1、T 802 om-12 TENTATIVE STANDARD 1944 REVISED 1967 OFFICIAL STANDARD 1975 OFFICIAL TEST METHOD 1981 REVISED 1986 REVISED 1991 REVISED 1999 REVISED 2007 REVISED 2012 2012 TAPPI The information and data contained in this document were prepared by a technical committee of the Association. The committee a
2、nd the Association assume no liability or responsibility in connection with the use of such information or data, including but not limited to any liability or responsibility under patent, copyright, or trade secret laws. The user is responsible for determining that this document is the most recent e
3、dition published. Approved by the Standard Specific Interest Group for this Test Method TAPPI CAUTION: This Test Method may include safety precautions which are believed to be appropriate at the time of publication of the method. The intent of these is to alert the user of the method to safety issue
4、s related to such use. The user is responsible for determining that the safety precautions are complete and are appropriate to their use of the method, and for ensuring that suitable safety practices have not changed since publication of the method. This method may require the use, disposal, or both
5、, of chemicals which may present serious health hazards to humans. Procedures for the handling of such substances are set forth on Material Safety Data Sheets which must be developed by all manufacturers and importers of potentially hazardous chemicals and maintained by all distributors of potential
6、ly hazardous chemicals. Prior to the use of this method, the user must determine whether any of the chemicals to be used or disposed of are potentially hazardous and, if so, must follow strictly the procedures specified by both the manufacturer, as well as local, state, and federal authorities for s
7、afe use and disposal of these chemicals. Drop test for fiberboard shipping containers 1. Scope 1.1 This method describes procedures for determining the ability of fiberboard containers to protect their contents and/or to withstand impact in free-fall drops. These procedures are specifically designed
8、 for controlled drop testing of solid fiber or corrugated shipping containers 1.2 They do not apply to cylindrical containers or cans made of fiber. 1.3 This test is not normally used on packages heavier than 68 kg (150 lb). NOTE 1: Heavier packages may rarely be tested, but are unwieldy and usually
9、 undergo other tests such as incline impact or rotational edge/corner/flat drops. These tests are not defined in this method. 1.4 No single procedure is applicable to all handling, transportation and environmental conditions. Alternative test procedures are available in the literature cited in the R
10、eferences section. 2. Summary and significance 2.1 A container, suitably identified as to its elements, is dropped from a constant, predetermined height according to an established, prescribed sequence. At the conclusion of the series of drops, the container and its contents are examined for damage.
11、 2.2 The main objectives of drop tests are: T 802 om-12 Drop test for fiberboard shipping containers / 2 2.2.1 To measure the ability of the shipping container to withstand rough manual handling. 2.2.2 To measure the ability of the package (shipping container and interior packing materials) to prote
12、ct the contents. 2.3 Use of these procedures permits comparing various package configurations and assists in improving design, method of packing, and blocking or bracing. 2.4 Package testing is complex. The choice of test procedures is critical to relevant package evaluation. Use care to insure that
13、 test procedures and performance levels do not lead to either inadequate protection or less than optimum material usage. The preferred test procedure given here is only one of many that are commonly used. It is not necessarily suitable for every situation. In these instances, the tester must choose
14、another test sequence. Some of the more common procedures are listed under Additional Information. Sources for other test procedures are listed in the References section. 3. Safety precautions Performing drop tests sometimes requires physical handling of heavy objects. Be sure to use proper lifting
15、techniques when handling such objects. Use a weightlifting belt or similar bracing to support your back when lifting heavy objects and/or making multiple lifts. Packages heavier than 40 lb should be handled by two or more individuals and/or the use of a mechanical lifting device. Drop testing also r
16、equires proximity to heavy falling objects. Wear safety shoes or shoe guards when conducting drop tests. 4. Definitions 4.1 The nomenclature for the elements of the most common fiberboard shipping container, the regular slotted container (RSC), is described in 4.2 and illustrated in Fig. 1. A simila
17、r nomenclature may be developed for other styles of containers. Fig. 1. Identification of faces, edges, and corners. 4.2 Make identification of the faces, edges, and corners of containers as follows (Fig. 1): Facing one end of the container with the manufacturers joint on the observers right, design
18、ate the top of the container as 1, the right side as 2, the bottom as 3, the left side as 4, the near end as 5, and the far end as 6. Identify the edges by the numbers of the two faces that form the edge; for example, 1-2 identifies the edge formed by the top and right side, and 2-5 the edge formed
