1、 IEEE Guide for Reducing Bird-Related Outages Sponsored by the Transmission and Distribution Committee IEEE 3 Park Avenue New York, NY 10016-5997 USA 22 February 2011 IEEE Power +1 978 750 8400. Permission to photocopy portions of any individual standard for educational classroom use can also be obt
2、ained through the Copyright Clearance Center. iv Copyright 2010 IEEE. All rights reserved. Introduction This introduction is not part of IEEE Std 1651-2010, IEEE Guide for Reducing Bird-Related Outages. The information for this guide was drawn from electric utilities, suppliers, universities, consul
3、tants, published papers and reports, and personal observations. Included in this guide are practical methods for reducing bird-related outages. Notice to users Laws and regulations Users of these documents should consult all applicable laws and regulations. Compliance with the provisions of this sta
4、ndard does not imply compliance to any applicable regulatory requirements. Implementers of the standard are responsible for observing or referring to the applicable regulatory requirements. IEEE does not, by the publication of its standards, intend to urge action that is not in compliance with appli
5、cable laws, and these documents may not be construed as doing so. Copyrights This document is copyrighted by the IEEE. It is made available for a wide variety of both public and private uses. These include both use, by reference, in laws and regulations, and use in private self-regulation, standardi
6、zation, and the promotion of engineering practices and methods. By making this document available for use and adoption by public authorities and private users, the IEEE does not waive any rights in copyright to this document. Updating of IEEE documents Users of IEEE standards should be aware that th
7、ese documents may be superseded at any time by the issuance of new editions or may be amended from time to time through the issuance of amendments, corrigenda, or errata. An official IEEE document at any point in time consists of the current edition of the document together with any amendments, corr
8、igenda, or errata then in effect. In order to determine whether a given document is the current edition and whether it has been amended through the issuance of amendments, corrigenda, or errata, visit the IEEE Standards Association web site at http:/ieeexplore.ieee.org/xpl/standards.jsp, or contact
9、the IEEE at the address listed previously. For more information about the IEEE Standards Association or the IEEE standards development process, visit the IEEE-SA web site at http:/standards.ieee.org. Errata Errata, if any, for this and all other standards can be accessed at the following URL: http:/
10、standards.ieee.org/reading/ieee/updates/errata/index.html. Users are encouraged to check this URL for errata periodically. Interpretations Current interpretations can be accessed at the following URL: http:/standards.ieee.org/reading/ieee/interp/ index.html. v Copyright 2010 IEEE. All rights reserve
11、d. Patents Attention is called to the possibility that implementation of this guide may require use of subject matter covered by patent rights. By publication of this guide, no position is taken with respect to the existence or validity of any patent rights in connection therewith. The IEEE is not r
12、esponsible for identifying Essential Patent Claims for which a license may be required, for conducting inquiries into the legal validity or scope of Patents Claims or determining whether any licensing terms or conditions provided in connection with submission of a Letter of Assurance, if any, or in
13、any licensing agreements are reasonable or non-discriminatory. Users of this guide are expressly advised that determination of the validity of any patent rights, and the risk of infringement of such rights, is entirely their own responsibility. Further information may be obtained from the IEEE Stand
14、ards Association. Participants At the time this guide was submitted to the IEEE-SA Standards Board for approval, the Bird-Related Power Outages Working Group had the following membership: Raji Sundarararjan, Chair Rick Harness, Vice Chair Jeff Burnham Tony Carreira Ed Cherney James F. Christensen Ma
15、soud Farzeneh Sheila Frazier Ravi Gorur Dave Shaffner Steve Siegel Chris van Rooyen Jack Varner The following members of the individual balloting committee voted on this guide. Balloters may have voted for approval, disapproval, or abstention. William J. Ackerman Stan Arnot Anthony Baker Michael Bay
16、er Harvey Bowles Chris Brooks Gustavo Brunello Thomas Buonincontri William Byrd James F. Christensen Robert Christman Randy Clelland Michael Clodfelder Michael Comber J. Doering Gary Donner Randall Dotson Gary Engmann Masoud Farzaneh George Gela Waymon Goch Edwin Goodwin Charles Grose Randall Groves
17、 Bal Gupta Donald Hall Dennis Hansen Jeffrey Hartenberger Lee Herron Scott Hietpas Werner Hoelzl Edward Hunt Lars Juhlin Piotr Karocki John Kay Gael Kennedy Jim Kulchisky Saumen Kundu Chung-Yiu Lam Greg Luri Thomas McCarthy Peter Meyer Gary Michel Jerry Murphy Joe Nims Gary Nissen Carl Orde Donald P
