1、 TIA-222-G-4 (Addendum to TIA-222-G) December 2014Structural Standards for Steel Antenna Towers and Antenna Supporting Structures- Addendum 4 ANSI/TIA-222-G-4-2014 APPROVED: DECEMBER 15, 2014 NOTICE TIA Engineering Standards and Publications are designed to serve the public interest through eliminat
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23、TIA WITHOUT SUCH LIMITATIONS. ANSI/TIA-222-G Addendum 4 1 Small Wind Turbine Support Structures TABLE OF CONTENTS OBJECTIVE 3 SCOPE 3 1.0 GENERAL 3 1.1 Design Criteria 3 1.2 Turbine Model 4 1.3 Definitions 4 1.4 Abbreviations 4 2.0 TURBINE MANUFACTURER DATA 5 3.0 EFFECTIVE PROJECTED AREA 5 4.0 DRAG
24、FACTORS FOR POLE STRUCTURES 6 5.0 EXTREME WIND CONDITION 6 6.0 EXTREME ICE CONDITION 6 7.0 EXTREME EARTHQUAKE CONDITION 7 8.0 CRITICAL TURBINE MOMENTS 7 9.0 STIFFNESS REQUIREMENTS FOR TOP MOUNTED TURBINES 7 10.0 DYNAMIC REQUIREMENTS 7 11.0 DESIGN FOR FATIGUE 8 11.1 Equivalent Constant Range Fatigue
25、Wind Loading on 8 Supporting Structure 11.2 Equivalent Constant Range Fatigue Turbine Loads 9 11.3 Fatigue Analysis 10 11.4 Design Stress Ranges 11 11.5 Miscellaneous Requirements for Fatigue Strength 16 ANSI/TIA-222-G Addendum 4 12.0 OTHER STRUCTURAL MATERIALS 17 12.1 Extreme Loading Conditions 18
26、12.2 Fatigue Loading Condition 18 13.0 FOUNDATIONS 18 14.0 MAINTENANCE AND CONDITION ASSESSMENT 18 15.0 MODIFICATION OF SUPPORT STRUCTURES 19 REFERENCE TABLES 20 ANNEX A: REFERENCES (INFORMATIVE) 27 Note: Informative annexes contain additional information that are not considered part of the standard
27、. ANSI/TIA-222-G Addendum 4 3 Small Wind Turbine Support Structures OBJECTIVE The objective of this Standard is to provide recognized literature intended to be used in conjunction with the ANSI/TIA-222-G-2 Standard, “Structural Standard for Antenna Supporting Structures and Antennas” (TIA) for the d
28、esign and analysis of structures supporting Small Wind Turbines (SWTs) defined as wind turbines with rotor swept areas less than 2,200 sq. feet 200 sq. m. This Standard defines how specific portions of TIA shall be applied to SWT supporting structures and provides supplementary requirements that per
29、tain specifically to the unique characteristics of SWT supporting structures. Provisions of this Standard have been derived from the IEC 61400-2 Standard, “Wind Turbines - Part 2: Design Requirements for Small Wind Turbines” (IEC) and other industry standards. The provisions of this Standard are int
30、ended to represent the minimum structural standards for SWT support structures. The user is cautioned that turbine specific requirements for the supporting structure specified by the turbine manufacturer may take precedence over the minimum requirements of this standard. All precautions and warnings
31、 outlined in TIA also apply to this Standard. SCOPE This Standard is intended to apply to self-supporting or bracketed latticed towers, guyed masts and tubular pole structures that support small wind turbines that may also support antennas and other appurtenances. The design and analysis of turbine
32、components are not included within the scope of this Standard. Strength requirements for erection and maintenance are not within the scope of this Standard. Refer to the ANSI/TIA-1019-A Standard “Standard for Installation, Alteration and Maintenance of Antenna Supporting Structures and Antennas” for
33、 construction considerations and strength requirements. 1.0 GENERAL 1.1 Design Criteria SWT supporting structures including foundations shall be in conformance with the requirements of TIA and the additional supplementary requirements of this Standard. Turbine operating loading conditions are not co
34、nsidered in this Standard unless specific loading and associated wind conditions are specified by the turbine manufacturer. It is assumed that the requirements specified in this Standard govern over the requirements for normal turbine operating conditions. Conformance to this Standard is not require
35、d for structures supporting wind turbines with rotor swept areas less than 22 sq. feet 2 sq. m. Structures supporting turbines with rotor swept areas less than 22 sq. feet 2 sq. m may be designed and/or analyzed in accordance with TIA considering each turbine as an appurtenance with the effective pr
