1、 IEEE Guide for Determining the Effects of High-Temperature Operation on Conductors, Connectors, and Accessories Sponsored by the Transmission and Distribution Committee IEEE 3 Park Avenue New York, NY 10016-5997 USA IEEE Power and Energy Society IEEE Std 1283-2013(Revision of IEEE Std 1283-2004) IE
2、EE Std 1283-2013 (Revision of IEEE Std 1283-2004) IEEE Guide for Determining the Effects of High-Temperature Operation on Conductors, Connectors, and Accessories Sponsor Transmission and Distribution Committee of the IEEE Power and Energy Society Approved 23 August 2013 IEEE-SA Standards Board Abstr
3、act: Possible adverse impacts to an operating overhead transmission line which might occur when operating the line at high temperatures are discussed. Specifically, the transmission lines conductor, connectors, and attached accessories in terms of degradation in mechanical properties due to annealin
4、g elastic and in-elastic elongation, and accelerated aging are explored along with limited mitigation recommendations. Additionally, predictor equations for accelerated creep and conductor loss of strength are detailed in annexes with limited example calculations. Keywords: accelerated aging, accele
5、rated creep, annealing, conductor core, conductors, connectors, IEEE 1283 The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc. 3 Park Avenue, New York, NY 10016-5997, USA Copyright 2013 by The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc. All rights reserved. Published 4 October 201
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19、nsibility. Further information may be obtained from the IEEE Standards Association. Copyright 2013 IEEE. All rights reserved. vi Participants At the time this IEEE guide was completed, the Conductors Working Group had the following membership: Jerry Reding, Chair Craig Pon, Vice Chair Neal Chapman L
20、en Custer Bruce Freimark Waymon Goch Tip Goodwin Joe Graziano Douglas Harms Mark Lancaster Joe Renowden Carl Tamm Bob Whapham The following members of the individual balloting committee voted on this guide. Balloters may have voted for approval, disapproval, or abstention. William Ackerman Saleman A
21、libhay Gordon Baker Chris Brooks William Bush William Byrd James Chapman Robert Christman Larry Conrad Glenn Davidson Gary Donner Gary Engmann Dan Evans George Gela Waymon Goch Tip Goodwin Randall Groves Ajit Gwal Douglas Harms Jeffrey Helzer Lee Herron Werner Hoelzl Magdi Ishac Gael Kennedy Yuri Kh
22、ersonsky Robert Kluge Jim Kulchisky Saumen Kundu Chung-Yiu Lam Michael Lauxman Greg Luri Otto Lynch William McBride Jerry Murphy Neal Murray Arthur Neubauer Michael S. Newman Joe Nims Carl Orde Lorraine Padden Bansi Patel Robert Peters Douglas Proctor Iulian Profir Jerry Reding Keith Reese Michael R
23、oberts Stephen Rodick Charles Rogers Thomas Rozek Bartien Sayogo Dennis Schlender Gil Shultz Douglas Smith James Smith Jerry Smith Nagu Srinivas Ryan Stargel Gary Stoedter John Vergis Mark Walton Yingli Wen Kenneth White Larry Young Jian Yu Luis ZambranoWhen the IEEE-SA Standards Board approved this
24、 guide on 23 August 2013, it had the following membership: John Kulick, Chair David J. Law, Vice Chair Richard H. Hulett, Past Chair Konstantinos Karachalios, Secretary Masayuki Ariyoshi Peter Balma Farooq Bari Ted Burse Wael William Diab Stephen Dukes Jean-Philippe Faure Alexander Gelman Mark Halpi
25、n Gary Hoffman Paul Houz Jim Hughes Michael Janezic Joseph L. Koepfinger* Oleg Logvinov Ron Petersen Gary Robinson Jon Walter Rosdahl Adrian Stephens Peter Sutherland Yatin Trivedi Phil Winston Yu Yuan *Member Emeritus Copyright 2013 IEEE. All rights reserved. vii Also included are the following non
26、voting IEEE-SA Standards Board liaisons: Richard DeBlasio, DOE Representative Michael Janezic, NIST Representative Julie Alessi IEEE Standards Program Manager, Document Development Erin Spiewak IEEE Standards Program Manager, Technical Program Development Copyright 2013 IEEE. All rights reserved. vi
27、ii Introduction This introduction is not part of IEEE Std 1283-2013, IEEE Guide for Determining the Effects of High-Temperature Operation on Conductors, Connectors, and Accessories. The annexes are provided as either information or representative examples of some computational techniques in use toda
28、y within the industry; however, they are not the only accepted techniques available nor are they to be considered the recommended techniques by the Task Force under the Conductors Working Group preparing this guide. Other techniques can be found in the references, bibliography, and other sources whi
29、ch provide equally acceptable results. The reader is encouraged to investigate any and all techniques to determine which best suit anticipated applications. Copyright 2013 IEEE. All rights reserved. ix Contents 1. Overview 1 1.1 Scope . 1 1.2 Purpose 1 2. Normative references 3 3. Definitions and ac
30、ronyms . 4 3.1 Definitions . 4 3.2 Acronyms 5 4. Conductors 5 4.1 Elevated temperature creep 5 4.2 Loss of strength and annealing 6 4.3 High-temperature effects on conductor core 7 4.4 High-temperature effects on sags and tensions 8 5. Connectors .11 5.1 Design of connectors 11 5.2 Connector high-te
31、mperature operation .11 5.3 Analysis of connector high-temperature operation .13 5.4 Mitigation of connector high-temperature operation 14 6. Conductor hardware 14 6.1 Metallic conductor hardware 15 6.2 Non-metallic conductor hardware 16 6.3 Insulators and connecting hardware .16 Annex A (informativ
