1、IEEE Std 434-2006(Revision ofIEEE Std 434-1991)IEEE Guide for Functional Evaluationof Insulation Systems for AC ElectricMachines Rated 2300 V and AboveI E E E3 Park Avenue New York, NY 10016-5997, USA15 March 2007IEEE Power Engineering SocietySponsored by theElectric Machinery CommitteeIEEE Std 434-
2、2006(R2013) (Revision of IEEE Std 434-1991) IEEE Guide for Functional Evaluation of Insulation Systems for AC Electric Machines Rated 2300 V and Above Sponsor Electric Machinery Committee of the IEEE Power Engineering Society Approved 6 December 2006 IEEE-SA Standards Board Reaffirmed 6 February 201
3、3 IEEE-SA Standards Board Approved 26 April 2007 American National Standards Institute Reaffirmed 29 October 2013 American National Standards Institute Abstract: A procedure that may be used to evaluate and compare insulation systems used, or proposed for use, in large ac electric machines is descri
4、bed in this guide. Keywords: ac, accelerated aging, armature winding, electric machine, electrical insulation, electromechanical, functional evaluation, stator winding, thermal endurance, thermal expansion, thermomechanical, voltage endurance _ The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers,
5、Inc. 3 Park Avenue, New York, NY 10016-5997, USA Copyright 2007 by the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc. All rights reserved. Published 15 March 2007. Printed in the United States of America. IEEE is a registered trademark in the U.S. Patent +1 978 750 8400. Permission to photo
6、copy portions of any individual standard for educational classroom use can also be obtained through the Copyright Clearance Center. Introduction This introduction is not part of IEEE Std 434-2006, IEEE Guide for Functional Evaluation of Insulation Systems for AC Electric Machines Rated 2300 V and Ab
7、ove. During operation, the electrical insulation of large ac machines is continuously subjected to electrical, thermal, mechanical, and environmental stresses. These stresses initiate aging mechanisms that cause irreversible changes in the electrical and physical properties of the insulation, eventu
8、ally leading to degradation and failure. To perform satisfactorily, an insulation system must retain an adequate level of electrical and physical strength throughout its expected service life. Manufacturers of large machines continually strive to develop and employ better materials, designs, and man
9、ufacturing processes to improve the performance and reduce the cost of their insulation systems. When changes are made to a service-proven insulation system, it is necessary to evaluate the effects of these changes. Functional tests provide a means of evaluating an insulation system by exposing it t
10、o factors of influence that simulate or are characteristic of actual service conditions. This guide establishes the basis for evaluating the aging of the electrical insulation system as a result of these influences. It is recognized that this guide does not describe all of the functional tests curre
11、ntly in use by manufacturers of large ac machines, and that additional tests may be required to achieve a complete evaluation and classification of a new insulation system. The functional tests described in this guide are, however, in widespread use. This revision of the guide updates the previous e
12、dition mainly to clarify the intent and performance of the different functional tests. Future revisions are contemplated to include additional functional tests, and details of test procedures and analysis of results. Notice to users Errata Errata, if any, for this and all other standards can be acce
13、ssed at the following URL: http:/ standards.ieee.org/reading/ieee/updates/errata/index.html. Users are encouraged to check this URL for errata periodically. Interpretations Current interpretations can be accessed at the following URL: http:/standards.ieee.org/reading/ieee/interp/ index.html. Patents
14、Attention is called to the possibility that implementation of this guide may require use of subject matter covered by patent rights. By publication of this guide, no position is taken with respect to the existence or validity of any patent rights in connection therewith. The IEEE shall not be respon
15、sible for identifying patents or patent applications for which a license may be required to implement an IEEE standard or for conducting inquiries into the legal validity or scope of those patents that are brought to its attention. iv Copyright 2007 IEEE. All rights reserved. Participants This guide
16、 was originally developed by a working group of the Insulation Subcommittee of the IEEE Rotating Machinery Committee. The working group had the following membership: E. A. Boulter, Chair V. S. McFarlin, Secretary J. C. Botts J. M. Brown A. W. W. Cameron E. M. Fort M. M. Fromm J. L. Kuehlthau P. Lons
