1、 ANSI/NISO Z39.292005 ISBN: 1-880124-58-0 Bibliographic References Abstract: This standard provides rules, guidelines, and examples for the creation of bibliographic references to numerous types of print, audiovisual, and electronic materials, both published and unpublished, arranged in fifteen broa
2、d categories. The bibliographic references should result in the unique identification of most print and non-print materials. This standard is intended for a broad audience, including the creators of bibliographic references, the processors who publish and otherwise display references, and the ultima
3、te users of the references. An American National Standard Developed by the National Information Standards Organization Approved: June 9, 2005 by the American National Standards Institute Published by the National Information Standards Organization NISO Press, Bethesda, Maryland, U.S.A. ANSI/NISO Z39
4、.29-2005 About NISO Standards NISO standards are developed by the Standards Committees of the National Information Standards Organization. The development process is a strenuous one that includes a rigorous peer review of proposed standards open to each NISO Voting Member and any other interested pa
5、rty. Final approval of the standard involves verification by the American National Standards Institute that its requirements for due process, consensus, and other approval criteria have been met by NISO. Once verified and approved, NISO Standards also become American National Standards. This standar
6、d may be revised or withdrawn at any time. For current information on the status of this standard contact the NISO office or visit the NISO website at: http:/www.niso.org Published by: NISO Press 4733 Bethesda Avenue, Suite 300 Bethesda, MD 20814 www.niso.org Copyright 2005 by the National Informati
7、on Standard Organization All rights reserved under International and Pan-American Copyright Conventions. No part of this book may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopy, recording, or any information storage or retrieval system, withou
8、t prior permission in writing from the publisher. All inquiries should be addressed to NISO Press, 4733 Bethesda Avenue, Suite 300, Bethesda, MD 20814. ISSN: 1041-5635 ISBN: 1-880124-58-0 ANSI/NISO Z39.29-2005 2005 NISO iii Contents Forewordvii 1 Introduction 1 1.1 Purpose.1 1.2 Scope 1 1.3 Principl
9、es.2 1.3.1 Introduction 2 1.3.2 Bibliographic Elements and Their Sub-Elements.2 1.3.3 Common Set of Elements3 1.3.4 Bibliographic Levels.3 1.3.5 Recommended Sources of Data5 2 Definitions of Terms 5 3 Representation of Data 30 3.1 Sequence of Bibliographic Data within References 30 3.1.1 General 30
10、3.1.2 Order of Bibliographic Groups within References33 3.2 General Rules and Guidelines 33 3.2.1 Abbreviations .33 3.2.2 Capitalization .34 3.2.3 In-Text References 34 3.2.4 Internet Citations34 3.2.5 Missing Data 35 3.2.6 Non-Roman Alphabets.35 3.2.7 Numbers and Other Numeric and Alphanumeric Iden
11、tifiers 35 3.2.8 Pagination35 3.2.9 Punctuation36 3.2.10 Translations .38 3.2.11 Typography38 3.3 Specific Rules and Guidelines.38 3.3.1 Affiliation 38 3.3.1.1 AffiliationDivision .39 3.3.1.2 AffiliationName 39 3.3.1.3 AffiliationCity .39 3.3.1.4 AffiliationCountry Subdivision39 3.3.1.5 AffiliationC
12、ountry .39 3.3.2 Authors.39 3.3.2.1 Author, Primary.39 3.3.2.2 Author, Secondary 40 3.3.3 Author Role Indicator .40 3.3.4 Availability40 3.3.4.1 AvailabilityStorage Location 40 3.3.5 Content Designator40 ANSI/NISO Z39.29-2005 iv 2005 NISO 3.3.6 Date of Citation 41 3.3.7 Date of Copyright. 41 3.3.8 D
13、ate of Meeting . 41 3.3.9 Date of Publication. 41 3.3.10 Date of Update/Revision 42 3.3.11 Edition Statement 42 3.3.12 Extent of Work (Physical Description) . 42 3.3.13 Issue 43 3.3.14 IssueSubdivision (Supplement/Part/Special Number) . 43 3.3.15 Location within a WorkSubdivision. 43 3.3.16 Location
