1、MIL-HDBK-118 U 9999970 OL8958b T54 U MILITARY HANDBOOK 1 NOT MEASUREMENT SENSITIVE MIL-HDBK- 1 18 22 SEPTEMBER 1993 DESIGN GUIDE FOR MILITARY APPLICATIONS OF HYDRAULIC FLUIDS AMSC NIA FSC 9150 DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT A. Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited. Provided by IHS Not for R
2、esale No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS -,-,-+ MIL-HDBK-L18 m 9979970 0189587 990 m MIL-HDBK-118 FOREWORD l. This military handbook is approved for use by all Departments and Agencies of the Department of Defense. 2. Beneficial comments (recommendations, additions, and
3、 deletions) and any pertinent data that may be of use in improving this document should be addressed to the Commander US Army Belvoir Research, Development, and Engineering Center, ATTN: SATBE-FL, Fort Belvoir, VA 22060-5606, by using the self-addressed Standardization Document Improvement Pro- posa
4、l (DD Form 1426) appearing at the end of this document or by letter. 3. This handbook was developed under the auspices of the US Army Materiel Commands Engineering Design Handbook Program, which is under the direction of the US Army Industrial Engineering Activity. Research Triangle Institute (RTI)
5、was the prime contractor for the preparation of this handbook, which was prepared under Contract No. DAAA09-86-D-0009. Oklahoma State University (OSU) was a subcontractor to RTI for the preparation of this handbook. The principal investigators at the OSU were Mr. J. G. Eleftherakis and Mr. F. D. Nor
6、velle. The development of this handbook was guided by a technical working group (TWG) composed of individuals from the Department of Defense. Two individuals of this TWG deserve spe- cial recognition of the outstanding way in which they provided guidance to the principal investigators and reviewed t
7、he manu- scripts. They are Mrs. Constance Van Brocklin of the US Army Belvoir Research, Development, and Engineering Center and Mr. C. E. Snyder of the US Air Force Wright Research and Development Center. 11 Provided by IHS Not for Resale No reproduction or networking permitted without license from
8、IHS -,-,-NIL-HDBK-LIB m 9999970 OL895BB 827 m MIL-HDBK-118 CONTENTS FOREWARD . ii LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS . xv LIST OF TABLES . xix LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS . xxi CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 1-1 GENERAL 1-1 1-2 METHODS OF TRANSMITTING POWER 1-1 1-2.1 ELECTRICAL POWER TRANSMISSION . 1-1 1-2.2 MECH
9、ANICAL POWER TRANSMISSION 1-1 1-2.3 PNEUMATIC POWER TRANSMISSION 1 -I 1-2.4 HYDRAULIC POWER TRANSMISSION . 1-1 1-3 PRINCIPLES OF HYDRAULICS 1-2 1-3.1 GENERATION AND USE OF FLUID POWER . 1-2 1-3.1.1 Fluid Power Circuits . . l -2 1-3.1.2 Symbolic Representation of Components 1-2 1-3.1.2.1 Directional