19、by the right side and the near end. Identify the corners by the numbers of the three faces that meet to form that corner; for example, 1-2-5 identifies the corner where the top, the right side, and the near end meet. 3 / Drop test for fiberboard shipping containers T 802 om-12 5. Apparatus 5.1 Drop
20、test equipment, meeting the following requirements: 5.1.1 Permits the container to be placed in a position, prior to release that will ensure correct orientation, within 2 for flat-faced drops and 5 for edge and corner drops, upon impact. 5.1.2 Permits control of the drop from specified heights. 5.1
21、.3 Utilizes lifting devices that will not damage the specimen. 5.1.4 Provides an instantaneous release mechanism that does not impart rotational or angular forces to the test package. If drop leaves are used, the apparatus shall have a spring or other mechanism so that the leaves do not interfere wi
22、th a free, unobstructed fall. 5.1.5 Provides a rigid and level dropping surface (such as a concrete floor or steel plate) which is integral with a mass that shall be at least 50 times the weight of the dropping container. The dropping surface, firmly anchored to the mass, is a smooth steel plate at
23、least 12.7 mm (approx. 0.5 in.) thick. 5.2 Two kinds of equipment meet these requirements: 5.2.1 Dropping table, consisting of a frame with a single or double trap door which drops vertically and folds back out of the way so that the door does not interfere with a free, unobstructed fall, the top be
24、ing adjustable in height. 5.2.1.1 An alternative to the trap door dropping table is a frame with a lifting platform that rises from and falls vertically into recesses in the floor. The dropping surface is the concrete floor that surrounds the recessed area. A steel plate at least 6.3 mm (0.25 in.) m
25、ay be placed on the lifting platform to support the container and act as the dropping surface. 5.2.2 Hoist, electrically or manually operated, provided with slings, quick release device, and hooks, which can suspend the box in the desired orientation and position (Fig. 2). 6. Sampling and test speci
26、mens 6.1 Select at least three, but preferably five, containers as nearly as possible typical of the lot, style or construction to be evaluated. Fig. 2. Release hook. 6.2 When evaluating the protective ability of the container, pack it with specimens of the actual material(s) or items for which the
27、container is designed. 6.3 When evaluating the ability of the container itself to withstand rough handling, a dummy load, simulating the actual contents in weight, shape, size and resilience, may be used; however, since so many factors of a product affect its ability to withstand and transmit shock
28、loads, use of the actual product is highly recommended. Use dummy or T 802 om-12 Drop test for fiberboard shipping containers / 4 simulated loads only in limited circumstances. 7. Conditioning 7.1 Condition the specimens and test them in an atmosphere in accordance with TAPPI T 402 “Standard Conditi
29、oning and Testing Atmospheres for Paper, Board, Pulp Handsheets, and Related Products.” NOTE 2: In many cases customers wish to test at ambient conditions or harsher conditions (high temperature and/or high or low humidity) and do not want their packages conditioned according to TAPPI T 402. Take th
30、e customers wishes into account before conditioning. 7.2 During the conditioning of empty boxes, open the flaps of one-piece boxes and separately expose the parts of boxes composed of two or more pieces. Allow the conditioning atmosphere to have free access to all the surfaces of empty boxes or thei
31、r component parts, and to all outer surfaces when filled. 7.3 Securely close and reinforce the flaps in the same manner as that used in preparing it for shipment. If an aqueous adhesive is used, recondition the box after closing. 8. Procedure 8.1 Properly position the first specimen in the drop test
32、 apparatus at the chosen height, determined as follows: The height from which containers are dropped depends upon the purpose of the test. In some instances the height and number of drops are prescribed in the specifications for the container. For end points based upon obvious damage, choose the hei
33、ght of drop as a height judged to be sufficient to cause failure to any of the containers of a comparison series in less than 10 falls. If the approximate drop resistance of the containers is unknown, determine this height by preliminary test. If the end point is a prescribed number of drops, then c
34、hoose the height of drop by consideration of the expected shipment hazard. 8.2 Drop the specimen upon its corner, edge, or face in the following sequence: 8.2.1 A corner drop on the 2-3-5 corner, or the most fragile corner, if known. 8.2.2 An edge drop on the shortest edge radiating from that corner
35、. 8.2.3 An edge drop on the next longer edge radiating from that corner. 8.2.4 An edge drop on the longest edge radiating from that corner. 8.2.5 A flatwise drop on one of the smallest faces. 8.2.6 A flatwise drop on the opposite smallest face. 8.2.7 A flatwise drop on one of the intermediate faces.
