1、K - - MIL-HDBK-678A 95 m 7777970 0020028 T m e 1 JUNE 1871 MILITARY STANDARDIZATION HANDBOOK COPPER AND COPPER ALLOYS c . .,-.i. Provided by IHSNot for ResaleNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS-,-,-DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE WASHINGTON, D. C. MIL- HDBK - 69 8A Copper and Copp
2、er Ailoys 1 June 1971 1. This standardization handbook was developed by the Department of Defense in accordance with established procedure, 2. This publication was approved on 1 June 1971 for printing and inclusion in the military standardization handbook series, 3. This handbook provide s basic and
3、 fundamental information on copper and copper alloys for the guidance of engineers and designers of military materiel. chase specifications except for informational purposes, nor shall it supe r s e de any s pe cif ication requirement s. The handbook is not intended to be referenced in pur- 4. Every
4、 effort has been made to reflect the latest information on copper and copper alloys. periodically to insure its completeness and currency. Users of this document are encouraged to report any errors discovered and any recom- mendations for changes or inclusions to The Director, Army Materials and Mec
5、hanics Research Center, Watertown, Mass., 02172. Attn: AMXMR-MS. It is the intent to review this handbook ii Provided by IHSNot for ResaleNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS-,-,-! PREFACE t This is one of a group of handbooks covering the metallic and non- metallic mater
6、iais used in the design and construction of military equip- ment, which are designated as MIL-HDBK-XXX. The purpose- of these handbooks is to provide, in condensed form, technical information and data of direct usefulness to design engineers. The data, especially selected from a very large number of
7、 industrial and government publications, have been checked for suitability for use in design. Wherever practicable, the various types, classes, and grades of materials are identified with applicable government specifications authorized for use in connection with drawings; the corresponding techni- c
8、al society specifications and commercial designations are shown for inform ation. The numerical values for properties listed in the handbook, which duplicate specification requirements, are in agreement with the values in issues of the specifications in effect during the preparation of this hand- bo
9、ok, Because of revisions or amendrpents to specifications taking place after publication, the handbook values may, in some instances, differ from those shown in current specifications. In connection with procure- ment, it should be understood that the governing requirements are those of the specific
10、ations of the issue listed in the contract. Current issues of specifications shodd be determined by consulting the latest issue of the Department of Defense Index of Specifications and Standards (DODISS) and supplements thereto. Appreciation is expressed to the American Society for Metals (ASM), the
11、 American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM), and the Copper Development Association (CDA) for approval to use some of their data in the preparation of this handbook. This revision of the handbook was prepared by the Army Materiais and Mechanics Research Center. i iii Provided by IHSNot for Re
12、saleNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS-,-,-L MIL-HDBK-678A 75 = 7779770 OOL003L T m i MIL-HDBK-698A 1 JUNE 1971 CONTENTS Paragraph Page Preface . iii COPPER IN ENGINEERING DESIGN 1 1. General Characteristics 1 2. Available Cast and Wrought Forms . 1 3. Available Propert
13、y Ranges 1 4. Reaction to Temperature Changes 1 CLASSES OF COPPER AND COPPER ALLOYS . 2 . 5. Types Available 2 6. Commercially Pure Copper . 2 7. Alloys . 2 8. Standard Designations for Coppers and Copper Alloys 3 9. Specifications and Data . 5 FORMABILITY 6 10. Types of Working . 6 11. Factors Affe
14、cting Formability . 6 12. Hot Working Operations . 6 13. Cold Working Operations 7 HEAT TREATMENT . 8 14. General . 8 15. Annealing . 8 16. Age Hardening 8 17. Temper . 8 CORROSION 10 18. General . 10 MACHINABILITY . 11 19. General 11 . JOINING 11 20. General 11 . . V Provided by IHSNot for ResaleNo
15、 reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS-,-,-MIL-HDBK -6 9 8 A 1 JUNE 1871 P aragiaph Page TEMPERATURE EFFECTS 11 21. Elevated and Low Temperatures . 11 OTHER PROPERTIES . 11 .22. General . !. 11 SPECIFICATIONS AND DATA - WROUGHT PRODUCTS 11 23. General, 11 TOLERANCES . 11 .24.