10、Control Valves . 1-2 1-3.1.2.2 Flow-Control Valves . 1-3 1-3.1.2.3 Pressure Control Valves 1-3 1-3.1.2.4 Rotary Pumps and Hydraulic Motors . 14 1-3.1.2.5 Hydraulic Cylinder (Linear Actuators) . 1-4 1-3.1.3 Uses of Hydraulic Power . 1-4 1-3.2.1 System Dependency of the Hydraulic Fluid 1-5 1-3.2.1 . 1
11、 Temperature 1-5 1-3.2.1.3 Compatibility With System Materials 1-5 1-3.2.1.4 Hydraulic System Accuracy, Speed of Response, and Stability . 1-6 1-3.2.1.5 Fluid Stability (Temperature and Shear) . 1-6 1-3.2.1.7 Pressure . 1-6 1-3.2.1.8 Lacquer and Insoluble Material Formation . 1-7 1-3.2.1.9 Fire Resi
12、stance and Nonflammability . 1-7 1-3.2.1.10 Density 1-8 1-3.2.1.1 1 Volatility . 1-8 1-3.2.2 Other Considerations . 1-8 1-3.2.2.1 Availability . 1-8 1-3.2.2.3 Handling 1-8 1-3.2.2.4 Storage 1-8 1.3.2.2.5 Disposal . 1-8 1-3.2.2.6 Contamination . 1-9 REFERENCES . 1-9 1-3.2 REQUIREMENTS FOR HYDRAULIC F
13、LUIDS . 1-5 1-3.2.1.2 Viscosity . 1-5 1-3.2.1.6 Lubricity 1-6 1-3.2.2.2 Cost . 1-8 BIBLIOGRAPHY 1-10 CHAPTER 2 POWER TRANSMISSION EQUIPMENT 2-0 LIST OF SYMBOLS 2-1 2- 1 INTRODUCTION 2-1 2-2 PUMPS . 2-2 iii Provided by IHS Not for Resale No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IH
14、S -,-,-MIL-HDBK-118 9999970 01895B9 763 iv Provided by IHS Not for Resale No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS -,-,-MIL-HDBK-118 2-7.1 CLASSIFICATION OF FILTERS 2-23 2-7.2 FILTERING METHODS . 2-23 2-7.2.1 Mechanical Filters . 2-23 2-7.2.2 Adsorbent Filters . 2-24 2-7.2.3
15、Absorbent Filters . 2-25 2-7.3 HYDRAULIC FILTERELUID COMPATIBILITY 2-25 2-7.4 FILTER PRESSURE DROP 2-25 2-7.5 REPLACEMENT OR CLEANING INTERVALS . 2-25 2-8 ACCUMULATORS . 2-26 2-8.1 INTRODUCTION . 2-26 2-8.2 ACCUMULATOR LOADING . 2-27 2-8.2.1 Weight-Loaded Accumulators 2-27 2-8.2.2 Spring-Loaded Accu
16、mulators . 2-28 2-8.2.3 Pneumatic-Loaded Accumulators . 2-28 2-8.2.3.1 Nonseparated Type 2-28 2-8.2.3.2 Separated Type . 2-28 2-8.2.4 Accumulator Sizing 2-30 2-9 VALVES . 2-30 2-9.1. I Pressure Control Valves 2-30 2-9.1.1.1 Pressure Relief Valves . 2-30 2-9.1.1.2 Unloading Valves . 2-31 2-9.1.1.3 Se
17、quence Valves 2-32 2-9.1.1.4 Counterbalance Valves 2-32 2-9.1 VALVE TYPES . 2-30 2-9.1.1.5 Brake Valves 2.33 2-9.1.1.6 Pressure-Reducing Valves . 2.33 2-9.1 . 1.7 Hydraulic Fuses . 2-33 2-9.1.2 Directional Control Valves . 2-33 2-9.1.2.2 Shuttle Valves 2-34 2-9.1.1.8 Rupture Disks . 2.33 2-9.1.2.1 C
18、heck Valves . 2-33 2-9.1.2.3 Two-way Valves . 2-34 2-9.1.2.4 Three-way Valves . 2-34 2-9.1.2.5 Four-Way Valves . 2-34 2-9.1.2.6 Deceleration Valves . 2-36 2-9.1.3 Flow-Control Valves . 2-37 2-9.1.3.2 Globe and Needle Valves . 2.37 2-9.1.3.3 Pressure-Compensated Flow-Control Valves 2-38 2-9.1.3.4 Tem
19、perature-Compensated Flow-Control Valves . 2-38 2-9.1.3.6 Flow Divider Valves 2-39 2-9.2. I Manual Actuation 2-40 2-9.2.2 Spring Actuation . 2-40 2-9.2.3 Cam Actuation 2-40 2-9.2.4 Solenoid Actuation 2-40 2-9.2.5 Proportional Solenoid Actuation . 2-42 2-9.2.6 Servomechanism Actuation 2-43 . 2-9.1.3.