32、e) Creep predictor equations for high-temperature operation 18 A.1 General .18 A.2 Definition of terms .18 A.3 Creep predictor equations 19 A.4 Temperature change value .21 A.5 Use of predictor equations .21 Annex B (informative) Example of calculating elevated temperature creep and its effect on co
33、nductor sag.23 B.1 General .23 B.2 Problem statement 23 B.3 Example calculation (metric) .23 B.4 Example calculation (English) .25 Annex C (informative) Residual conductor strength predictor equations for high-temperature operation27 C.1 General .27 C.2 Definition of terms .27 C.3 Residual conductor
34、 strength predictor equations .27 Annex D (informative) Bibliography 29 Copyright 2013 IEEE. All rights reserved. 1 IEEE Guide for Determining the Effects of High-Temperature Operation on Conductors, Connectors, and Accessories IMPORTANT NOTICE: IEEE Standards documents are not intended to ensure sa
35、fety, health, or environmental protection, or ensure against interference with or from other devices or networks. Implementers of IEEE Standards documents are responsible for determining and complying with all appropriate safety, security, environmental, health, and interference protection practices
36、 and all applicable laws and regulations. This IEEE document is made available for use subject to important notices and legal disclaimers. These notices and disclaimers appear in all publications containing this document and may be found under the heading “Important Notice” or “Important Notices and
37、 Disclaimers Concerning IEEE Documents.” They can also be obtained on request from IEEE or viewed at http:/standards.ieee.org/IPR/disclaimers.html. 1. Overview 1.1 Scope The scope of this guide is to describe the effects and impacts of high temperature operation on conductors, connectors, and conduc
38、tor hardware. The guide will identify operating metrics which constitute elevated temperature operation based on present industry practices and its effects on overhead line components, and it will suggest potential mitigation options to manage or avoid identified adverse impacts. 1.2 Purpose The pur
39、pose of this guide is to provide general recommendations for consideration when evaluating existing overhead transmission lines or designing new overhead transmission lines which will be operated at high temperatures. Although this guide is intended for overhead transmission lines, most of the discu
40、ssion will also be applicable to distribution lines. Recently within the industry a number of new and novel conductors have been designed using non-traditional materials specifically designed for high-temperature operation. The collection of new and novel conductors is identified in the industry as
41、high IEEE Std 1283-2013 IEEE Guide for Determining the Effects of High-Temperature Operation on Conductors, Connectors, and Accessories Copyright 2013 IEEE. All rights reserved. 2 temperature low sag (HTLS) conductors. These new conductors are typically formulated with either standard aluminum stran
42、ds, fully annealed aluminum or aluminum alloys which resist annealing at 200 C or greater, exotic core materials which result in minimal sag changes with increasing conductor temperature, and extremely robust connectors. While the general concepts and cautions presented in this guide are appropriate
43、 for broad considerations when designing with the HTLS conductors, this guide does not specifically address the HTLS conductors as they are supported with other documents. Rather, this guide is limited to conventional conductors and connectors typically formulated with cold worked aluminum or copper
44、 with reinforcement achieved using steel galvanized or steel aluminum clad core strands. One notable exception is steel supported aluminum conductors (SSAC) developed in the late 1970s (Reynolds Metal) utilizing a galvanized steel core or aluminum-clad steel core and fully annealed aluminum strands.
45、 Modern versions of the SSAC conductor are referenced as aluminum conductors steel supported (ACSS) and typically carry a steel core of either misch metal or aluminum-clad steel core and fully annealed aluminum strands. The trend in most utilities today is to increase the capacity of their transmiss
46、ion lines wherever practical. It has become increasingly difficult to build new lines because of increased costs to obtain rights-of-way, public intervention, and state licensing requirements. These obstacles have significantly increased the cost and lead times required to place new lines into servi
47、ce. The lost revenue opportunities from power purchase/sale agreements with other systems because of limited transmission facilities can be substantial. Therefore, utilities are attempting to find as much capacity as is practical from the addition of new high-capacity lines or modifying existing lin
48、es for operation at higher temperatures than the existing facilities. In the past, utilities have typically been conservative in rating their lines due to the uncertainties in parameters which influence conductor temperature. Today, with a better understanding of actual ambient conditions and improv
49、ements in monitoring instruments and sophisticated analysis tools, utilities are rating lines at higher temperatures with the same or higher level of confidence than in the past. Many utilities have been increasing their transmission lines maximum conductor operating temperature as a way of increasing line capacity. Often higher operating temperatures are needed for only a few hours during the year. General concerns with increasing a conductors maximum operating temperature relate to accelerating the aging process of conductors, connectors, and conductor hardwar