36、ojected area of each turbine determined in accordance with Section 3.0. The effective projected area shall be considered to ANSI/TIA-222-G Addendum 4 be constant for all wind directions. The wind force based on the effective projected area of each turbine shall be considered as a wind load using a l
37、oad factor equal to 1.6 and a wake interference factor, Ka, equal to 1.0. Mast type supports for all small wind turbines, regardless of swept area, shall conform to this Standard. 1.2 Turbine Model A turbine shall be modeled as a mass and an effective projected area. For the fatigue loading conditio
38、n specified in Section 11.0, wind loads from the effective projected area of the turbine shall be replaced with the equivalent constant range fatigue turbine loads specified in 11.2. Unless otherwise specified, the center of mass and the centroid of the effective projected area shall be considered t
39、o be at the hub height for horizontal axis turbines and the mid-turbine height for vertical axis turbines and assumed to be distributed symmetrically about the vertical centerline of the turbine base connection to the supporting structure. For investigating the extreme loading conditions specified i
40、n Sections 5.0 through 8.0, when a horizontal offset of the turbine center of mass from the vertical centerline of the turbine base is specified by the turbine manufacturer, the additional overturning moment on the supporting structure due to turbine weight shall be considered to occur in the direct
41、ion which adds to the overturning moment from the horizontal force from the turbine. For the purpose of determining factored extreme loading conditions, turbine weight shall be considered as dead load and turbine forces and moments shall be considered as wind or earthquake loads. 1.3 Definitions Equ
42、ivalent constant range fatigue load: a constant amplitude load range intended to represent the fatigue effects of actual variable amplitude loading events. Flange plate: a base, top or intermediate flange welded to a latticed tower leg or tubular pole structure. Hub height above turbine base: the he
43、ight of the center of the wind turbine rotor above the turbine base connection to the supporting structure (for horizontal axis turbines). Initial tension condition: the equilibrium position of a guyed mast (with corresponding forces in the components of the mast) with guys at their specified instal
44、lation tension. Turbine base: the base of the turbine that interfaces with the supporting structure. 1.4 Abbreviations AWEA American Wind Energy Association Standard AWEA 9.1 EPA Effective Projected Area (projected area times drag factor) IEC International Electrotechnical Commission Standard 61400-
45、2 SWT Small Wind Turbine ANSI/TIA-222-G Addendum 4 5 TIA Telecommunications Industry Association Standard ANSI/TIA-222-G-2 2.0 TURBINE MANUFACTURER DATA The following turbine data shall be provided by the turbine manufacturer: 1. Type of turbine: horizontal or vertical axis machine 2. Rotor diameter
46、, feet m 3. Rotational rotor speed at AWEA electrical power rating of turbine, RPM 4. Hub height (horizontal axis turbines) or mid-turbine height (vertical axis turbines) above turbine base connection to supporting structure, feet m 5. Maximum turbine horizontal thrust in parked stationary position
47、(unfactored), pounds N 6. Wind speed at hub height associated with the specified maximum turbine horizontal thrust, mph m/s 7. Weight of turbine, pounds N 8. Horizontal offset of turbine center of mass from vertical centerline of turbine base, feet m 9. Weight of rotor (blades and hub), pounds N 10.
48、 Distance from center of rotor mass to vertical centerline of turbine base, feet m 11. Critical turbine operating moments (unfactored), foot-pounds N-m 12. Clearance requirements of turbine blades (considering deflected shape of blades and supporting structure) 13. Connection details for the turbine base to the supporting structure including required tolerances 14. Natural frequencies and other limitations