20、 I Simple Orifice 2-37 2-9.1.3.5 Positive-Displacement Metering Valves 2-38 2-9.2 VALVE ACTUATION 2-39 2-9.2.7 Pilot Fluid Actuation . 2-45 2-9.3 VALVE MOUNTING . 2-45 . O . 2-9.3.1 In-Line Mounts 2-45 2-9.3.2 Subplate Mounts 2-45 2-9.3.3 Cartridge Blocks . 2-46 2-10 HEAT EXCHANGERS 2-46 V Provided
21、by IHS Not for Resale No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS -,-,-MIL-HDBK-118 2-10.1 MODES OF HEAT TRANSFER 2-47 2-10.1.1 Conduction 2.47 2-10.1.2 Convection 2-47 2-10.1.3 Radiation . 2-48 2-10.1.4 Overall Heat Transfer Coefficient 2.48 2-10.2 TYPES OF COOLING SYSTEMS . 2-
22、49 2-10-2.1 Air-Cooled Heat Exchangers 2-49 2-10-2.2 Water-cooled Heat Exchangers 2-49 2-10.2.3 The Reservoir as a Heat Exchanger 2-50 2- 10.3 FLUID HEATERS . 2-50 2-1 1 HYDRAULIC FLUID CONDUCTORS 2-51 2-1 1.1 HOSE, TUBING, AND PIPE 2-51 2-1 1.2 HOSE, TUBING, AND PIPE FITTINGS . 2-51 2-1 1.3 PRESSUR
23、E LOSSES IN PIPELINES . 2-53 2-12 SHOCK ABSORBERS . 2.55 2-12.1 HYDRAULIC SHOCK ABSORBERS . 2-55 2-12.2 HYDROPNEUMATIC SHOCK ABSORBERS . 2-56 2-13 LIQUID SPRINGS . 2-56 REFERENCES . 2-57 BIBLIOGRAPHY 2-57 CHAPTER 3 FLUID PROPERTIES. SIGNIFICANCE. AND TEST METHODS 3-0 LIST OF SYMBOLS 3-1 3-1 INTRODUC
24、TION 3-2 3-2 PHYSICAL PROPERTIES 3-2 3-2.1 VISCOSITY . 3-2 3-2.1.1 Significance of Viscosity 3-2 3-2.1.2 Absolute Viscosity 3-2 3-2.1.3 Kinematic Viscosity 3-3 3-2.1.4 Other Viscosity Scales 3-3 3-2.1.5 Viscosity Unit Conversions 3-3 3-2.1.7 Non-Newtonian Materials . 3-4 3-2.1.8 Determination of Vis
25、cosity of Non-Newtonian Materials 3-5 3-2.1.9 Measurement of Viscosity 3-5 3-2.1.10 Test Methods for Viscosity . 3-6 3-2.1.1 I Laminar, Mixed, and Turbulent Flow 3-7 3-2.2.1 ASTM Viscosity-Temperature Charts 3-8 3-2.2.2 ASTM Slope . 3-8 3-2.2.3 Viscosity-Temperature Coefficient . 3-10 3-2.1.6 Newton
26、ian Fluids 3-4 3-2.2 VISCOSITY-TEMPERATURE PROPERTIES 3-8 3-2.2.4 Viscosity Index . 3-10 3-2.2.5 Test Methods for Viscosity-Temperature Properties 3-11 3-2.4 VISCOSITY-PRESSURE PROPERTIES . 3-12 3-2.5.1 Temporary Viscosity Loss Due to Shear 3-13 3-2.3 VISCOSITY OF BLENDS OF TWO LIQUIDS . 3-11 3-2.5
27、VISCOSITY-SHEAR PROPERTIES 3-13 3-2.5.2 Permanent Viscosity Loss Due to Shear . 3-14 3-2.5.3 Test Methods for Viscosity-Shear Characteristics 3-14 3-2.6.1 Cloud Point . 3-15 3-2.6 LOW-TEMPERATURE PROPERTIES . 3-15 3-2.6.2 Pour Point 3-15 3-2.6.3 Freezing Point . 3-15 vi Provided by IHS Not for Resal