16、 General . 11 ABBREVIATIONS . 12 25. General . 12 26. Chemical Symbols . 13 TABLES Table I. II. III. IV. V. VI. VII. VIII. IX. Page Mechanical Property Ranges of Copper Alloys 2 Government Standardization Documents . 14 QQ-C-390 - Cross Reference and Applications of 31 Copper Alloys for Casting . AS
17、TM - Chemical Composition of Cast Alloys . 38 CDA . Mechanical Properties of Cast Alloys . 40 CDA . Some Physical Properties of Cast Alloys . 43 Properties of Casting . 45 Heat Treatment Data for Some Cast Alloys 56 in Various Corrosive Mediums 57 Cast Coppers and Ailoys 58 Corrosive Mediums ; . 60
18、QQ-C-390 - Chemical Composition and Mechanical Corrosion Ratings of Cast Copper and Copper Alloys Joining Characteristics and Machinability Rating of Corrosion Ratings of Wrought Alloys in Various I XI. vi Provided by IHSNot for ResaleNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS-
19、,-,-MIL-HDBK-698A 1 JUNE 1971 Table XII. Workability and Machinability Ratings of Some Wrought Alloys . XII. Joining Characteristics of Some Wrought Alloys . XIV. Effects of Testing Temperature on Wrought Alloys . Some Physical Properties of Wrought Aloys Nominal Composition of Wrought Alloys . XV.
20、XVI. XVII. Federal Specifications - Cross Reference, XVIII. Military Specifications - Cross Reference, XIX. CDA Specifications - Cross Reference, Wrought Alloys . . , XXI. Mechanical Properties of Wrought Alloys - (Government Standardization Documents) XXII. Applications - Wrought Alloys (CDA) . Wro
21、ught Alloys . Wrought Alloys . XX. Mechanical Properties of Wrought Alloys (CDA) . a - . .- . . _ . Page 63 64 64 65 66 73 76 78 84 97 140 vii Provided by IHSNot for ResaleNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS-,-,-MIL-HDBK-bYA 95 W 7999970 0010034 5 W COPPER Mll=HDBK=698A
22、1 JUNE 1871 AND COPPER ALLOYS COPPER IN ENGINEERING DESIGN 1. GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS. Copper and copper alloys are widely used in engineering applications because of their high electrical and thermal conductivity, good workability, ease of joining, good corrosion resistant characteristics, and usef
23、ul range of mechanical properties. A wide range of mechanical properties may be achieved by the proper use of alloying, thermal treatment, or cold working techniques. copper and its alloys are readily finished by plating or lacquering, and can be joined satisfactorily by conventional methods. k addi
24、tion, 2. AVAILABLE CAST AND WROUGHT FORMS. Cast shapes are available, the method of casting depending upon the requirements and the economics of production. Sand castings are cheapest, but tolerances are poor, Permanent and eemi-permanent mold castings have closer dimen- sional tolerances as do die
25、castings. For precision castings, investment mold or lost-wax methods may be necessary. Wrought forms are available, and include plate, sheet, strip, wire, bar, tube, and extruded or rolled shapes . 3. AVAILABLE PROPERTY RANGES. Typical mechanical proper- ties for copper and copper alloys are given
26、in appropriate tables of this handbook, The values given therein represent reasonable approximations suitable for general engineering use. Due ,to commercial variations in composition, and to manufacturing limitations, these values should not be used for specification purposes. Ranges of room-temper
27、ature mechanical properties of copper alloys as specified for government use are also given and are expressed as minimurn levels required. It should be noted that the specified range of mechanical properties of wrought alloys is very wide depending on composition, mechanical and thermal treatment, a
28、nd cross- section size. alloys indicated in government specifications. Table I gives the mechanical property ranges of copper 4. REACTION TO TEMPERATURE CHANGES. In general, the tensile strength, yield strength, and hardness of copper alloys decreas-e with increasing temperature, while elongation be
29、haves erratically; further, the properties of most alloys are substantially impaired at 500F (26OOC). However, when subjected to subzero temperatures, the tensile strength 1 Provided by IHSNot for ResaleNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS-,-,-M Il -H D BK -6 9 8 A 1 JUNE
30、 1871 Cast 21 to 155 8 to 130 1 to25 TABLE I. MECHANICAL PROPERTY RANGES OF COPPER ALLOYS Wrought 30 to 230 11 to 165 I to 60 MIL-HDBK-678A 75 m 7777770 OOL0035 7 m Property I Tensile Strength Min, ksi I Yield Strength, Min, ksi Elongation, Percent . increases, yield strength and impact resistance t
31、end to increase erractical- ly, and elongation is altered slightly. CLASSES OF COPPER AND COPPER ALLOYS 5. TYPES AVAILABLE. The metal is available in various composi- tions including commercially-pure copper (99.88 percent minimum), alloys for casting, and alloys for the manufacture of wrought produ
32、cts, Commercially-pure coppers non heat-treatable except for anneling after cold working. Some copper alloys, on the other hand, can achieve a range of mechanical properties not only by cold working, but also by solution treatment. and aging. . 6. COMMERCIALLY-PURE COPPER. Commercially-pure copper i
