1、Copyright 1998 IEEE All Rights Reserved 1ANSI/IEEE Std 260.4-1996 (R2008)(Revision and redesignation of ANSI/ASME Std Y10.11-1984)American National Standard Letter Symbols and Abbreviations for Quantities Used in AcousticsSponsorIEEE Standards Coordinating Committee 14on Quantities, Units, and Lette
2、r Symbols Reaffirmed 27 March 2008Approved 21 March 1996IEEE Standards BoardApproved 3 October 1996American National Standards InstituteAbstract: Letter symbols for physical quantities used in the science and technology of acoustics arecovered. Abbreviations for a number of acoustical levels and rel
3、ated measures that are in common use arealso given. The symbols given in this standard are intended for all applications.Keywords: abbreviations, acoustical levels, acoustics, infrasound, letter symbols, physical quantities,sound, sound levels, symbols, ultrasound, units, vibrationThe Institute of E
4、lectrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc.345 East 47th Street, New York, NY 10017-2394, USACopyright 1996 by the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc.All rights reserved. Published 1996. Printed in the United States of America.ISBN 1-55937-748-8IEEE Standards documents are develope
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15、mer Service, 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923 USA; (508) 750-8400. Permission to photocopy portions of any individual standard for educational class- room use can also be obtained through the Copyright Clearance Center. Introduction (This introduction is not it part of ANSInEEE Std 260.4-1996,
16、American National Standard Letter Symbols and Abbre- viations for Quantities Used in Acoustics.) This revision was prepared under the auspices of the IEEE Standards Coordinating Committee on Quanti- ties, Units, and Letter Symbols (SCC14) by its Subcommittee on Acoustics (SCC14.5). At the time of ap
17、proval of this standard, the membership of Subcommittee 14.5 was as follows: Stanley L. Ehrlich, Chair Frank W. Cuomo Louis A. Herstein Roger L. Kerlin Chris E. Kuyatt Daniel W. Martin Wesley L. Nyborg John T. Scott Victor W. Sparrow Geoffrey L. Wilson Robert W. Young Allan J. Zuckerwar Members of I
18、EEE Standards Coordinating Committee for Quantities, Units, and Letter Symbols, SCC14, who participated in the approval of this standard were Bruce B. Barrow, Chair Barry N. Taylor, Vice Chair William Aird Cadi Kaplan Chester H. Page 0. C. Amrhyn William R. Kruesi Ralph M. Showers William Brenner Ch
19、ris E. Kuyatt Raymond S. Turgel Stanley L. Ehrlich Jack M. Loudon Alan S. Whelihan Robert V. Esperti Arthur 0. McCoubrey Theodore Wildi John A. Goetz Conrad R. Muller Geoffrey L. Wilson Richard G. Gould Wesley Nyborg . 111 When the IEEE Standards Board approved this standard on 21 March 1996, it had
20、 the following membership : Donald C. Loughry, Chair Richard J. Holleman, Wce Chair Andrew G. Salem, Secretary Gilles A. Baril Clyde R. Camp Joseph A. Cannatelli Stephen L. Diamond Harold E. Epstein Donald C. Fleckenstein Jay Forster” Donald N. Heirman Ben C. Johnson E. G. “Al” Zener Joseph L. Koepf
21、inger* Lawrence V. McCall L. Bruce McClung Marco W. Migliaro Mary Lou Padgett John W. Pope Jose R. Ramos *Member Emeritus Also included are the following nonvoting IEEE Standards Board liaisons: Satish K. Aggarwal Alan H. Cookson Chester C. Taylor Mary Lynne Nielsen Standurds Project Edi Arthur K. R
22、eilly Ronald H. Reimer Gary S. Robinson Ingo Riisch John S. Ryan Chee Kiow Tan Leonard L. Tripp Howard L. Wolfman iv Contents CLAUSE PAGE 1 . Overview 1 2 . References 1 3 . General principles of letter symbol standardization 2 3.1 Letter syimbols 2 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 The International System of Units
23、(SI) 5 3.6 Usage . 6 3.7 Alphabets and typography . 2 Remarks concerning quantity symbols 3 Remarks concerning unit symbols . 4 Unit symbols to be used with limited character sets 7 Principles applicable to letter symbols and abbreviations for quantities used in acoustics . 7 4 . 4.1 Time-varying qu
24、antities . 7 4.2 Average values . 8 4.3 Quantities per unit volume. area. or length 8 4.4 4.5 4.6 Sequence: for double subscripts to multiplying operators 8 Remarks concerning levels 8 Remarks concerning abbreviations 10 5 . Introduction to the tables . . 11 6 . Bibliography 12 TABLES Table A . 5 Ta
25、ble B . 6 Table 1 . 14 Table 2 . 16 Table 3 . 18 Table 4 . 19 Table 5 . 21 Table 6 . 24 Table 7 . 31 Table 8 . 34 Table 9 . 36 Table 10 . 41 Table 11 . 43 Table 12 . 54 Table 13 . 57 V Americian National Standard Letter Symbolls and Abbreviations for Quantities Used in Acoustics 1. Overview This sta
26、ndard covers letter symbols for physical quantities2 used in the science and technology of acoustics; it also covers abbreviations for a number of acoustical levels and related measures that are in common use. The science and technology of acoustics include sound, ultrasound, and infra-sound in all
27、media: gases, especially air; liquids, especially water; and solids are examples of media with which acoustics is concerned. There are many specialties in acoustics, a few of which are speech, hearing, music, noise control, vibration, shock, and sonar. The symbols given in this standard are intended
28、 for all applications, including use in text and equations; in graphs and diagrams; and on panels, labels, and nameplates. “General principles of letter symbol standardization” common to SCCl4 standards are given before the more specialized “principles applicable to letter symbols and abbreviations
29、for quantities used in acoustics.” These are followed by the “introduction to the tables” and a “bibliography.” 2. References This standard shall be used in conjunction with the following publication. When the following standard is superseded by an approved revision, the revision shall apply. ANSI/I
30、EEE Std 268-.1992, American National Standard for Metric Pratice. “Letter symbol” as a technical term does not have the same meaning as either “name” or “abbreviation.” An abbreviation is a letter or a combination of letters (pilus sometimes an apostrophe or a full stop, i.e., a period) that by conv
