1、 ASA TR S12.9-2018/Part 6 ASA TECHNICAL REPORT Rationale for Withdrawing ANSI/ASA S12.9-2008/Part 6 (A Technical Report prepared by ANSI-Accredited Standards Committee S12 and registered with ANSI) Accredited Standards Committee S12, Noise Standards Secretariat Acoustical Society of America 1305 Wal
2、t Whitman Road, Suite 300 Melville, NY 11747 ASA TRS12.9-2018/Part 6The American National Standards Institute, Inc. (ANSI) is the national coordinator of voluntary standards development and the clearinghouse in the U.S.A. for information on national and international standards. The Acoustical Societ
3、y of America (ASA) is an organization of scientists and engineers formed in 1929 to increase and diffuse the knowledge of acoustics and to promote its practical applications. ASA TR S12.9-2018/Part 6 ASA TECHNICAL REPORT Rationale for Withdrawing ANSI/ASA S12.9-2008/Part 6 Secretariat: Acoustical So
4、ciety of America ASA Technical Report Registered: July 22, 2018 American National Standards Institute, Inc. Abstract This ASA Technical Report provides the rationale for the recommendation by Working Group S12/WG 15 to withdraw the 2008 ANSI/ASA Standard “Quantities and Procedures for Description an
5、d Measurement of Environmental Sound Part 6: Methods for Estimation of Awak enings Associated with Outdoor Noise Events Heard in Homes.” The decision to withdraw the standard is based in part on the relatively small and non-representative corpus of field observations of noise-induced behavioral awak
6、ening available for analysis; on the poor generalizability of predicted awakening rates from airport to airport; on practical experience with the limited utility of predictions of “at least one behavioral awakening per night” for purposes of assessing environmental noise impacts, as required by the
7、National Environmental Policy Act; on the statistical assumptions of convenience and post hoc analysis methods used to generate predictions of awakenings; on information published subsequent to development of the original standard; and on the findings of peer-reviewed re-analyses of the findings on
8、which the original standard was based. AMERICAN NATIONAL STANDARDS ON ACOUSTICS The Acoustical Society of America (ASA) provides the Secretariat for Accredited Standards Committees S1 on Acoustics, S2 on Mechanical Vibration and Shock, S3 on Bioacoustics, S3/SC 1 on Animal Bioacoustics, and S12 on N
9、oise. These committees have wide representation from the technical community (manufacturers, consumers, trade associations, organizations with a general interest, and government representatives). The standards are published by the Acoustical Society of America as American National Standards after ap
10、proval by their respective Standards Committees and the American National Standards Institute (ANSI). These standards are developed and published as a public service to provide standards useful to the public, industry, and consumers, and to Federal, State, and local governments. Each of the Accredit
11、ed Standards Committees (operating in accordance with procedures approved by ANSI) is responsible for developing, voting upon, and maintaining or revising its own Standards. The ASA Standards Secretariat administers Committee organization and activity and provides liaison between the Accredited Stan
12、dards Committees and ANSI. After the Standards have been produced and adopted by the Accredited Standards Committees, and approved as American National Standards by ANSI, the ASA Standards Secretariat arranges for their publication and distribution. An American National Standard implies a consensus
13、of those substantially concerned with its scope and provisions. Consensus is established when, in the judgment of the ANSI Board of Standards Review, substantial agreement has been reached by directly and materially affected interests. Substantial agreement means much more than a simple majority, bu
14、t not necessarily unanimity. Consensus requires that all views and objections be considered and that a concerted effort be made towards their resolution. The use of an American National Standard is completely voluntary. Their existence does not in any respect preclude anyone, whether he or she has a
15、pproved the Standards or not, from manufacturing, marketing, purchasing, or using products, processes, or procedures not conforming to the Standards. NOTICE: This American National Standard may be revised or withdrawn at any time. The procedures of the American National Standards Institute require t
16、hat action be taken periodically to reaffirm, revise, or withdraw this Standard. Acoustical Society of America Standards Secretariat 1305 Walt Whitman Road, Suite 300 Melville, New York 11747 Telephone: 1 (631) 390-0215 Fax: 1 (631) 923-2875 E-mail: asastdsacousticalsociety.org 2018 by Acoustical So
17、ciety of America. This Technical Report may not be reproduced in whole or in part in any form for sale, promotion, or any commercial purpose, or any purpose not falling within the provisions of the U.S. Copyright Act of 1976, without prior written permission of the publisher. For permission, address
