1、The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc.3 Park Avenue, New York, NY 10016-5997, USACopyright 2001 by the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc.All rights reserved. Published 30 March 2001. Printed in the United States of America.Print: ISBN 0-7381-2629-2 SH94887PD
2、F: ISBN 0-7381-2630-6 SS94887No part of this publication may be reproduced in any form, in an electronic retrieval system or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the publisher.IEEE Std C57.136-2000 (R2005)IEEE Guide for Sound LevelAbatement and Determination forLiquid-Immersed Power Tr
3、ansformers and Shunt Reactors Rated Over 500 kVASponsorTransformers Committeeof theIEEE Power Engineering SocietyApproved 8 January 2001Reaffirmed 29 December 2005American National Standards InstituteApproved 21 September 2000Reaffirmed 22 September 2005IEEE-SA Standards BoardAbstract: Guidelines ar
4、e provided for the selection of suitable sound reduction methods in oil-im-mersed power transformers and shunt reactors over 500 kVA. Sound-producing sources withintransformers and reactors are discussed. Sound abatement procedures are described for achievingvarious levels of sound reduction in tran
5、sformer and shunt reactor installations.Keywords: liquid-immersed power transformers and shunt reactors, sound, sound abatement,sound reduction methodsIEEE Standardsdocuments are developed within the IEEE Societies and the Standards Coordinating Commit-tees of the IEEE Standards Association (IEEE-SA
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18、45 Hoes LaneP.O. Box 1331Piscataway, NJ 08855-1331USAIEEE is the sole entity that may authorize the use of certication marks, trademarks, or other designations to indi-cate compliance with the materials set forth herein.Note: Attention is called to the possibility that implementation of this standar
19、d may require use of subject mat-ter covered by patent rights. By publication of this standard, no position is taken with respect to the existence orvalidity of any patent rights in connection therewith. The IEEE shall not be responsible for identifying patentsfor which a license may be required by
20、an IEEE standard or for conducting inquiries into the legal validity orscope of those patents that are brought to its attention.Copyright 2001 IEEE. All rights reserved.iiiIntroduction(This introduction is not part of IEEE Std C57.136-2000, IEEE Guide for Sound Level Abatement and Determination forL
21、iquid-Immersed Power Transformers and Shunt Reactors Rated Over 500 kVA.)This introduction provides some background information to aid in the understanding and usage of this guide.The proximity of residential areas to some substations and the increasing prevalence of local ordinancesspecifying prope
22、rty line sound levels have made sound radiation from transformers a factor of increasingsignicance. Thus, it is of considerable importance that information be available regarding the choice anddesign of effective methods of sound abatement, which provide a reasonable margin of safety and minimizethe
23、 probability of community complaints.In some cases, even recently installed transformers may require the use of sound reduction methods due toresidential complaints or changes in the residential zoning codes.The principal sources of sound radiated by transformers are a) The core, b) The windings (an
24、d tank), andc) The cooling equipment. The core sound, primarily consisting of a double power frequency tone and its harmonics, is generally dom-inant in overall level. However, on some transformers with forced air cooling, the cooling equipment soundcan dominate.Once the sound levels have been deter
