1、ASHRAE STANDARDANSI/ASHRAE Standard 41.9-2011(Supersedes ANSI/ASHRAE Standard 41.9-2000 RA 2006)Standard Methods for Volatile-Refrigerant Mass Flow Measurements Using CalorimetersThis standard was approved by the ASHRAE Standards Committee on January 29, 2011; by the ASHRAEBoard of Directors on Febr
2、uary 2, 2011; and by the American National Standards Institute on February 3, 2011.ASHRAE Standards are scheduled to be updated on a five-year cycle; the date following the standard numberis the year of ASHRAE Board of Directors approval. The latest edition of an ASHRAE Standard may be pur-chased on
3、 the ASHRAE Web site (www.ashrae.org) or from ASHRAE Customer Service, 1791 Tullie Circle,NE, Atlanta, GA 30329-2305. E-mail: ordersashrae.org. Fax: 404-321-5478. Telephone: 404-636-8400(worldwide) or toll free 1-800-527-4723 (for orders in US and Canada). For reprint permission, go towww.ashrae.org
4、/permissions. 2011 American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers, Inc.ISSN 1041-2336American Society of Heating, Refrigeratingand Air-Conditioning Engineers, Inc.1791 Tullie Circle NE, Atlanta, GA 30329www.ashrae.orgASHRAE Standard Project Committee 41Cognizant TC: TC 1.2
5、, Instruments and Measurements Co-Cognizant Sub-TCs: TC 1.1, Thermodynamics and Psychrometrics, and TC 8.1, Positive Displacement CompressorsSPLS Liaison: Byron W. Jones*Denotes members of voting status when the document was approved for publicationPatrick E. Collins, Chair of SSPC 41* John Lloyd Ne
6、elMark Kedzierski, Vice-Chair and Secretary* Kevin Brent Peck*Richard L. Hall, Chair of 41.9 Subcommittee* John P. Scott*Shane J. Angle Michael E. Shows*B. Terry Beck* Frank J. Spevak*Matthew T. Irons Michael A. WegenkaAlexander Leyderman* Charles C. Wright*B. Ronald Moncrief*SPECIAL NOTEThis Americ
7、an National Standard (ANS) is a national voluntary consensus standard developed under the auspices of the AmericanSociety of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE). Consensus is defined by the American National StandardsInstitute (ANSI), of which ASHRAE is a member and which
8、has approved this standard as an ANS, as “substantial agreement reached bydirectly and materially affected interest categories. This signifies the concurrence of more than a simple majority, but not necessarily unanimity.Consensus requires that all views and objections be considered, and that an eff
9、ort be made toward their resolution.” Compliance with thisstandard is voluntary until and unless a legal jurisdiction makes compliance mandatory through legislation.ASHRAE obtains consensus through participation of its national and international members, associated societies, and public review.ASHRA
10、E Standards are prepared by a Project Committee appointed specifically for the purpose of writing the Standard. The ProjectCommittee Chair and Vice-Chair must be members of ASHRAE; while other committee members may or may not be ASHRAE members, allmust be technically qualified in the subject area of
11、 the Standard. Every effort is made to balance the concerned interests on all ProjectCommittees. The Manager of Standards of ASHRAE should be contacted for:a. interpretation of the contents of this Standard,b. participation in the next review of the Standard,c. offering constructive criticism for im
12、proving the Standard, ord. permission to reprint portions of the Standard.DISCLAIMERASHRAE uses its best efforts to promulgate Standards and Guidelines for the benefit of the public in light of available information andaccepted industry practices. However, ASHRAE does not guarantee, certify, or assu
13、re the safety or performance of any products, components,or systems tested, installed, or operated in accordance with ASHRAEs Standards or Guidelines or that any tests conducted under itsStandards or Guidelines will be nonhazardous or free from risk.ASHRAE INDUSTRIAL ADVERTISING POLICY ON STANDARDSA
14、SHRAE Standards and Guidelines are established to assist industry and the public by offering a uniform method of testing for ratingpurposes, by suggesting safe practices in designing and installing equipment, by providing proper definitions of this equipment, and by providingother information that m
15、ay serve to guide the industry. The creation of ASHRAE Standards and Guidelines is determined by the need for them,and conformance to them is completely voluntary.In referring to this Standard or Guideline and in marking of equipment and in advertising, no claim shall be made, either stated or impli
16、ed,that the product has been approved by ASHRAE.ASHRAE STANDARDS COMMITTEE 20102011Stephanie Reiniche, Manager of StandardsH. Michael Newman, Chair Allan B. Fraser Janice C. PetersonCarol E. Marriott, Vice-Chair Krishnan Gowri Douglas T. ReindlDouglass S. Abramson Maureen Grasso Boggarm S. SettyKari