17、eth C. V. Maughan J. A. Oliver P. Richardson C. C. Sargeant E. S. Yates At the time this guide was completed, the 434 Working Group had the following membership: Lori Rux, Chair Stefano Bomben, Vice Chair Sabir Azizi-Ghannad Ray Bartnikas Kevin Becker Sudhakar Cherukupalli Douglas Conley Shawn Filli
18、ben George Gao Jim Grant Vince Green Bal Gupta Guy Halldorson Gary Heuston Claude Hudon Thomas Kluk Thomas Laird Jim Lau Lou Little Bill McDermid Hal Miller Glenn Mottershead Beant Nindra Howard Sedding Greg Stone Meredith Stranges Jim Timperley Joe Williams Chuck Wilson Karim Younsi Hugh Zhu Deceas
19、ed The following members of the individual balloting committee voted on this guide. Balloters may have voted for approval, disapproval, or abstention. Michael W. Adams Paul A. Anderson Saber Azizi-Ghannad Martin Baur, Thomas H. Bishop Thomas H. Blair Steven R. Brockschink Andrew J. Brown Carl L. Bus
20、h Antonio Cardoso Jorge E. Fernandez Daher Ronald L. Daubert Matthew T. Davis Gary L. Donner Donald G. Dunn James H. Dymond Gary R. Engmann Marcel Fortin Rostyslaw J. Fostiak N. K. Ghai Randall C. Groves James H Gurney David A. Horvath Dennis Horwitz David W. Jackson Innocent Kamwa J. L. Koepfinger
21、Maurice Linker William E. Lockley William Lumpkins G. L. Luri Omar S. Mazzoni William M. McDermid Nigel P. McQuin Gary L. Michel Jerry R. Murphy Krste Najdenkoski Robert J. Nelson Arthur S. Neubauer Michael S. Newman Lorraine K. Padden Ralph E. Patterson Howard W. Penrose Michael A. Roberts Gregory
22、C. Stone S. Thamilarasan James W. Wilson, Jr. v Copyright 2007 IEEE. All rights reserved. When the IEEE-SA Standards Board approved this guide on 6 December 2006, it had the following membership: Steve M. Mills, Chair Richard H. Hulett, Vice Chair Don Wright, Past Chair Judith Gorman, Secretary Mark
23、 D. Bowman Dennis B. Brophy William R. Goldbach Arnold M. Greenspan Robert M. Grow Joanna N. Guenin Julian Forster* Mark S. Halpin Kenneth S. Hanus William B. Hopf Joseph L. Koepfinger* David J. Law Daleep C. Mohla T. W. Olsen Glenn Parsons Ronald C. Petersen Tom A. Prevost Greg Ratta Robby Robson A
24、nne-Marie Sahazizian Virginia Sulzberger Malcolm V. Thaden Richard L. Townsend Walter Weigel Howard L. Wolfman *Member Emeritus Also included are the following nonvoting IEEE-SA Standards Board liaisons: Satish K. Aggarwal, NRC Representative Richard DeBlasio, DOE Representative Alan H. Cookson, NIS
25、T Representative Don Messina IEEE Standards Program Manager, Document Development William Ash IEEE Standards Program Manager, Technical Program Development vi Copyright 2007 IEEE. All rights reserved. vii Copyright 2007 IEEE. All rights reserved. Contents 1. Overview 1 1.1 Scope . 1 1.2 Purpose 1 2.
26、 Normative references 1 3. General considerations . 2 3.1 Factors causing deterioration. 2 3.2 Functional tests 3 3.3 Accelerated aging 3 3.4 Environmental influences 3 3.5 Test samples 3 3.6 Interpretation of results 4 3.7 Testing safety. 4 4. Voltage endurance 5 4.1 Time dependence of electric str
27、ength 5 4.2 Preparation of test specimens 6 4.3 Application of voltage . 6 4.4 Test results. 7 5. Thermal endurance . 7 5.1 Test exposure. 7 5.2 Electrical and physical measurements . 7 6. Thermomechanical endurance 8 6.1 Test requirements 9 6.2 Variables that affect insulation degradation 9 6.3 Tes
28、t arrangement . 10 6.4 Test specimens. 10 6.5 Heating and cooling. 10 6.6 Duration of the cycle . 10 6.7 Number of cycles. 11 6.8 Thermal expansion 11 6.9 Electrical properties. 11 6.10 End point criteria . 11 6.11 Evaluation 12 7. Electromechanical endurance. 12 7.1 Test conditions. 12 7.2 Impact (
29、sudden short circuit) . 12 7.3 Vibration 13 7.4 Interpretation of results 13 viii Copyright 2007 IEEE. All rights reserved. Annex A (informative) Bibliography . 15 Annex B (informative) Glossary 18 Annex C (normative) Step-by-step method of voltage application 19 IEEE Guide for Functional Evaluation
30、 of Insulation Systems for AC Electric Machines Rated 2300 V and Above 1. 1.11.22. Overview Scope This guide describes a procedure that may be used to evaluate and compare insulation systems used, or proposed for use, in large ac electric machines. The tests outlined herein are applicable to the gro
31、undwall insulation systems applied to form-wound, pre-insulated armature (stator) winding coils and/or bars of generators, motors, and synchronous condensers rated 2300 V or higher. The basic component of these insulation systems is usually mica combined with reinforcing, bonding, and impregnating m
32、aterials. This guide is based on the experience of the industry with mica-based systems; any evaluation of other insulation systems should, however, consider the recommendations of this guide. This guide is not intended for use as a manufacturers quality assurance test plan. Nor should it be used fo
33、r specifying or procuring armature winding coils/bars. Purpose During operation, an insulation system is subjected to electrical, thermal, mechanical, and environmental stresses that act and interact to cause irreversible changes in the properties of the insulation. The applied stresses initiate agi