18、 a request to the Standards Secretariat of the Acoustical Society of America. 2018 Acoustical Society of America All rights reserved iiiContents 1 Scope . 1 2 Terms and definitions . 1 3 Technical discussion 2 3.1 Background . 2 3.2 Nature of the predicted quantity . 3 3.3 Practical experience with
19、application of current standard 3 3.4 Accuracy and precision of predictions of 2008 standard 4 3.5 Representativeness, size, and adequacy of ANSI/ASA S12.9-2008/Part 6 database . 4 3.6 Sensitivity of ANSI/ASA S12.9-2008/Part 6 prediction method to analytic assumptions . 5 3.7 Other limitations of th
20、e former standard . 8 3.8 Alternative interpretation of published behavioral awakening findings . 8 4 Summary of technical adequacy of former standard . 9 5 Recommendation for further standardization efforts . 9 Annex A (Informative) Behavioral awakening data . 11 Annex B (Informative) Probability o
21、f behavioral awakening as a function of the single-event indoor ASEL, habituated population . 15 Annex C (Informative) Probability of awakening a population with a sound that is new to an area . 17 2018 Acoustical Society of America All rights reserved iv Foreword This Foreword is for information on
22、ly, and is not a part of the Technical Report ASA TR S12.9-2018/Part 6 Rationale for Withdrawing ANSI/ASA S12.9-2008/Part 6. As such, this Foreword may contain material that has not been subjected to public review or a consensus process. In addition, it does not contain requirements necessary for co
23、nformance to the standard. This Technical Report comprises a part of a group of definitions, standards, and specifications for use in noise. It was developed and approved by Accredited Standards Committee S12 Noise, under its approved operating procedures. Those procedures have been accredited by th
24、e American National Standards Institute (ANSI). The Scope of Accredited Standards Committee S12 is as follows: Standards, specifications, and terminology in the field of acoustical noise pertaining to methods of measurement, evaluation, and control, including biological safety, tolerance, and comfor
25、t, and physical acoustics as related to environmental and occupational noise. This Technical Report contains the rationale for a decision to withdraw ANSI/ASA S12.9-2008/Part 6. The decision was based on the findings of peer-reviewed information published subsequent to development of the original St
26、andard; practical experience in the application of the Standard to aircraft noise environmental impact assessments; and re-analyses of the findings on which the original Standard was based. Publication of this Technical Report that has been registered with ANSI has been approved by Accredited Standa
27、rds Committee S12, Noise. This document is registered as a Technical Report according to the Procedures for the Registration of Technical Reports with ANSI. This document is not an American National Standard and the material contained herein is not normative in nature. Comments on the content of thi
28、s document should be sent to the Acoustical Society of America Standards Secretariat, 1305 Walt Whitman Road, Suite 300, Melville, NY 11747, or emailed to asastdsacousticalsociety.org. At the time this Technical Report was submitted to Accredited Standards Committee S12, Noise, for approval, the mem
29、bership was as follows: S.J. Lind, Chair D.F. Winker, Vice-Chair N.B. Stremmel, Secretary 3M Occupational Health Fax: (631) 923-2875; E-mail: asastdsacousticalsociety.org. 2018 Acoustical Society of America All rights reserved viii Introduction Noise-induced sleep disturbance is a familiar experienc
30、e for many, but a difficult quantity to define and predict with rigor. Sleep disturbance predictions are nonetheless required by the U.S. National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA) for purposes such as assessing the nighttime environmental impacts of major federally funded projects, including construc
31、tion of airport and highway infrastructure. The 2008 ANSI/ASA Standard that is the subject of this Technical Report developed a method for predicting transportation-noise-induced sleep disturbance for events heard in homes through secondary analyses of a small corpus of peer-reviewed field observati
32、ons of behaviorally confirmed awakenings. Additional information published since the development of ANSI/ASA S12.9-2008/Part 6 (“the Standard”) calls into question the generalizability of its predictions, as well as its suitability for NEPA-related purposes. Experience in application of the Standard
33、 has also revealed limitations to its ability to distinguish among the environmental impacts of preferred and alternative proposed actions. By itself, however, the newly available information offers no unambiguous basis for revising the 2008 Standard. This Technical Report provides the background an