36、 8.2.8 A flatwise drop on the opposite intermediate face. 8.2.9 A flatwise drop on one of the largest faces. 8.2.10 A flatwise drop on the opposite largest face. 8.3 Depending on the desired end point of the test (section 8.4), additional drop cycles may be appropriate either with a fresh specimen o
37、r continuing with the intial specimen. Start the second cycle of ten drops with a drop on the 1-4-6 corner, which is diagonally opposite to the corner on which the first drop was made, and complete in the sequence described above. Start the succeeding cycles of ten drops each at the following corner
38、s and complete in the same sequence: Cycle Corner Third 1-2-5 Fourth 3-4-6 Fifth 3-4-5 Sixth 1-2-6 Seventh 1-4-5 Eighth 2-3-6 NOTE 3: When using a dropping table, the box may be properly oriented for corner or edge drops by balancing it on the corner or edge and by sighting down a suitably positione
39、d plumb line. 8.4 Choice of end point. In conducting drop tests, use either of two types of end points: 8.4.1 Continue the test until obvious damage occurs, or 5 / Drop test for fiberboard shipping containers T 802 om-12 8.4.2 Conduct the test as a specified number of drops or cycles followed by the
40、 examination of the resulting damage to the contents or the container, depending upon which objective is being considered (see also 3.1.1 and 3.1.2) NOTE 4: Usually, if the proper height is chosen when evaluating the ability of the container to withstand rough handling, and always when performing th
41、e prescribed number of drops to simulate expected shipment hazards, halt the drop sequence at or before completion of the first series of ten drops. 8.5 Inspect both the package and the product. Failure is evidenced either by damage to the product or by damage to the container such that it can eithe
42、r no longer contain or no longer afford reasonable protection to the product. 9. Report 9.1 Report the number of drops up to the point of failure (safe drops) or, if the test is terminated prior to failure, report the number of drops made. 9.2 Include: the dimensions of the container under test; its
43、 complete structural specifications; description and specifications for blocking and cushioning, if used; spacing, size, and kind of fasteners; method of closing and reinforcing, if any; and the tare and gross weights. Additionally describe the contents of the container; the test equipment and speci
44、al instrumentation, if used; the procedure or prescribed sequence used; the height of drop; and the number of specimens tested per sample. 9.3 The report should include a detailed record of tests on each container, including damage to the container and contents, together with any other observation w
45、hich may assist in correctly interpreting the results or aid in improving the design of the container or the method of packing, blocking, or bracing. It also includes the method, if any, on conditioning the container, the moisture content if determined; and the results of supplementary tests of the
46、materials from which the container is made; and a statement to the effect that all tests were made in full compliance with this method, and designation of procedure employed. 10. Precision Due to the subjective and qualitative nature of this test, a precision statement is not applicable. 11. Keyword
47、s Boxes, Corrugated boxes, Fiberboards, Impact tests. 12. Additional information 12.1 Effective date of issue: April 24, 2012. 12.2 Drop height is frequently chosen to simulate expected shipment hazards and is sometimes prescribed as follows: Weight of packaged product Drop height Less than 9.1 kg (
48、20 lb) 762 mm (30 in.) More than 9.1 kg (20 lb), but less than or equal to 18.1 kg (40 lb) 610 mm (24 in.) Greater than 18.1 kg (40 lb), but less than or equal to 27.2 kg. (60 lb) 457 mm (18 in.) Greater than 27.2 kg (60 lb), but less than or equal to 45.4 kg (100 lb) 305 mm (12 in.) Greater than or
49、 equal to 45.4 kg (100 lb) but less 200 mm (8 in.) than 68 kg (150 lb) T 802 om-12 Drop test for fiberboard shipping containers / 6 NOTE 5: Weight is not the only determining factor for drop height; others are product value, fragility, volume, importance of reliability, image quality, mode of transport, warehousing, availability, density, and acceptable loss percentage. In addition, customer specifications may supersede all other factors. 12.3 This test best assesses the protective nature of the packaging when comparing a new or diff