14、 within a WorkSubdivision Pagination (or its equivalent) 43 3.3.17 Location within a WorkSubdivision Title. 44 3.3.18 Medium Designator 44 3.3.19 Notes . 44 3.3.20 Number of Meeting 44 3.3.21 Patent DocumentCountry. 44 3.3.22 Patent DocumentPublication Date . 44 3.3.23 Place of Meeting 45 3.3.23.1 P
15、lace of MeetingDivision. 45 3.3.23.2 Place of MeetingName 45 3.3.23.3 Place of MeetingCity . 45 3.3.23.4 Place of MeetingCountry Subdivision . 45 3.3.23.5 Place of MeetingCountry. 45 3.3.24 Place of Publication . 45 3.3.24.1 Place of PublicationCity 46 3.3.24.2 Place of PublicationCountry Subdivisio
16、n. 46 3.3.24.3 Place of PublicationCountry 46 3.3.25 Publisher Name . 46 3.3.26 Report Number 47 3.3.27 Titles 47 3.3.27.1 Title, Analytic 47 3.3.27.2 Title, Collective . 48 3.3.27.3 TitleTranslated 48 3.3.28 Volume. 48 3.3.29 VolumeSubdivision (Supplement/Part/Special Number) 48 4 Application of th
17、e Standard to Specific Types of Material 48 4.1 General . 48 4.2 Specific Types of Material with Examples. 49 4.2.1 Monographs. 49 4.2.1.1 Entire Monographs . 49 4.2.1.2 Parts of Monographs 51 4.2.1.3 Contributions to Monographs 53 4.2.2 Journals . 55 4.2.2.1 Entire Journal Titles 55 4.2.2.2 Contrib
18、utions to Journals (Journal Articles). 56 4.2.2.3 Parts of Contributions to Journals (Parts of Journal Articles) 58 4.2.3 Conference Publications 59 4.2.3.1 Conference Proceedings 59 4.2.3.2 Contributions to Conference Proceedings (Conference Papers) 61 ANSI/NISO Z39.29-2005 2005 NISO v 4.2.3.3 Meet
19、ing Abstracts .64 4.2.4 Technical Reports66 4.2.4.1 Entire Reports.66 4.2.4.2 Parts of Reports68 4.2.5 Dissertations and Theses 70 4.2.5.1 Entire Dissertations and Theses.70 4.2.5.2 Parts of Dissertations and Theses71 4.2.6 Bibliographies 72 4.2.6.1 Entire Bibliographies.72 4.2.6.2 Parts of Bibliogr
20、aphies73 4.2.7 Patents.75 4.2.8 Newspapers.76 4.2.8.1 Entire Newspaper Titles76 4.2.8.2 Contributions to Newspapers (Newspaper Articles) .77 4.2.9 Maps 79 4.2.10 Artworks.80 4.2.10.1 Paintings .80 4.2.10.2 Sculpture.81 4.2.10.3 Photographs/Prints/Lithographs82 4.2.11 Music84 4.2.11.1 Printed Music 8
21、4 4.2.11.1.1 Score84 4.2.11.1.2 Sheet Music .85 4.2.11.2 Recorded Music87 4.2.11.2.1 Entire Recordings.87 4.2.11.2.2 Parts (Segments) of Recordings 88 4.2.11.2.3 Contributions to Recordings.90 4.2.11.2.4 Recorded Music Liner Notes92 4.2.12 Motion Pictures 93 4.2.12.1 Entire Motion Pictures.93 4.2.12
22、.2 Motion Pictures in Videocassette Format .95 4.2.12.3 Parts (Sequences) of Motion Pictures 96 4.2.13 Audiovisuals.97 4.2.13.1 Monographs in Audiovisual Formats.97 4.2.13.1.1 Entire Monographs in Audiovisual Formats97 4.2.13.1.2 Parts of Monographs in Audiovisual Formats.99 4.2.13.1.3 Contributions
23、 to Monographs in Audiovisual Formats100 4.2.13.2 Journals in Audiovisual Formats.102 4.2.13.2.1 Entire Journal Titles in Audiovisual Formats 102 4.2.13.2.2 Contributions to Journals (Journal Articles) in Audiovisual Formats.103 4.2.13.2.3 Parts of Contributions to Journals (Journal Articles) in Aud
24、iovisual Formats.105 4.2.14 Electronic Information Formats107 4.2.14.1 Computer Programs107 4.2.14.2 Databases/Retrieval Systems.109 4.2.14.2.1 Entire Databases/Retrieval Systems109 4.2.14.2.1.1 CD-ROM .109 4.2.14.2.1.2 Internet 110 4.2.14.2.2 Parts of Databases/Retrieval Systems.112 4.2.14.2.2.1 CD
25、-ROM .112 ANSI/NISO Z39.29-2005 vi 2005 NISO 4.2.14.2.2.2 Internet 114 4.2.14.2.3 Contributions to Databases/Retrieval Systems 115 4.2.14.2.3.1 CD-ROM . 115 4.2.14.2.3.2 Internet 117 4.2.14.3 Journals in Electronic Formats . 119 4.2.14.3.1 Entire Journal Titles in Electronic Formats. 119 4.2.14.3.1.