18、arker Bansi Patel M. Pehosh Anthony Pierce Ulrich Pohl Keith Reese Joseph Renowden Robert Resuali Michael Roberts Charles Rogers Thomas Rozek Bartien Sayogo Dennis Schlender Lawrence Schweitzer Gil Shultz James Smith Jerry Smith John Spare Gary Stoedter R. Sundararajan Joseph Tumidajski John Vergis
19、Waldemar Von Miller Carl Wall vi Copyright 2011 IEEE. All rights reserved. When the IEEE-SA Standards Board approved this guide on 30 September 2010, it had the following membership: Robert M. Grow, Chair Richard H. Hulett, Vice Chair Steve M. Mills, Past Chair Judith Gorman, Secretary Karen Bartles
20、on Victor Berman Ted Burse Clint Chaplin Andy Drozd Alexander Gelman Jim Hughes Richard H. Hulett Young Kyun Kim Joseph L. Koepfinger* John Kulick David J. Law Hung Ling Oleg Logvinov Ted Olsen Ronald C. Petersen Thomas Prevost Jon Walter Rosdahl Sam Sciacca Mike Seavey Curtis Siller Don Wright *Mem
21、ber Emeritus Also included are the following nonvoting IEEE-SA Standards Board liaisons: Satish Aggarwal, NRC Representative Richard DeBlasio, DOE Representative Michael Janezic, NIST Representative Michelle D. Turner IEEE Standards Program Manager, Document Development Matthew J. Ceglia IEEE Standa
22、rds Program Manager, Technical Program Development vii Copyright 2011 IEEE. All rights reserved. Contents 1. Overview 1 1.1 Scope . 1 1.2 Purpose 1 2. Normative references 2 3. Definitions 2 4. Bird-Related issues. 3 4.1 Types of birds 3 4.2 Types of issues. 4 5. Criteria 9 5.1 Operating history . 1
23、0 5.2 Avian protection plan (APP) . 10 5.3 Application criteria 11 5.4 Performance monitoring 12 6. Mitigation techniques . 12 6.1 Electrocutions 13 6.2 Streamers . 15 6.3 Bird contamination 16 6.4 Nesting. 17 6.5 Woodpecker damage . 18 7. Summary 19 Annex A (informative) Additional information 20 A
24、nnex B (informative) Bibliography 21 1 Copyright 2011 IEEE. All rights reserved. IEEE Guide for Reducing Bird-Related Outages IMPORTANT NOTICE: This standard is not intended to ensure safety, security, health, or environmental protection. Implementers of the standard are responsible for determining
25、appropriate safety, security, environmental, and health practices or regulatory requirements. This IEEE document is made available for use subject to important notices and legal disclaimers. These notices and disclaimers appear in all publications containing this document and may be found under the
26、heading “Important Notice” or “Important Notices and Disclaimers Concerning IEEE Documents.” They can also be obtained on request from IEEE or viewed at http:/standards.ieee.org/IPR/disclaimers.html. 1. Overview This guide is divided into seven sections or clauses. Clause 1 provides the purpose and
27、scope. Clause 2 lists references to other IEEE standards and Clause 3 provides definitions of terms that are used throughout the guide. Clause 4 discusses the various types of birds likely to interact with facilities and the various types of outages they can cause. Clause 5 gives details about the c
28、riteria to start a mitigation program and Clause 6 explains different mitigation methods, the effectiveness of various mitigation methods and techniques for implementing an effective mitigation program. Clause 7 is the summary, followed by additional information in Annex A and the bibliography in An
29、nex B. 1.1 Scope This guide documents proven methods and designs to reduce bird-related outages, such as contamination outages, streamer outages, and electrocution/collision/contact outages on transmission lines, in substations, and on distribution lines, thereby improving reliability and minimizing
30、 the associated revenue loss. 1.2 Purpose Recommended procedures and techniques for reducing bird related contamination, streamer, electrocution and collision (contact) outages on transmission lines, in substations and on overhead distribution lines, including all apparatuses and devices, such as in
31、sulators, transformers, surge arresters, capacitor banks, poles etc. are provided. The information in this guide was drawn from electric utilities, suppliers, universities, related industries, and personal observations. Included in this guide are methods for reducing various bird-related outages tha
32、t have been shown to be effective. The information presented is of particular benefit to utilities that are experiencing various bird related outages, some not even aware of the problem. It is also of value to those utilities that are in the process of erecting new lines in areas where birds are pre
33、valent. IEEE Std 1651-2010 IEEE Guide for Reducing Bird-Related Outages 2 Copyright 2011 IEEE. All rights reserved. 2. Normative references The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this document (i.e., they must be understood and used, so each referenced document i
34、s cited in text and its relationship to this document is explained). For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments or corrigenda) applies. IEEE Std 957-2005, IEEE Guide for Cleaning Insulators.1,2
35、IEEE Std 1264-1993, IEEE Guide for Animal Deterrents for Electric Power Supply Substations. 3. Definitions For the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions apply. The IEEE Standards Dictionary: Glossary of Terms Collision, Electrocution and Breeding. Quercus, Madrid, Spain. M.