28、e No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS -,-,-MIL-HDBK-1113 m qqqqq70 OLBSW 258 m MIL-HDBK-118 3-2.6.4 Test Methods for Low-Temperature Properties 3-16 3-2.6.5 Significance of Freezing and Pour Points . 3-17 3-2.7.1 Flash and Fire Points . 3-17 3-2.7.1.1 Test Methods for Fl
29、ash and Fire Points . 3-17 3-2.7.1.2 Significance of Flash and Fire Points 3-20 3-2.7.2 Autoignition Temperature . 3-20 3-2.7.2.1 Test Method for the AIT 3-20 3-2.7.2.2 Significance 3-21 3-2.7.4 Flammability Tests Under Simulated Service Conditions 3-23 3-2.7.5 Fire-Resistant Liquids . 3-28 3-2.7.6
30、Nonflammable Hydraulic Fluids . 3-28 3-2.8.1 Vapor Pressure 3-29 3-2.8.2 Boiling Point . 3-30 3-2.8.3 Evaporation . 3-30 3-2.9.1 Density 3-31 3-2.9.2 Specific Gravity 3-32 3-2.9.3 API Gravity . 3-32 3-2.9.4 Coefficient of Thermal Expansion 3-32 3-2.7 FLAMMABILITY CHARACTERISTICS . 3-17 3-2.7.3 Effec
31、ts of Evaporation on Flammability (Pipe Cleaner Test) . 3-21 3-2.8 VOLATILITY 3-29 3-2.9 DENSITY, SPECIFIC GRAVITY, AND THERMAL EXPANSION 3-31 3-2.9.5 Test Methods for API Gravity, Density, and Specific Gravity . 3-32 3-2.10 HEAT TRANSFER CHARACTERISTICS 3-34 3-2.10.2 Thermal Conductivity . 3-35 3-2
32、.1 1 COMPRESSIBILITY AND BULK MODULUS 3-35 3-2.1 1.1 Compressibility . 3-35 3-2.10.1 Specific Heat . 3-34 3-2.1 1.2 Bulk Modulus 3-36 3-2.11.2.1 Secant Bulk Modulus . 3-36 3-2.1 1.2.2 Tangent Bulk Modulus 3-37 3-2.1 1.3 Sonic Bulk Modulus . 3-37 3-2.1 1.4 Measurement of Bulk Modulus 3-38 3-2.1 1.4.1
33、 Secant and Tangent Bulk Moduli 3-38 3-2.1 1.4.2 Sonic Bulk Modulus 3-38 3-2.1 1.4.3 Estimation of Bulk Modulus (Penn State Method) 3-39 3-2.1 1.4.3.1 Method 3-39 3-2.1 1.4.3.2 Example 3-39 3-2.1 1.4.4 Estimation of Bulk Modulus (Other Methods) 3-40 3-2.12.1 Emulsion Characteristics 3-40 3-2.12.3 Te
34、sts for Emulsion and Foaming Characteristics . 3-41 3-2.12 EMULSIONS AND FOAMING IN HYDRAULIC FLUIDS . 3-40 3-2.12.2 Foaming Characteristics 3-41 3-2.13 GAS SOLUBILITY . 342 3-2.14 LOW-TEMPERATURE STABILITY 3-43 3-2.14.1 General 3-43 3-2.14.2 Test Methods for Low-Temperature Stability 3-44 3-2.15 SE