26、1 Disk . 119 4.2.14.3.1.2 Internet 121 4.2.14.3.2 Contributions to Journals (Journal Articles) in Electronic Formats122 4.2.14.3.2.1 CD-ROM . 122 4.2.14.3.2.2 Internet 123 4.2.14.4 Monographs in Electronic Formats. 125 4.2.14.4.1 Entire Monographs in Electronic Formats 125 4.2.14.4.1.1 CD-ROM . 125
27、4.2.14.4.1.2 Internet 127 4.2.14.4.2 Parts of Monographs in Electronic Formats . 129 4.2.14.4.2.1 CD-ROM . 129 4.2.14.4.2.2 Internet 131 4.2.14.5 Homepages 132 4.2.14.5.1 Entire Homepages . 132 4.2.14.5.2 Parts of Homepages 133 4.2.14.6 Electronic Mail 135 4.2.14.7 Discussion Lists 136 4.2.14.7.1 Fr
28、om a LISTSERV . 136 4.2.14.7.2 From a UseNet Group 137 4.2.14.7.3 From a Bulletin Board System . 139 4.2.15 Archives, Manuscripts, Personal Communications, and Other Unpublished Works 140 4.2.15.1 Manuscript/Archival Collections 140 4.2.15.1.1 Entire Collections . 140 4.2.15.1.2 Contributions to Man
29、uscript/Archival Collections. 141 4.2.15.1.3 Individual Manuscripts 143 4.2.15.2 Personal Communications (Letters, Telephone Conversations, etc.). 144 4.2.15.2.1 Letters 144 4.2.15.2.2 Telephone Conversations 145 4.2.15.2.3 Conversations 146 4.2.15.3 Papers Presented at Meetings . 147 4.2.15.4 Forth
30、coming Publications . 149 4.2.15.4.1 Forthcoming Monographs 149 4.2.15.4.2 Forthcoming Contributions to Journals (Journal Articles) 150 Appendix A Bibliography . 152 Appendix B Summary List of Formatted Sample Citations 154 Tables Table 1 Examples of bibliographic levels.4 Table 2 Bibliographic elem
31、ents arranged by group .30 Table 3 Punctuation symbols as used in this standard37 ANSI/NISO Z39.29-2005 2005 NISO vii Foreword (This foreword is not part of Bibliographic References, ANSI/NISO Z39.29-2005. It is included for information only.) About This Standard The purpose of this standard is to p
32、rovide rules, guidelines, and examples for the creation of bibliographic references to numerous types of print, audiovisual, and electronic materials, both published and unpublished. Using the format described, the creator of a reference will be able to provide information necessary to uniquely iden
33、tify a work. In developing this revision, existing practices and conventions, as well as other standards for bibliographic references, were studied to identify use, elements, formatting policies, and underlying principles. The need for conformance with established practices was carefully weighed aga
34、inst the potential benefits of new approaches to standardization. A streamlined, simplified process was designed to enable any user to report the critical components of a bibliographic reference. Bibliographic elements to be included are designated as Required or Optional, depending on the use of th
35、e reference, so that the content of the reference can be varied according to its function. Much has changed since this standard was originally approved in 1977. The entire area of electronic information has grown enormously and continues to challenge our abilities to define and cite it. An extensive
36、 section dealing with a variety of electronic formats is included. In this standard references are grouped into fifteen broad categories based on the type of work. Whether referring to a videotape, an audio book, sheet music, or other work, the user of this standard should be able to identify the ap
37、propriate category and proceed to construct the reference. Using the concepts and bibliographic elements defined in this standard should result in easily readable references that uniquely identify any work in a consistent format adaptable to the specific needs of the creator of the reference. Tradem