25、mined at locations of concern, there are various sound level measure-ments and data manipulation techniques for calculating the desired sound levels to accurately dene theproblem areas.ParticipantsAt the time of completion, the Working Group for developing the IEEE Guide for Sound Level Abatementand
26、 Determination for Liquid-Immersed Power Transformers and Shunt Reactors Rated Over 500 kVA hadthe following membership:Alan W. Darwin,ChairGregory W. AndersonStephen AntoszPeter M. BalmaEnrique BetancourtGene BlackburnBill W. ChiuDonald ChuJohn C. CrouseRobert C. DegeneffPierre FeghaliJoseph Foldi
27、Harry D. GianakourosRamsis S. GirgisRobert L. GrubbErnst HaniqueLars-Erik JuhlinDave KeithlyBarin KumarJohn G. Lackey Klaus PappDhiru PatelShashi Patel Paulette A PayneDonald W. PlattsJeewan PuriGeorge J. ReitterKenneth R. SkingerRonald W. StonerSubhash C. TuliivCopyright 2001 IEEE. All rights reser
28、ved.Karen Weissman, Chair, 19971999Jack W. McGill,Chair, 19951997Other individuals who contributed review and comments are:The following members of the balloting committee voted on this standard:When the IEEE-SA Standards Board approved this standard on 21 September 2000, it had the followingmembers
29、hip:Donald N. Heirman,ChairJames T. Carlo,Vice ChairJudith Gorman,Secretary*Member EmeritusAlso included is the following nonvoting IEEE-SA Standards Board liaison:Alan Cookson, NIST RepresentativeDonald R. Volzka, TAB RepresentativeNoelle D. HumenickIEEE Standards Project EditorDan B. de la CruzAnd
30、rew P. DickeRichard F. Dudley Donald J. FallonA. C. (Sam) HallS. H. AguirrePaul AhrensDennis J. AllanRaymond AllustiartiGlenn AndersenJim AntweilerPeter M. BalmaRon L. BarkerMartin BaurB. L. BeasterEdward A. BertoliniThomas E. Blackburn, IIIAlain BolligerJohn D. BorstSimon R. ChanoBill W. ChiuJerry
31、L. CorkranJohn C. CrouseF. DavidRobert C. DegeneffDieter DohnalRichard F. DudleyFred E. ElliottDonald J. FallonHarry D. GianakourosRichard D. GrahamRobert L. GrunertE. G. Hager, Jr.Ernst HaniqueN. Wayne HansenR. R. HayesKeith R. HightonPhilip J. HopkinsonJames D. Huddleston, IIITim HuffRowland I. Ja
32、mesAnthony J. JonnattiLars-Erik JuhlinLawrence A. KirchnerBrian KlaponskiNeil J. KranichJohn G. LackeyStephen R. LambertJ. P. LazarThomas LundquistWilliam A. MaguireJohn W. MatthewsNigel P. McQuinJoe MelansonGary L. MichelC. Kent MillerHarold R. MooreDaniel H. MulkeyPaul E. OrehekGerald A. PaivaKlau
33、s PappB. K. PatelDhiru S. PatelSanjay Y. PatelWesley F. PattersonJesse M. PattonCarlos O. PeixotoDan D. PercoMark D. PerkinsLinden W. PiercePaul PillitteriR. Leon PlasterG. PreiningerE. PurraPierre RiffonPeter G. RisseJohn R. RossettiSubhas SarkarRick SawyerPat ScullyDilipkumar ShahHyeong Jin SimChu
34、ck SimmonsDavid C. SingletonJames E. SmithRonald J. StaharaPeter G. StewartRonald W. StonerThomas P. TraubSubhash C. TuliJohn VandermaarJoseph J. VaschakRobert A. VeitchBarry H. WardSatish K. AggarwalMark D. BowmanGary R. EngmannHarold E. EpsteinH. Landis FloydJay Forster*Howard M. FrazierRuben D. G
35、arzonJames H. GurneyRichard J. HollemanLowell G. JohnsonRobert J. KennellyJoseph L. Koepnger*Peter H. LipsL. Bruce McClungDaleep C. MohlaJames W. MooreRobert F. MunznerRonald C. PetersenGerald H. PetersonJohn B. PoseyGary S. RobinsonAkio TojoDonald W. ZipseCopyright 2001 IEEE. All rights reserved.vC
36、ontents1. Scope 12. References 13. Sources of sound 23.1 General characteristics. 23.2 Transformers 23.3 Shunt reactors. 33.4 Fans and pumps 44. Factors affecting sound levels in field operation . 44.1 Load power factor 44.2 Loading beyond nameplate rating 44.3 Harmonics 54.4 DC magnetization 54.5 R
37、esonances. 55. Factory-installed sound abatement methods 55.1 Typical design methods for sound abatement 75.2 Other factory-installed sound abatement methods. 86. Field-installed sound abatement methods 96.1 Typical field-installed sound abatement methods 146.2 Other field-installed sound abatement