17、m Amrane Cecily M. Grzywacz James R. TaubyRobert G. Baker Richard L. Hall James K. VallortHoy R. Bohanon, Jr. Nadar R. Jayaraman William F. WalterSteven F. Bruning Byron W. Jones Michael W. WoodfordKenneth W. Cooper Jay A. Kohler Craig P. WrayMartin Dieryckx Frank Myers Hugh F. Crowther, BOD ExOWill
18、iam P. Bahnfleth, COCONTENTSANSI/ASHRAE Standard 41.9-2011,Standard Methods for Volatile-Refrigerant Mass Flow Measurements Using CalorimetersSECTION PAGEForeword21 Purpose 22 Scope . 23 Definitions. 24 Classifications. 35 Requirements . 36 Instruments. 47 Secondary Refrigerant Calorimeter Method. 5
19、8 Secondary Fluid Calorimeter Method. 69 Primary Refrigerant Calorimeter Method 810 Condenser Calorimeter Method 1011 Lubrication Circulation Measurements . 1112 Uncertainty Calculations. 1313 Test Report. 1414 References . 15Informative Appendix A: Error Analysis for an Evaporator Calorimeter 15Inf
20、ormative Appendix B: Example of Uncertainty Estimate for a Secondary Refrigerant Calorimeteror a Primary Refrigerant Calorimeter 17Informative Appendix C: Example of Uncertainty Estimate for a Condenser Calorimeter 18NOTEApproved addenda, errata, or interpretations for this standard can be downloade
21、d free of charge from the ASHRAE Web site at www.ashrae.org/technology. 2011 American Society of Heating,Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers, Inc.1791 Tullie Circle NEAtlanta, GA 30329www.ashrae.orgAll rights reserved. American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineer
22、s, Inc. (www.ashrae.org). For personal use only. Additional reproduction, distribution, or transmission in either print or digital form is not permitted without ASHRAEs prior written permission.2 ANSI/ASHRAE Standard 41.9-2011(This foreword is not part of this standard. It is merelyinformative and d
23、oes not contain requirements necessaryfor conformance to the standard. It has not beenprocessed according to the ANSI requirements for astandard and may contain material that has not beensubject to public review or a consensus process.Unresolved objectors on informative material are notoffered the r
24、ight to appeal at ASHRAE or ANSI.)FOREWORDOriginally published in 1989, ASHRAE Standard 41.9was thoroughly revised in 2000, was reaffirmed in 2006, andhas been updated and improved in this edition. The 2000 edi-tion of the standard expanded its scope to include zeotropicrefrigerant blends, reorganiz
25、ed the test methods according tocalorimeter types for ease of use, and added information andillustrative examples regarding measurement uncertainty cal-culations. This revision of the standard updates the 2006 edi-tion by citing the most recent reference sources, by makingprocedural revisions to the
26、 lubricant circulation rate measure-ment in Section 11, and by other revisions to bring this stan-dard into compliance with ASHRAEs mandatory languagerequirement. Various minor changes make it more usable andeasier to read.1. PURPOSEThis standard provides recommended practices formeasuring the mass
27、flow rate of volatile refrigerants usingcalorimeters.2. SCOPE2.1 This standard applies to the measurement of the flow ofa volatile refrigerant in the following cases:a. where the entire flow stream of the volatile refrigerantenters the calorimeter as a subcooled liquid and leaves asa superheated vap
28、or (evaporator-type), andb. where the entire flow stream of the volatile refrigerantenters the calorimeter as a superheated vapor and leavesas a subcooled liquid (condenser-type).2.2 This standard applies to all of the refrigerants listed inANSI/ASHRAE Standard 34, Designation and Safety Classi-fica
29、tion of Refrigerants.13. DEFINITIONSThe following definitions apply to the terms used in thisstandard. Additional definitions are given in ASHRAE Termi-nology of Heating, Ventilation, Air Conditioning, this includes both the measuredheat transfer and the heat leakage, kW (Btu/h)qa= uncertainty in th
30、e measurement of heat leakagefor the calorimeter, kW (Btu/h)qh= uncertainty in the measurement of heat transferfor the calorimeter, kW (Btu/h)t2= uncertainty in the measurement of refrigerantvapor temperature leaving the evaporatorcalorimeter, C ()t3= uncertainty in the measurement of therefrigerant
31、 vapor temperature at the condensercalorimeter inlet, C (F)t4= uncertainty in the measurement of the liquidrefrigerant temperature leaving the condensercalorimeter, C (F)ts1= uncertainty in the measurement of the steamtemperature entering the calorimeter, C (F)ts2= uncertainty in the measurement of
32、the steamcondensate temperature leaving the calorimeter,C (F)tw1= temperature of water or brine entering thecalorimeter, C (F)tw1= uncertainty in the measurement of the water orbrine temperature entering the calorimeter,C (F)tw2= temperature of water or brine leaving thecalorimeter, C (F)tw2= uncert
