1、 INCITS/ISO 19136-2010 Geographic information - Geography Markup Language (GML) (identical national adoption of ISO 19136:2007) INCITS/ISO 19136-2010 PDF disclaimer This PDF file may contain embedded typefaces. In accordance with Adobes licensing policy, this file may be printed or viewed but shall
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4、 member bodies. In the unlikely event that a problem relating to it is found, please inform the Central Secretariat at the address given below. Adopted by INCITS (InterNational Committee for Information Technology Standards) as an American National Standard. Date of ANSI Approval: 9/28/2010 Publishe
5、d by American National Standards Institute, 25 West 43rd Street, New York, New York 10036 Copyright 2010 by Information Technology Industry Council (ITI). All rights reserved. These materials are subject to copyright claims of International Standardization Organization (ISO), International Electrote
6、chnical Commission (IEC), American National Standards Institute (ANSI), and Information Technology Industry Council (ITI). Not for resale. No part of this publication may be reproduced in any form, including an electronic retrieval system, without the prior written permission of ITI. All requests pe
7、rtaining to this standard should be submitted to ITI, 1250 Eye Street NW, Washington, DC 20005. Printed in the United States of America ii ITIC 2010 All rights reserved INCITS/ISO 19136-2010 ITIC 2010 All rights reserved iiiContents Page Foreword vi Introduction.vii 1 Scope1 2 Conformance .1 2.1 Con
8、formance requirements .1 2.2 Conformance classes related to GML application schemas 2 2.3 Conformance classes related to GML profiles.2 2.4 Conformance classes related to GML documents.4 2.5 Conformance classes related to software implementations 4 3 Normative references4 4 Terms and symbols.5 4.1 T
9、erms and definitions .5 4.2 Symbols and abbreviated terms 12 5 Conventions.13 5.1 XML namespaces 13 5.2 Versioning 14 5.3 Deprecated parts of previous versions of GML .14 5.4 UML notation14 5.5 XML Schema 16 6 Overview of the GML schema 16 6.1 GML schema 16 6.2 GML application schemas 16 6.3 Relatio
10、nship between the ISO 19100 series of International Standards, the GML schema and GML application schemas.17 6.4 Organization of this International Standard .18 6.5 Deprecated and experimental schema components .19 7 GML schema General rules and base schema components20 7.1 GML model and syntax .20
11、7.2 gmlBase schema components.22 8 GML schema Xlinks and basic types33 8.1 Xlinks Object associations and remote properties.33 8.2 Basic types.34 9 GML schema Features .43 9.1 General concepts 43 9.2 Relationship with ISO 19109 43 9.3 Features43 9.4 Standard feature properties .44 9.5 Geometry prope
12、rties .46 9.6 Topology properties48 9.7 Temporal properties48 9.8 Defining application-specific feature types49 9.9 Feature collections50 9.10 Spatial reference system used in a feature or feature collection.52 10 GML schema Geometric primitives.52 10.1 General concepts 52 10.2 Abstract geometric pr
13、imitives58 10.3 Geometric primitives (0-dimensional).59 INCITS/ISO 19136-2010 ITIC 2010 All rights reservediv 10.4 Geometric primitives (1-dimensional) 60 10.5 Geometric primitives (2-dimensional) 72 10.6 Geometric primitives (3-dimensional) 81 11 GML schema Geometric complex, geometric composites a
14、nd geometric aggregates 83 11.1 Overview 83 11.2 Geometric complex and geometric composites 84 11.3 Geometric aggregates 86 12 GML schema Coordinate reference systems schemas . 91 12.1 Overview 91 12.2 Reference systems . 93 12.3 Coordinate reference systems 95 12.4 Coordinate systems . 103 12.5 Dat
15、ums. 110 12.6 Coordinate operations . 117 13 GML schema Topology 129 13.1 General concepts 129 13.2 Abstract topology . 130 13.3 Topological primitives 130 13.4 Topological collections 135 13.5 Topology complex 137 14 GML schema Temporal information and dynamic features 139 14.1 General concepts 139
16、 14.2 Temporal schema . 140 14.3 Temporal topology schema . 148 14.4 Temporal reference systems. 151 14.5 Representing dynamic features 158 15 GML schema Definitions and dictionaries 162 15.1 Overview 162 15.2 Dictionary schema 162 16 GML schema Units, measures and values 165 16.1 Introduction. 165
17、16.2 Units schema. 165 16.3 Measures schema. 171 16.4 Value objects schema 172 17 GML schema Directions 179 17.1 Direction schema 179 17.2 direction, DirectionPropertyType 179 17.3 DirectionVectorType. 180 17.4 DirectionDescriptionType 180 18 GML schema Observations. 181 18.1 Observations. 181 18.2