33、s metal for which the specified minimum copper content is not less than 99.88 percent, silver being counted as copper. The Government uses several types of commercially-pure wrought coppers with their copper contents varying from 99.88 to 99.96 percent. military design .where high electrical or ther
34、mal conductivity, good resistance to corrosion, and ease of fabrication are important. The pure metal is used in 7. ALLOYS. Most copper alloys are composed of copper to which has been added zinc, tin, and lead. However, other alloying elements may include aluminum, beryllium, iron, manganese, nickel
35、, phosphorus , and silicon. nickel-tin, and coppe r-nickel-phos phor us alloys. Few of these alloys are heat treatable. Among the excep- Casting aiioys gene rally . . tions however, are the aluminum bronzes, copper-beryllium, copper- , 2 L Provided by IHSNot for ResaleNo reproduction or networking p
36、ermitted without license from IHS-,-,-MIL-HDBK-698A 95 m 9999470 00L003b 9 m MIL-H D BK-6 98A 1 JUWL 1971 contain two added elements, and many contain three. Total alloying addi- tions may amount to about 42 percent, and the copper content may be fzom approximately 58 to 92 percent. of copper are us
37、ed in most military designs. The majority of copper alloy castings is made by sand founding. Other methods of casting in- clude the permbent-mold, die, centrifugal, continuous, plaster, and investment processes. bronze 8, copper -nickel -phosphorus, and the copper -beryllium alloys, are supplied gen
38、erally in the tfas-castll form. posed of from about 55 to 98 percent copper and alloying additives that individually may vary from minute traces to 40 percent. are supplied principally as plate, sheet, strip, shapes, tubing, bars, rods, wire, and forgings. Casting alloys with higher percentages All
39、castings, with the exception of the aluminum Wrought alloys are com- Wrought alloys Historically, copper alloys have been classified into two major cate- gories: brasses and bronzes. Brass was defined as any copper alloy with zinc as the principal alloying element, with or without -small quantities
40、of some other elements. Bronze was originaily a term for copper alloys having tin as the only or principal alloying element. Today, the.term I1broneeg1 is seldom used alone, and the terms InPhosphor BronzeIl or “Tin Bronze“ are used for indicating copper-tin alloys. II Bronze“, together with a suita
41、ble modifying adjective, has in recent years been extended to apply to any of a great variety of copper alloys. Thus, chemical composition was the original criterion for classifying an alloy as a brass or bronze. many brasses are still erroneously called flbronzesll, because their appearance or othe
42、r properties are similai. to bronzes. Also, trade names are likely to be confusing with respect to alloying elements used. For example: a copper-zinc alloy is called a bronze if it has a color resembling that. of the true bronzes or copper-tin alloys; a copper-zinc- nickel alloy i called a nickel-si
43、lver because its color ii silvery-white; while commerciai bronze, manganese bronze, and architectural bronze are in reality brasses. Thus, it can be seen that trade names are often more descriptive of color than of composition. In fact, the term However, this criterion has been ignored and 8. ALLOYS
44、. The most widely accepted alloy designation system in North America for wrought and cast copper and copper alloy products is the system administered by the Copper Development Association (CDA) . Developed by the copper and brass industry in the United States, the system is now used by the U. S. Gov
45、ernment, by the American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM), by the Society of Automotive Engineero (SAE) and by nearly all producers of copper and copper aoy wrought and cast products in North America, STANDARD DESIGNATIONS FOR COPPERS AND COPPER 3 i Provided by IHSNot for ResaleNo reproducti
46、on or networking permitted without license from IHS-,-,- r MIL-HDBK-678A 45 m 7477770 0020037 O m MIL-HDBK-6 9 8 A 1 JUNE 1871 The designation system is not a specification but is rather an orderly method of defining and identifying coppers and copper alloys, the limitations and conflicts of alloy d
47、esignations previously used and at the same time provides a workable method for the identification marking of mill and foundry products. It eliminates In the CDA designation system, numbers from 100 through 799 describe wrought alloys. Within these two categories, the system groups the compositions
48、into the following families of coppers and copper alloys: Cast ailoys.are numbered from 800 through 999. COPPERS - Metal which has a designated minimum copper content of 99.3%. HIGH COPPER ALLOYS - For the wrought products, these are alloys The cast alloys have with a designated copper content less
49、than 99.3% but more than 96%, and which do not fall into the other copper alloy groups, a designated copper content in excess of 9470, to which silver may be added for special properties. BRASSES - These alloys contain zinc as the principal alloying element with or without other designated alloying elements such as iron, aluminum, nickel and silicon. brasses: copper-zinc alloys; coppe