33、ainty in the measurement of the water orbrine temperature leaving the calorimeter,C (F)13. TEST REPORT13.1 Test Identificationa. Date, place, time, and duration of testb. Operators name13.2 Test Article Descriptiona. Item description (e.g., model number, serial number)b. Refrigerant number (in accor
34、dance with ASHRAE Stan-dard 341)c. Source of refrigerant thermodynamic property datad. Lubricant identification13.3 Calorimeter Descriptiona. Model number and serial numberb. Calorimeter typec. Operating range classification13.4 Ambient Conditionsa. Ambient temperature, C (F)b. Barometric pressure (
35、required whenever a pressure-sensing device is referenced to atmospheric pressure)13.5 Test Conditions13.5.1 For evaporator calorimeters:a. Refrigerant pressure entering the calorimeter, kPa (psia)b. Refrigerant pressure leaving the calorimeter, kPa (psia)c. Refrigerant temperature leaving the calor
36、imeter, C (F)13.5.2 For condenser calorimeters:a. Refrigerant pressure leaving the calorimeter, kPa (psia)13.6 Test Resultsa. Refrigerant mass flow rate, kg/s (lb/h)b. Uncertainty in refrigerant mass flow rate, kg/s (lb/h)c. Lubricant circulation through the calorimeter, percent bymass (2%)h2t2-ph3p
37、3-th3t3-ph4t4-phs1ps1-ths1ts1-phs2ts2-p American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers, Inc. (www.ashrae.org). For personal use only. Additional reproduction, distribution, or transmission in either print or digital form is not permitted without ASHRAEs prior written permi
38、ssion.ANSI/ASHRAE Standard 41.9-2011 1514. REFERENCES1ANSI/ASHRAE Standard 34-2007, Designation andSafety Classification of Refrigerants, American Societyof Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engi-neers, Inc., 1791 Tullie Circle NE, Atlanta, GA 30329.2ASHRAE Terminology of Heating, Ventilat
39、ion, Air Condi-tioning, t1is dependent upon the relationship of m and t2. Calculation of the uncertainty qc, using the root-mean-square error estimation techniques recommendedin Section 5.10.3 of ASHRAE Guideline 214gives:(A-22)qc= (c(t2 t1)(m)2+ (mc)(t2 t1)20.5(A-23)wherec = specific heat of the fl
40、uid, kJ/kgC (Btu/lbF)td= temperature difference between existingsecondary fluid and entering secondary fluid,C (F)mt2- qc1hd2-1()h2t2-qchd2-h2t2-=mqh-1h2p2t2,()h1t4()-=mqa-1h2p2t2,()h1t4()-=mt4- qc1hd-hd-hdh1-h1t4-=mt4- qc1hd2-1()h1t4-qchd2-h1t4-=mp2 qch2p2-h2h1()2-2=t2 qch2t2-h2h1()2-2qhh2h1-2+qah2
41、h1-2t4 qch4t4-h2h1()2-20.5+h2p2-t2h2t2-p2h4t4-p4qcqcm-m()2qctd-2+0.5= American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers, Inc. (www.ashrae.org). For personal use only. Additional reproduction, distribution, or transmission in either print or digital form is not permitted witho
42、ut ASHRAEs prior written permission.ANSI/ASHRAE Standard 41.9-2011 17m = mass flow rate of the secondary fluid, kg/s (lb/h)m = uncertainty estimate for the mass flowmeasurement, kg/s (lb/h)t = uncertainty estimate for the temperaturemeasurement, C (F)3. is illustrated as shown in Figure A1.It can ea
43、sily be derived by inspection from the super-heated refrigerant tables.As can be seen from Figure A1, 0 for low values of p but becomes more significant as papproaches the critical pressure.(This appendix is not part of this standard. It is merelyinformative and does not contain requirements necessa
44、ryfor conformance to the standard. It has not beenprocessed according to the ANSI requirements for astandard and may contain material that has not beensubject to public review or a consensus process.Unresolved objectors on informative material are notoffered the right to appeal at ASHRAE or ANSI.)IN
45、FORMATIVE APPENDIX BEXAMPLE OF UNCERTAINTY ESTIMATE FOR A SECONDARY REFRIGERANT CALORIMETER OR A PRIMARY REFRIGERANT CALORIMETERThe refrigerant used in this example is R-134a. Therefrigerant mass flow rate and uncertainty for this measure-ment are computed for the test data provided in Table B1. The
46、accuracies listed in the table were determined by calibrationsusing standards traceable to NIST.The refrigerant mass flow rate is given by (B-1)The refrigerant properties were obtained from theREFPROP computer program.3The condensing temperaturecorresponding to the values of p4and t4is 53C (127.5).C
47、onsequently, the subcooling was 12.2 K (22R), which satis-fies the subcooling requirement (at least 5.6 K 10R).Similarly, the evaporating temperature corresponding tothe values of p2and t2is 7.2C (45F). Consequently, thesuperheating was 11.2 K (20.1R), which satisfies the super-heating requirement (at least 2.8 K 5R).The enthalpies at the evaporator calorimeter inlet andoutlet for this example were h2= 264.5 kJ/kg (113.78 Btu/lb) (B-2)h1= 108.9 kJ/kg (46.87 Btu/lb) (B-3)so (h2 h1) = 155.6 kJ/kg (66.91 Btu/lb) (B-4)and (B-5)m = 0.238 kg/s (1887 lb/h) (B