36、Ferrer and G.F.E. Janss eds. 1999. Distribution Wildlife and Pest Control, EPRI, Palo Alto, CA: 2001. 1001883. Wildlife Control and Protection Report, DSTAR Project 10-3. Energy Solutions, General Electric International, Inc. Schenectady, NY. Contributing factors for raptor electrocutions include th
37、e following: 6Information on normative references can be found in Clause 2. IEEE Std 1651-2010 IEEE Guide for Reducing Bird-Related Outages 5 Copyright 2011 IEEE. All rights reserved. a) Species: Large raptors are more susceptible to electrocution. Historically the raptors most commonly electrocuted
38、 in North America are the eagles and hawks. In the U.S., golden eagles are electrocuted more frequently than bald eagles because golden eagles hunt in grasslands where power poles make attractive perches. Also in the U.S. the most common hawk species electrocuted is the red-tailed hawk and the most
39、common electrocuted owl species is the great-horned owl. In Africa, large vultures such as the cape vulture and certain large eagle species e.g. the martial eagle are most commonly electrocuted due to their large size. b) Age: Juvenile raptors lack the experience and flight control of adult birds an
40、d as a result are more frequently electrocuted than adults are. Age can also be related to behavioral factors which can place birds at risk. For example, young Golden eagles have not yet mastered the ability to hunt from the soar and therefore will hunt perch to perch using utility poles. c) Weather
41、: Wet birds are more susceptible to electrocution. Crossarms perpendicular to the wind allow raptors to soar away from the structures and attached conductors. Crossarms mounted parallel to the prevailing wind can cause a raptor to be blown into energized conductors. d) Seasonal fluctuation: During w
42、inter, distribution poles are valuable sit-and-wait hunting sites. In spring, the poles provide nest sites and perches to broadcast territories. In the summer, poles provide shade for birds perched on crossarms or brackets located lower on the pole. e) Topography: Raptors may seek out preferred perc
43、h poles located in favorable habitat with a commanding view. f) Hardware and equipment separation: Certain utility configurations such as three phase transformer banks may have relatively close separation between conductors and conductors-to-ground. Poles with less than 60-inches of horizontal and 4
44、0- inches vertical separation in eagle habitat can pose an electrocution risk. NOTESee B27. 4.2.2 Bird collisions Nearly all birds have some form of legal protection and electrocutions and collisions of protected species are violations of federal and/or state laws. In the U.S., all native, North Ame
45、rican migratory birds are protected by the Migratory Bird Treaty Act. Bird collisions do not always result in electrical outages, but collisions can result in death or injury to the bird, and utilities are liable for bird deaths caused by both electrocutions and collisions, even if the deaths are un
46、intentional. Disturbed by the continuing large numbers of birds electrocuted and colliding with power lines, the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service has begun to step up enforcement of the Migratory Bird Treaty Act and the Bald and Golden Eagle Protection Act. All migratory birds are protected under the
47、Migratory Bird Treaty Act. In a landmark case, a utility was sentenced to three years probation for electrocuting 17 eagles and hawks near Rangely, Colorado. The utility ultimately pleaded guilty to six violations of the Migratory Bird Treaty Act and the Eagle Protection Act. Under the settlement it
48、 agreed to pay $100,000 in fines and restitution to the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. This guide provides methods for reducing bird electrocutions and collisions with overhead distribution lines. Some of these methods present another set of problems. These are discussed along with the current rese
49、arch that is aimed at developing tools in order to better understand the problem and to evaluate the effectiveness of these mitigating methods. Bird collisions have been studied by several groups including the Avian Power Line Interaction Committee (APLIC) B2 B4, the California Energy Commission (CEC), and the Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI). There are numerous documents addressing bird collisions, such as Ferrer, M. and Guyonne, F.E. B16, Garrett B22, Harness and Carlton B21, and IEEE Task Force B23 and the following should be referenced to