34、d rationale for the decision by Working Group S12/WG 15 to withdraw ANSI/ASA S12.9-2008/Part 6. TECHNICAL REPORT ASA TR S12.9-2018/Part 6 2018 Acoustical Society of America All rights reserved 1TECHNICAL REPORT Rationale for Withdrawing ANSI/ASA S12.9-2008/Part 6 1 Scope ANSI/ASA S12.9-2008/Part 6 d
35、escribed a method of predicting the probability of awakening at least once per night due to transportation noise intrusions into residential sleeping quarters. This report summarizes the technical and pragmatic bases for the 2016 decision by ASA Working Group S12/WG 15 to withdraw ANSI/ASA S12.9-200
36、8/Part 6. ANSI/ASA S12.9-2008/Part 6 was developed primarily to assess sleep disturbance created by transportation noise, as required by NEPA and by similar state legislation, for assessing nighttime noise impacts of major, government-funded projects. Limitations of the Standard (described in clause
37、 2 below) that have become evident in the years since its publication outweigh its usefulness for its intended purpose. The decision of Working Group S12/WG 15 to withdraw ANSI/ASA S12.9-2008/Part 6 implies that the method for calculating “at least one behavioral awakening per night” contained in th
38、e former Standard should no longer be relied upon for environmental impact assessment purposes. The Working Group believes that continued reliance on the 2008 Standard would lead to unreliable and difficult-to-interpret predictions of transportation-noise-induced sleep disturbance. The Working Group
39、 further believes that project alternatives that have been endorsed in already-completed environmental assessments on the basis of calculations of “at least one behavioral awakening per night” may be in error and have overestimated numbers of expected awakenings. The Working Group understands that i
40、ts decision to withdraw the 2008 Standard may be disruptive to acoustical consultants who rely on the Standard for environmental impact assessment purposes. Therefore, two Informative Annexes of the 2008 standard are included in this document for the guidance they can provide until more plausible an
41、d technically defensible means are developed for predicting sleep disturbance due to transportation noise.12 Terms and definitions ASEL: A-weighted sound exposure level dB: decibel, A-weighted unless otherwise indicated, re 20 Pa. CEQA: California Environmental Quality Act DNL: Day-Night Average Sou
42、nd Level, a 24-hour time weighted average of A-weighted sound levels FICAN: U.S. Federal Interagency Committee on Aircraft Noise NEPA: National Environmental Policy Act SEL: Sound exposure level 1Practitioners and the public may benefit from information that describes the difference between awakenin
43、g in habituated and unhabituated populations. Higher noise levels have been reported to be required to disturb sleep in an habituated population than for a non-habituated population Ollerhead, 1992. This finding may be relevant in assessments conducted for NEPA-related purposes of project-related no
44、ise effects on sleep disturbance. ASA TR S12.9-2018/Part 6 2018 Acoustical Society of America All rights reserved 23 Technical discussion 3.1 Background International research on noise-induced sleep disturbance has yielded a large and still-growing technical literature (e.g., Passchier-Vermeer et al
45、., 2002; Basner, 2006; Michaud et al., 2007; World Health Organization, 2009; Fidell et al., 2010, 2013). Understanding of noise-induced sleep disturbance remains far from complete, despite extensive analyses of findings reported in this literature. Factors generally recognized as influencing transp
46、ortation-noise-induced sleep disturbance include age, sex, health status, drug use, time of night, familiarity with and habituation to noise sources, meanings of intruding sounds (Nordic Council of Ministers, 1994) and so forth. Michaud et al. (2007) observed that in residential circumstances, “slee
47、p disturbance effects of nighttime aircraft noise intrusions are not dramatic on a per-event basis, andlink ages between outdoor aircraft noise exposure and sleep disturbance are tenuous.” Fidell et al. (2010) noted that “epidemiological evidence does not yet support either reliable prediction of no
48、ise-induced sleep disturbance, or well-informed policy analysis, much less a plausible technical rationale for regulatory action.” They further noted that practical, population-level implications of noise-induced sleep disturbance and its consequences for health and well-being remain poorly understo
49、od due to design and other limitations of field studies undertaken to date, and to limitations of the statistical analyses performed to date. Published relationships used to assess the probability or prevalence of noise-induced awakening remain so imprecise that they do not usefully inform policy analyses of noise-induced awakening. In particular, considerable caution is essential in extrapolating to wider populations conclusions about sleep disturbance that have been inferred from the behavior of relatively small and purposive samples of people living near a
