitably small interval of time divided by that int
35、erval of time. It is commonly expressed in curies (Ci). The Systeme International (SI) unit for activity is the becquerel (Bq). One Ci is equal to 3.7 x 1010Bq. Brightness (or luminance): The luminous intensity of the surface of a self-luminous light source in a given direction per unit projected ar
36、ea of the surface, viewed from that direction. Luminance is measured in candela per square meter. Capsule: A protective envelope used to prevent leakage of the radioactive material. Container: A general term to designate any enclosure which surrounds the encapsulated radioactive material. Device: An
37、y piece of equipment designed to utilize a self-luminous light source(s). Distributor: Any person or organization supplying self-luminous light sources. Fixed sources: Sources intended for usage at a specific location(s), designed for environmental conditions existing at the ANSI/HPS N43.4-2005 2 in
38、tended location(s), and to be used, except for accidental or unavoidable circumstances, under environmental conditions for which the source was designed. Leakage: A transfer of radioactive material from the self-luminous light source to the environment external to any encapsulation. Manufacturer: An
39、y person or organization fabricating a self-luminous light source(s). Mobile sources: Sources designed to meet certain anticipated environmental conditions, not necessarily intended for usage at any specific location(s), and known to be subject to possibly frequent or severe environmental changes. M
40、odel: Descriptive term or number to identify a specific self-luminous light source design. Non-leachable: Term used to convey that the radioactive material is virtually insoluble in water and not convertible into dispersible products. Prototype source: The original source model that serves as a patt
41、ern for the manufacture of all sources identified by the same model designation. Prototype testing: The performance testing of a new source design before sources of such design are put into actual use. Quality control: Such tests and procedures as are necessary to establish that the sources comply w
42、ith the performance characteristics for that source design as defined in Table 3 of this standard. Radiotoxicity: The toxicity attributable to the radiation emitted by a radioactive substance within the body. Self-luminous light source: A source consisting of a radionuclide firmly incorporated in so
43、lid and/or inactive materials or sealed in a protective envelope strong enough to prevent any leakage of the contained radioactive substances to the environment under ordinary circumstances of use and incorporating a phosphor for the purpose of emitting light. Self-luminous light sources include: Dr
44、y powder sources (D): in which the activated phosphor is introduced into a sealed container without the use of any binding medium, Painted sources (P): in which a radionuclide is intimately mixed and bound with the phosphor and incorporated into a capsule, Separable sources (S): in which the radionu
45、clide, bonded to or in a supporting stratum, and the phosphor constitute independent elements that can be isolated from each other, and Gaseous sources (G): in which the phosphor is coated on the inside wall of or on a component within the container in which the radionuclide, in gaseous form, is con
46、tained. Shall: Where “shall” is used for a provision specified herein, that provision is intended to be a requirement if the intent and objectives of this standard are to be met. Should: Where “should” is used indicates provisions that are not required but are recommended as good practices. Source h
47、older: A mechanical support for the self-luminous light source. 3. General conditions Self-luminous light sources considered in this standard are of four general types: dry powder sources (D), painted sources (P), separable sources (S), and gaseous sources (G). 3.1 Activity Level (Table 1) Table 1 e
48、stablishes the maximum activity, in curies, of an individual classification of each type of source under this standard. The radionuclides most commonly used and those exhibiting potential use in self-luminous sources are listed in Table 1. ANSI/HPS N43.4-2005 33.2 Self-luminous light source performa
49、nce tests (Table 2) Table 2 provides a listing of the tests for evaluating the physical performance of self-luminous sources under average environmental conditions in which a self-luminous source, or source-device, shall be used. The tests are based on normal and abnormal use (typical accidents considered) but do not include exposure to fire or explosion. The tests shall be run consecutively, in the order shown in Table 2. Table 2 does not cover all source-use situations. If the environmental conditions to which a source is expected to be exposed in use di