18、Observation schema 182 19 GML schema Coverages . 185 19.1 The coverage model and representations . 185 19.2 Grids schema 188 19.3 Coverage schema . 191 20 Profiles. 205 20.1 Profiles of GML and application schemas . 205 20.2 Definition of profile. 205 20.3 Relation to application schema. 205 20.4 Ru
19、les for elements and types in a profile 206 20.5 Rules for referencing GML profiles from application schemas. 207 20.6 Recommendations for application schemas using GML profiles . 207 20.7 Summary of rules for GML profiles. 208 INCITS/ISO 19136-2010 ITIC 2010 All rights reserved v21 Rules for GML ap
20、plication schemas .208 21.1 Instances of GML objects.208 21.2 GML application schemas 209 21.3 Schemas defining Features and Feature Collections212 21.4 Schemas defining spatial geometries.213 21.5 Schemas defining spatial topologies214 21.6 Schemas defining time .215 21.7 Schemas defining coordinat
21、e reference systems .215 21.8 Schemas defining coverages.216 21.9 Schemas defining observations 218 21.10 Schemas defining dictionaries and definitions219 21.11 Schemas defining values .220 21.12 GML profiles of the GML schema 220 Annex A (normative) Abstract test suites for GML application schemas,
22、 GML profiles and GML documents .223 Annex B (normative) Abstract test suite for software implementations.238 Annex C (informative) GML schema .242 Annex D (normative) Implemented Profile of the ISO 19100 series of International Standards and Extensions .244 Annex E (normative) UML-to-GML applicatio
23、n schema encoding rules.309 Annex F (normative) GML-to-UML application schema encoding rules .329 Annex G (informative) Guidelines for subsetting the GML schema 339 Annex H (informative) Default styling .352 Annex I (informative) Backwards compatibility with earlier versions of GML363 Annex J (infor
24、mative) Modularization and dependencies 380 Bibliography382 Index 384 INCITS/ISO 19136-2010 ITIC 2010 All rights reservedvi Foreword ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing Internationa
25、l Standards is normally carried out through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO,
26、also take part in the work. ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization. International Standards are drafted in accordance with the rules given in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2. The main task of technical commi
27、ttees is to prepare International Standards. Draft International Standards adopted by the technical committees are circulated to the member bodies for voting. Publication as an International Standard requires approval by at least 75 % of the member bodies casting a vote. Attention is drawn to the po
28、ssibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. ISO 19136 was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 211, Geographic information/Geomatics. The Geography Markup Language (GML) w
29、as originally developed within the Open Geospatial Consortium, Inc. (OGC). ISO 19136 was prepared by ISO/TC 211 jointly with OGC. INCITS/ISO 19136-2010 ITIC 2010 All rights reserved viiIntroduction Geography Markup Language is an XML grammar written in XML Schema for the description of application s
30、chemas as well as the transport and storage of geographic information. The key concepts used by Geography Markup Language (GML) to model the world are drawn from the ISO 19100 series of International Standards and the OpenGIS Abstract Specification. A feature is an “abstraction of real world phenome
31、na” (ISO 19101); it is a geographic feature if it is associated with a location relative to the Earth. So a digital representation of the real world may be thought of as a set of features. The state of a feature is defined by a set of properties, where each property may be thought of as a name, type
32、, value triple. The number of properties a feature may have, together with their names and types, is determined by its type definition. Geographic features with geometry are those with properties that may be geometry-valued. A feature collection is a collection of features that may itself be regarde
33、d as a feature; as a consequence a feature collection has a feature type and thus may have distinct properties of its own, in addition to the features it contains. Following ISO 19109, the feature types of an application or application domain is usually captured in an application schema. A GML appli
34、cation schema is specified in XML Schema and can be constructed in two different and alternative ways: by adhering to the rules specified in ISO 19109 fo r application schemas in UML, and conforming to both the constraints on such schemas and the rules for mapping them to GML application schemas spe