38、arks, Services Marks Wherever used in this standard, all terms that are trademarks or service marks are and remain the property of their respective owners. NISO Voting Members 3M Susan Boettcher, John Nelson (Alt) American Association of Law Libraries Robert L. Oakley, Mary Alice Baish (Alt) America
39、n Chemical Society Matthew Toussant American Library Association Betty Landesman American Society for Information Science and Technology (ASIS and they enable users of the references to uniquely identify and perhaps locate those materials that have contributed to the current research. One of the cha
40、llenges facing researchers at all levels of expertise is the construction of useful references to their source material. Source material varies widely in both type and complexity. This standard provides researchers with guidance in creating references for most of the materials they will encounter. T
41、his standard is intended for a broad audience, including the creators of bibliographic references, the processors who publish and otherwise display references, and the ultimate users of the references. The creators of references include students writing papers for classes, authors of scholarly texts
42、, compilers of bibliographies or discographies, and others. Editors and publishers, who can set policies for style and content of bibliographic references, are an important audience for this standard. Users of bibliographic references are also part of the intended audience, since their efforts to di
43、fferentiate among various works and to retrieve the works they need are made easier by the provisions of this standard. 1.2 Scope This standard applies to a broad range of source materials, print and non-print, published and unpublished. It covers the preparation of bibliographic references to all t
44、ypes of works for inclusion in such applications as bibliographies, end-of-work references, footnotes, and abstracting and indexing sources in any medium. It is intended for use by a general audience and may not meet the detailed needs of a particular discipline or specialty. This standard covers al
45、l types of materials to which bibliographic references are made, regardless of their publication status or the recording medium. Thus, the scope includes all common print materials, such as books, journal articles, newspaper articles, technical reports, conference proceedings and papers, patents, di
46、ssertations, maps, and printed music. Works in other media include motion pictures, sound recordings, artworks, videotapes, microforms, electronic documents, computer programs, and Internet sites. Also included are such works as manuscripts, letters, e-mail messages, and other unpublished materials.
47、 Although these examples represent the more common types of materials covered by the standard, they are not exhaustive. The principles of the standard are intended to guide the preparation of bibliographic references for types of materials not listed or illustrated in the body of the standard. Wheth
48、er or not a work can be currently accessed, particularly in the realm of electronic documents where stability is uncertain, is not germane to the employment of this standard. ANSI/NISO Z39.29-2005 2 2005 NISO This standard does not extend to three special categories. Library applications: The use of
49、 this standard does not apply to descriptive cataloging or associated works, such as shelflists, catalogs, or union lists. It is intended to apply to library-related functions only insofar as these activities produce bibliographies or other products containing bibliographic references. Computer-based bibliographic systems: This standard does not attempt to define either data elements or their uses at a level of detail normally required for unique and unambiguous entry into automated systems. Although the input to computer systems is excluded f