35、DIMENTATION . 345 3-3 LUBRICATION PROPERTIES . 3-45 3-3.1 GENERAL . 3-45 3-3.2 HYDRODYNAMIC LUBRICATION 346 3-3.3 TRANSITION FROM HYDRODYNAMIC TO BOUNDARY LUBRICATION . 346 3-3.4 BOUNDARY LUBRICATION . 347 3-3.5 EXTREME-PRESSURE LUBRICATION . 347 3-3.6 DEFINITION OF TERMS USED IN DESCRIBING LUBRICAT
36、ING CHARACTERISTICS . 3-47 vii Provided by IHS Not for Resale No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS -,-,-MIL-HDBK-118 3-3.6.1 Film Strength 3-47 3-3.6.2 Oiliness . 3-48 3-3.6.3 Lubricity 3-48 3-3.7 PREVENTION OF WEAR 3-48 3-3.7.1 Mechanical Factors . 3-48 3-3.1.2 Lubricati
37、on Factors . 3-48 3-3.8.1 Bench-Type Friction and Wear Testers 3-49 3-3.8 TEST METHODS FOR LUBRICATING PROPERTIES 3-48 3-3.8.1.1 Timken Tester 3-49 3-3.8.1.2 Almen Tester 3-49 3-3.8.1.3 Falex Tester 3-49 3-3.8.1.4 Four-Ball Tester . 3-50 3-3.8.1.5 Cameron-Plint High-Frequency Friction Test . 3-50 3-
38、3.8.2 Evaluation of Lubricating Properties by Pump Tests . 3-51 3-3.8.2.1 Simulative Recirculating Pump Test . 3-51 3-3.8.2.3 Vane Pump Test . 3-52 3-3.8.3 Other Lubricating Characteristics Tests 3-52 3-3.8.3.1 Load-Carrying Ability of Lubricating Oils at 204C (400F) . 3-52 3-3.8.3.3 Gear Fatigue Ch
39、aracteristics of Aircraft Gas Turbine Lubricants at 204C (400F) 3-52 3-3.8.3.4 Load-Carrying Ability of Lubricating Oils (Ryder Gear Machine) . 3-52 3-3.8.2.2 Pump Loop Wear Test . 3-52 3-3.8.3.2 Load-Carrying Capacity of Petroleum Oil and Synthetic Fluid Gear Lubricants 3-52 3-4 CHEMICAL PROPERTIES
40、 . 3-53 3-4.1 CHEMICAL STABILITY . 3-53 3-4.2 OXIDATION STABILITY . 3-53 3-4.3 THERMAL STABILITY . 3-55 3-4.4 HYDROLYTIC STABILITY 3-56 3-4.5 RADIATION RESISTANCE 3-56 3-4.6 CHEMICAL STABILITY TESTS 3-57 3-4.6.1 Indicators of Liquid Stability 3-58 3-4.6.1.1 Color 3-58 3-4.6.1.2 Neutralization Number
41、 . 3-58 3-4.6.1.3 Carbon Residue 3-59 3-4.6.2 Oxidation Stability Tests . 3-60 3-4.6.2.1 Oxidation-Corrosion Test 3-60 3-4.6.2.2 Oxidation Characteristics of Inhibited Mineral Oils 3-60 3-4.6.2.3 Evaporation Tests . 3-60 3-4.6.2.4 Thin Film Oxidation Tests . 3-60 3-4.6.2.5 Dornte Oxidation Test 3-61
42、 3-4.6.3 Thermal Stability Tests . 3-61 3-4.6.3.1 Penn State Bomb Test 3-61 3-4.6.3.2 High-Temperature Test 3-61 3-4.6.3.3 Sustained High-Temperature Stability Tests . 3-61 3-4.6.4 Hydrolytic Stability Tests . 3-61 3-4.6.4.1 Beverage Bottle Test 3-61 3-4.6.4.2 Other Hydrolytic Stability Tests 3-62 3