34、ng mechanisms that eventually lead to failure. The purpose of this guide is to provide a means of evaluation in which groundwall insulation systems, as described in 1.1, are exposed to influencing factors that simulate or are characteristic of actual service conditions. This guide establishes the ba
35、sis for evaluating the aging of the electrical insulation system as a result of these influences. Normative references The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest e
36、dition of the referenced document (including any amendments or corrigenda) applies. 1 Copyright 2007 IEEE. All rights reserved. IEEE Std 434-2006 IEEE Guide for Functional Evaluation of Insulation Systems for AC Electric Machines Rated 2300 V and Above ASTM D149-97A (Reaff 2004), Standard Test Metho
37、d for Dielectric Breakdown Voltage and Dielectric Strength of Solid Electrical Insulating Materials at Commercial Power Frequencies.1IEC 60034-18-1:1992, Rotating Electrical MachinesPart 18: Functional Evaluation of Insulation SystemsSection 1: General Guidelines.2IEEE Std 4-1995, IEEE Standard Tech
38、niques for High-Voltage Testing.3, 4IEEE Std 4A-2001, Amendment to IEEE Standard Techniques for High-Voltage Testing. IEEE Std 275-1992, IEEE Recommended Practice for the Thermal Evaluation of Insulation Systems for AC Electric Machinery Employing Form-Wound Preinsulated Stator Coils for Machines Ra
39、ted 6900 V and Below. IEEE Std 286-2000, IEEE Recommended Practice for the Measurement of Power Factor Tip-Up of Electric Machinery Stator Coil Insulation. IEEE Std 429-1994, IEEE Recommended Practice for Thermal Evaluation of Sealed Insulation Systems for AC Electric Machinery Employing Form-Wound
40、Coils for Machines Rated 6900V and Below.5IEEE Std 1043-1996 (Reaff 2003), IEEE Recommended Practice for Voltage Endurance Testing of Form-Wound Bars and Coils. IEEE Std 1310-1996 (Reaff 2004), IEEE Recommended Practice for Thermal Cycle Testing of Form-Wound Stator Bars and Coils for Large Generato
41、rs. IEEE Std 1553-2002, IEEE Standard for Voltage-Endurance Testing of Form-Wound Coils and Bars for Hydrogenerators. 3.3.1General considerations Factors causing deterioration Deterioration of the insulation in large ac electric machines is caused by thermal, mechanical, electrical, and environmenta
42、l stresses. These stresses initiate aging mechanisms that permanently change the physical, chemical, and electrical characteristics of the insulation and eventually lead to failure. Ideally, functional evaluation tests would duplicate all aging mechanisms that occur in service. In practice, this is
43、often difficult to achieve. Experience has shown that multiple aging factors may combine and interact, significantly affecting the deterioration process as well as the rate of deterioration. Given the synergistic nature of the various aging factors, stresses applied sequentially will not lead to fai
44、lure times equal to those that would occur were the stresses to act simultaneously. A further impediment toward duplicating the service environment is that similar equipment may be used in many different applications and operated under varying degrees of severity, making it difficult to establish ty
45、pical service conditions and modes of deterioration. 1ASTM publications are available from the American Society for Testing and Materials, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, USA (http:/www.astm.org/). 2IEC publications are available from the Sales Department of the Internationa
46、l Electrotechnical Commission, Case Postale 131, 3, rue de Varemb, CH-1211, Genve 20, Switzerland/Suisse (http:/www.iec.ch/). IEC publications are also available in the United States from the Sales Department, American National Standards Institute, 25 West 43rd Street, 4th Floor, New York, NY 10036,
47、 USA (http:/ www.ansi.org/). 3IEEE publications are available from the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc., 445 Hoes Lane, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA (http:/standards.ieee.org/). 4The IEEE standards or products referred to in this clause are trademarks of the Institute of Electric
48、al and Electronics Engineers, Inc. 5IEEE Std 429-1994 has been withdrawn; however, copies can be obtained from Global Engineering, 15 Inverness Way East, Englewood, CO 80112-5704, USA, tel. (303) 792-2181 (http:/ 2 Copyright 2007 IEEE. All rights reserved. IEEE Std 434-2006 IEEE Guide for Functional
49、 Evaluation of Insulation Systems for AC Electric Machines Rated 2300 V and Above 3.23.33.43.5Functional tests This guide describes the following types of functional tests: voltage endurance thermal endurance thermomechanical endurance electromechanical endurance. Interactions between the different aging factors are minimized in the separate tests of this guide by maintaining all stress factors at normal service levels except for the one factor being evaluated. This does not preclude the use of a periodic