35、cified in this International Standard; by adhering to the rules for GML application schemas sp ecified in this International Standard for creating a GML application schema directly in XML Schema. Both ways are supported by this International Standard. To ensure proper use of the conceptual modelling
36、 framework of the ISO 19100 series of International Standards, all application schemas are expected to be modelled in accordance with the General Feature Model as specified in ISO 19109. Within the ISO 19100 series, UML is the preferred language by which to model conceptual schemas. GML specifies XM
37、L encodings, conformant with ISO 19118, of several of the conceptual classes defined in the ISO 19100 series of International Standards and the OpenGIS Abstract Specification. These conceptual models include those defined in: ISO/TS 19103 Conceptual schema language (units of measure, basic types); I
38、SO 19107 Spatial schema (geometry and topology objects); ISO 19108 Temporal schema (temporal geometry and topology objects, temporal reference systems); ISO 19109 Rules for application schemas (features); ISO 19111 Spatial referencing by coordi nates (coordinate reference systems); ISO 19123 Schema
39、for coverage geometry and functions. The aim is to provide a standardized encoding (i.e. a standardized implementation in XML) of types specified in the conceptual models specified by the International Standards listed above. If every application schema were encoded independently and the encoding pr
40、ocess included the types from, for example, ISO 19108, then, INCITS/ISO 19136-2010 ITIC 2010 All rights reservedviii without unambiguous and completely fixed encoding rules, the XML encodings would be different. Also, since every implementation platform has specific strengths and weaknesses, it is h
41、elpful to standardize XML encodings for core geographic information concepts modelled in the ISO 19100 series of International Standards and commonly used in application schemas. In many cases, the mapping from the conceptual classes is straightforward, while in some cases the mapping is more comple
42、x (a detailed description of the mapping is part of this International Standard). In addition, GML provides XML encodings for additional concepts not yet modelled in the ISO 19100 series of International Standards or the OpenGIS Abstract Specification, for example, dynamic features, simple observati
43、ons or value objects. Predefined types of geographic feature in GML include coverages and simple observations. A coverage is a subtype of feature that has a coverage function with a spatiotemporal domain and a value set range of homogeneous 1- to n-dimensional tuples. A coverage may represent one fe
44、ature or a collection of features “to model and make visible spatial relationships between, and the spatial distribution of, Earth phenomena” (OGC Abstract Specification Topic 620) and a coverage “acts as a function to return values from its range for any direct position within its spatiotemporal do
45、main” (ISO 19123). An observation models the act of observing, often with a camera or some other procedure, a person or some form of instrument (Merriam-Webster Dictionary: “an act of recognizing and noting a fact or occurrence often involving measurement with instruments”). An observation is consid
46、ered to be a GML feature with a time at which the observation took place, and with a value for the observation. A reference system provides a scale of measurement for assigning values to a position, time or other descriptive quantity or quality. A coordinate reference system consists of a set of coo
47、rdinate system axes that is related to the Earth through a datum that defines the size and shape of the Earth. A temporal reference system provides standard units for measuring time and describing temporal length or duration. A reference system dictionary provides definitions of reference systems us
48、ed in spatial or temporal geometries. Spatial geometries are the values of spatial feature properties. They indicate the coordinate reference system in which their measurements have been made. The “parent” geometry element of a geometric complex or geometric aggregate makes this indication for its c
49、onstituent geometries. Temporal geometries are the values of temporal feature properties. Like their spatial counterparts, temporal geometries indicate the temporal reference system in which their measurements have been made. Spatial or temporal topologies are used to express the different topological relationships between features. A units of measure dictionary provides definitions of numerical measur