43、-4.6.5 Radiation Resistance Tests . 3-62 3-4.6.3.4 Low-Temperature Stability Test 3-61 3-5 CORROSIVENESS 3-62 3-5.1 CHEMICAL CORROSION . 3-62 3-5.2 ELECTROCHEMICAL CORROSION . 3-63 3-5.3 CORROSIVENESS TESTS 3-63 3-5.3.1 Metal-Liquid Corrosiveness Tests 3-63 3-5.3.2 Humidity-Type Corrosiveness Tests
44、. 3-63 3-5.3.3 Gearbox and Engine Corrosiveness Tests . 3-64 . v111 Provided by IHS Not for Resale No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS -,-,-MIL-HDBK-338 .I 9999970 0389594 020 m MIL-HDBK-118 . O REFERENCES 3-66 BIBLIOGRAPHY 3-72 CHAPTER 4 TYPES OF HYDRAULIC FLUIDS 4- I I
45、NTRODUCTION 4-1 4-2 CLASSIFICATION OF HYDRAULIC FLUIDS 4-1 4-2.1 CLASSIFICATION BY VISCOSITY . 4-1 4-2.2 CLASSIFICATION BY CHEMICAL PROPERTIES 4-1 4-2.3 CLASSIFICATION BY OPERATING TEMPERATURES . 4-1 4-2.4 CLASSIFICATION BY FLAMMABILITY . 4-2 4-2.6 CLASSIFICATION USED IN THIS HANDBOOK . 4-7 4-3 PETR
46、OLEUM-BASE HYDRAULIC FLUIDS . 4-7 4-4 NONPETROLEUM-BASE HYDRAULIC FLUIDS . 4-7 4-4.2 SILICATE ESTERS 4-9 4-4.3 ORGANIC ACID ESTERS . 4-9 4-4.6 POLYOXYALKYLENE GLYCOLS 4-10 4-4.8 EMULSIONS . 4-10 4-5 NONSPECIFICATION AND POTENTIAL HYDRAULIC FLUIDS 4-11 4-2.5 CLASSIFICATION INTO PETROLEUM OR NONPETROL
47、EUM HYDRAULIC FLUIDS 4-2 4-4.1 PHOSPHATE ESTERS . 4-7 4-4.4 POLYSILOXANES . 4-9 4-4.5 GLYCOLS . 4-10 4-4.7 WATER GLYCOLS 4-10 4-5.1 PETROLEUM-BASE FLUIDS . 4-11 4-5.2 NONPETROLEUM-BASE HYDRAULIC FLUIDS 4-11 4-5.2.1 Phosphate Esters . 4-11 4-5.2.2 Polysiloxanes (Silicones) 4-12 4-5.2.3 Silahydrocarbo
48、ns . 4-12 4-5.2.5 Halogenated Hydrocarbons . 4-13 4-5.2.4 Poly (chlorophenyl methyl) siloxane 4-12 4-5.2.5.1 Chlorotrifluoroethylene (CTFE) 4-13 4-5.2.5.2 Perfluorinated Polymers . 4-13 4-5.2.6 Polyalphaolefins 4-13 4-5.2.7 Polyphenyl Ethers . 4-13 4-5.2.8 Liquid Metals 4-14 4-6 HYDRAULIC FLUID SPEC
49、IFICATIONS 4-14 4-6.1 INTRODUCTION 4-14 4-6.2.1 Descriptive Summary 4-14 4-6.2.2 Tabular Data 4-14 4-6.3 MIL-H-17672D: HYDRAULIC FLUID, PETROLEUM, INHIBITED 4-14 4-6.3.1 Descriptive Summary 4-14 4-6.2 MIL-F-171 1 lB(0S): POWER TRANSMISSION FLUID . 4-14 4-6.4 MIL-H-27601A (USAF): HYDRAULIC FLUID, PETROLEUM-BASE, HIGH-TEMPERATURE, 4-6.3.2 Tabular Data 4-15 FLIGHT VEHICLE . 4-15 4-6.4.1 Descriptive Summary 4-15 4-6.5. I Desc