38、methods. 157. Active sound cancellation 167.1 Sound cancellation on or near the tank 167.2 Other active sound cancellation techniques. 168. Useful sound level information 178.1 Sound pressure level 178.2 Sound power level 188.3 A-weighting sound scale 188.4 Sound level calculations 18Annex A (inform
39、ative) Bibliography. 21Annex B (informative) Estimation of far-eld transformer sound levels . 22viCopyright 2001 IEEE. All rights reserved.Copyright 2001 IEEE. All rights reserved.1IEEE Guide for Sound LevelAbatement and Determination forLiquid-Immersed Power Transformers and Shunt Reactors Rated Ov
40、er 500 kVA1. ScopeThis document is intended to provide guidelines for selecting suitable methods for sound reduction in liquid-immersed power transformers and shunt reactors rated over 500 kVA. Many sound abatement procedures are described that are presently available for achieving various levels of
41、sound reductions in transformer and shunt reactor installations. For background information, this guide willalso discuss the sound-producing sources within transformers and reactors.2. ReferencesThis guide should be used in conjunction with the following publications:IEEE Std C57.12.00-2000, IEEE St
42、andard General Requirements for Liquid-Immersed Distribution, Power,and Regulating Transformers.1IEEE Std C57.12.90-1999, IEEE Standard Test Code for Liquid-Immersed Distribution, Power, and Regu-lating Transformers.IEEE Std C57.21-1990 (Reafrmed 1995), IEEE Standard Requirements, Terminology, and T
43、est Code forShunt Reactors Rated Over 500 kVA.NEMA TR1-1993, NEMA Standard Publication on Transformers, Regulators, and Reactors.21IEEE publications are available from the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, 445 Hoes Lane, P.O. Box 1331, Piscataway,NJ 08855-1331, USA (http:/standards.
44、ieee.org/).2NEMA publications are available from Global Engineering Documents, 15 Inverness Way East, Englewood, Colorado 80112, USA(http:/ C57.136-2000 IEEE GUIDE FOR SOUND LEVEL ABATEMENT AND DETERMINATION2Copyright 2001 IEEE. All rights reserved.3. Sources of sound3.1 General characteristicsSound
45、 coming from the transformer itself, as opposed to cooling fan or pump sound, is tonal in nature,consisting of even harmonics of the power frequency. The predominant source of transformer sound is thecore. The low-frequency, tonal nature of this sound makes it harder to mitigate than the broad-band,
46、 higherfrequency sound that is produced by cooling fans, pumps, and other sources. Not only do low frequenciespropagate farther with less attenuation, but also tonal sound is more annoying to the public even in a highsound level ambient. This combination of low attenuation and high perception makes
47、tonal sound thedominant problem in the neighboring community around the transformer. To address this problem, mostcommunity sound ordinances impose penalties or stricter requirements for tonal sound. A site may be incompliance with overall sound levels, but out of compliance with tonal levels. In si
48、ting a transformer it is, therefore, critical to consider the dominant tones in the sound spectra, and not justthe overall sound levels. These tones will not only dictate the severity of the problem, but also the type of soundmitigation approach that is necessary. For example, if low-frequency tones
49、 such as the second and fourthharmonics of the power frequency are present, these are difcult to attenuate with simple sound abatementmethods such as a single side wall. In this case an active control system or a full enclosure may be necessary.If very high frequency tones, such as the tenth or twelfth harmonics of the power frequency, are present in thenear eld, there is a chance that they will attenuate naturally, and no treatment may be necessary if the nearestneighbor is far enough away. Tones are best measured on a narrow-band s