31、ention represents a word or a name in a particular language; hence, an abbreviation may be different in a different language. A symbol represents a physical quantity or a unit and is therefore independent of language. Example: For electromotive force, the symbol is E, whereas the abbreviation is emf
32、 in English, fem in French, and EMK in German. The unit names “ampere” and “second” have sometimes been abbreviated amp and sec, respectively, but this usagi: is now deprecated. The standard unit symbols for ampere and second are A and s, respectively. As used in this standard, the term physical qua
33、ntity means a measurable attribute of phenomena or matter. Examples are length, mass, and time. 1 ANSIAEEE Std 260.4-1 996 AMERICAN NATIONAL STANDARD LETTER SYMBOLS 3. General principles of letter symbol standardization 3.1 Letter symbols Letter symbols include symbols for physical quantities (quant
34、ity symbols) and symbols for units in which these quantities are measured (unit symbols). A quantity symbol is, in general: a single letter (for example, I for electric current) specified as to style of type font (e.g., bold, italic) and modified when appropriate by one or more subscripts or supersc
35、ripts. In a given work the same letter symbol should appear throughout for the same physical quantity, regardless of the units employed or of special values assigned. A unit symbol5 is a letter or group of letters (for example, mm for millimeter), or in a few cases a special sign, that may be used i
36、n place of the name of a unit. 3.2 Alphabets and typography Letter symbols are mainly restricted to the English and Greek alphabets. Greek letters that are easily con- fused with English letters shall be avoided. The type families that are used for text in modem book and jour- nal publishing all inc
37、lude italic (oblique) type faces and related roman (upright) faces. The former are used for quantity symbols, and the latter, for unit symbols. The distinctions are discussed more fully in the follow- ing paragraphs. (In the context of this standard, the term roman is used simply to mean upright in
38、contrast with oblique and carries no coiiiiokilion regarding wrifs, line widths, orthe like.) In situations where roman and italic fonts are not both :tuilable. cxc shull be taken to avoid confusion between quantities and units. For example, an underline is Ilrqucntl) uwd to indicate italic type, an
39、d where an underline can be provided, as in manual typewriting, this priicticc is olicn helpful. Unconventional type faces shoulcl gcncrnll not tx used for letter symbols. Script and Old English faces, for example, are not appropriate for uiiil s! rirbols. Su ecial faces have seen limited use for qu
40、antity sym- bols, but good modern practice avoids them. Symbols for physical quantities, mathematical variables, indexes, and general functions6 are printed in italic type. For example: A area e elementary electric charge x, y7 z Cartesian coordinates i,j, k, n indexes f(x) function of x Symbols for
41、 units of measurement, mathematical constants, specific mathematical functions, operators, and numerals used as indexes are printed in roman type. For example: cm centimeter 31EEE publications are available from the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, 445 Hoes Lane, P.O. Box 1331, Pis
42、cataway, 4Symbols composed of two letters are sometimes used for numerical transport parameters, such as Re for Reynolds number. Unit symbols have sometimes been treated in the same manneras general abbreviations, but the recommendations of the International Committee for Weights and Measures (CIPM)
43、, and of many other international and national bodies concerned with standardization, emphasize the symbolic character of these designations and rigidly prescribe the manner in which they shall be treated. This concept of the unit symbol is therefore adopted in this standard. 6The term generalfuncti
44、ons is here used to contrast with specijic mathemaficalfuncfions, for which roman type is to be used. NJ 08855-1331, USA. 2 AND ABBREVIATIONS IFOR QUANTITIES USED IN ACOUSTICS ANS 1/1 E E E Std 260.4-1996 e base of natural logarithms sin X sine of x J2(2)7 JdZ) Bessel functions dx differential of x
45、Subscripts and superscripts are governed by the preceding principles. Those that are letter symbols for quan- tities or for indexes are printed in italic type, while all others are printed in roman type. For example: heat capacity at constant pressure p input current, output current cP aij, a45 matr
46、ix elements Zi, Io xav average value of x For indicating the vector character of a quantity, boldface italic type is used. For example: F force H magnetic field strength Ordinary italic type is used to represent the magnitude of a vector quantity. It is also commonly used for a vector quantity when
47、there is no need to draw attention to the vector character of the quantity. When tensor quantitiies of second or higher order are to be represented by a single letter, sans serif type should be used (for e:rample, H, B). 3.3 Remarks concerning quantity symbols Quantity symbols may be used in mathema
48、tical expressions in any way consistent with good mathematical usage. The product of two quantities a, b, is indicated by writing ab. The quotient may be indicated by writ- ing a -, alb, or ab- b If more than one slash (I) is used in any algebraic term, parentheses shall be inserted to remove any am
49、bigu- ity. Thus, one may wirite ( the symbol may be used alone thereafter. Explanatory notes or keys should be included where appropriate on drawings and in tabular matter. “Information about references can be found in clause 2 6 AND ABBREVIATIONS FOR QUANTITIES USED IN ACOUSTICS ANSVIEEE Std 260.4-1996 Attachment of letters to a unit symbol as a means of giving information about the quantity under consider- ation is incorrect. Thus MWe for “megawatts electrical (power),” Vac for “volts ac,” and kJt for “kilojoules thermal (ener
