1、 WIND LOADS FOR PETROCHEMICAL AND OTHER INDUSTRIAL FACILITIES PREPARED BY Task Committee on Wind-Induced Forces of the Petrochemical Committee of the Energy Division of the American Society of Civil Engineers 1801 ALEXANDER BELL DRIVE RESTON, VIRGINIA 201914400 Cataloging-in-Publication Data on file
2、 with Library of Congress American Society of Civil Engineers 1801 Alexander Bell Drive Reston, Virginia, 20191-4400 www.asce.org/pubs Any statements expressed in these materials are those of the individual authors and do not necessarily represent the views of ASCE, which takes no responsibility for
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8、 Engineers. All Rights Reserved. ISBN 13: 978-0-7844-1180-3 Manufactured in the United States of America. 16 15 14 13 12 11 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 ASCE Petrochemical Energy Committee This publication is one of five state-of-the-practice engineering reports produced, to date, by the ASCE Petrochemical Energy
9、Committee. These engineering reports are intended to be a summary of current engineering knowledge and design practice, and present guidelines for the design of petrochemical facilities. They represent a consensus opinion of task committee members active in their development. These five ASCE enginee
10、ring reports are: 1) Design of Anchor Bolts in Petrochemical Facilities 2) Design of Blast Resistant Buildings in Petrochemical Facilities 3) Design of Secondary Containment in Petrochemical Facilities 4) Guidelines for Seismic Evaluation and Design of Petrochemical Facilities 5) Wind Loads for Petr
11、ochemical and Other Industrial Facilities The ASCE Petrochemical Energy Committee was organized by A. K. Gupta in 1991 and initially chaired by Curley Turner. Under their leadership the five task committees were formed. More recently, the Committee has been chaired by Joseph A. Bohinsky and Frank J.
12、 Hsiu. The five reports were initially published in 1997. Buildings codes and standards have changed significantly since the publication of these five reports, specifically in the calculation of wind and seismic loads and analysis procedures for anchorage design. Additionally, new research in these
13、areas and in blast resistant design has provided opportunities for improvement of the recommended guidelines. The ASCE has determined the need to update four of the original reports and publish new editions, based on the latest research and for consistency with current building codes and standards.
14、The ASCE Petrochemical Energy Committee was reorganized by Magdy H. Hanna in 2005 and the following four task committees were formed to update their respective reports: Task Committee on Anchor Bolt Design for Petrochemical Facilities Task Committee on Blast Design for Petrochemical Facilities Task
15、Committee on Seismic Evaluation and Design for Petrochemical Facilities Task Committee for Wind Load Design for Petrochemical Facilities Current ASCE Petrochemical Energy Committee Magdy H. Hanna Jacobs Engineering - Chairman William Bounds Fluor Corporation John Falcon Jacobs Engineering James R. (
16、Bob) Bailey Exponent, Inc. J. G. (Greg) Soules CB&I iiiThe ASCE Task Committee on Wind-Induced Forces This report is intended to be a state-of-the-practice set of guidelines. It is based on reviews of current practice, internal company standards, published documents, and the work of related organiza
17、tions. The report includes a list of references that provides additional information. The reference list emphasizes readily available commercial publications and government reports. This report was prepared to provide guidance for determination of wind induced forces on structures found in petrochem
18、ical and other industrial facilities. It should be of interest to engineers familiar with design of industrial type structures and the application of ASCE 7, “Minimum Design Loads for Buildings and other Structures,” to these types of structures. In helping create a consensus set of guidelines, a nu
19、mber of individuals provided valuable assistance and review. Reviewers included John Geigel (ExxonMobil), Drew Troyer (ConocoPhillips), and Eric Wey (Fluor Corporation). The committee is appreciative of the efforts of these reviewers. The task committee would also like to acknowledge the numerous co
20、ntributions made to this task committee and other technical committees over the years by both Michael Bergeron (SNC Lavalin GDS Engineers) and Mike Chen (Fluor Corporation). Both Michael and Mike passed away during the preparation of this report update and will be sorely missed by the committee and
21、the broader engineering community. Finally, the committee would also like to thank Judy Falcon (Exponent, Inc.) who patiently and diligently edited the manuscript and put up with all of our changes. ivThe ASCE Task Committee on Wind-Induced Forces James R. (Bob) Bailey Ph.D., P.E., F. ASCE Exponent,
22、 Inc. Chairman Richard T. Gilbert P.E. ExxonMobil Research & Engineering Company Co-Chairman Paul B. Summers P.E., S.E. MMI Engineering Secretary Samuel D. Amoroso, Ph.D., P.E. K.C. Fong, P.E. Javier Garza, P.E. Madgy H. Hanna (Past Co-Chairman) Don Harnly, P.E. Kirby Hebert Marc L. Levitan (Past Ch
23、airman) Guzhao Li, Ph.D., P.E., S.E. Gerald W. Mayes, P.E. Rajendra Prasad, P.E., PMP Norman Rennalls, P.E. Amy Styslinger, P.E. Walter A. Waller, P.E. James H. Wissehr, P.E., S.E. Silky S.K. Wong, P.E., S.E. Randall L. Wright, P.E., S.E. Gregory B. Young, P.E. Engensus Engineering & Consulting URS
24、Corporation Shell Jacobs Engineering Jacobs Engineering Louisiana State University Louisiana State University MMI Engineering The Shaw Group Mustang Engineering, L.P. Shell ExxonMobil Upstream Research Company Bechtel Corp Jacobs Engineering Fluor Corporation Mustang Engineering, L.P. ConocoPhillips
25、 vThis page intentionally left blank Table of Contents Chapter 1: Introduction 1 1.1 Background . 1 1.2 State of the Practice 2 1.3 Purpose of Report . 2 Chapter 2: Background 3 2.1 Introduction . 3 2.2 Key Wind Engineering Concepts 3 2.3 Aerodynamics of Open Frame Structures . 9 2.4 Aerodynamics of
26、 Partially Clad Structures . 10 2.5 Aerodynamics of Vertical Vessels . 11 2.6 Other Wind Loading Codes, Standards, and Guides 14 2.7 Research Progress and Future Needs . 15 Chapter 3: Review of Existing Design Practices . 18 3.1 Introduction . 18 3.2 Survey of Existing Practices and Impacts of First
27、 Edition Guidelines 18 3.3 Existing Design Practices for Structures New to Second Edition 21 Chapter 4: Recommended Guidelines Part I: Design Considerations and Methods . 31 4.0 Introduction . 31 4.1 Historical Performance . 31 4.2 Wind Tunnel Testing 43 4.3 CFD Commentary 45 4.4 Load Combinations 4
28、6 4.5 Special Considerations for LNG Facilities 55 4.6 Evaluation of Wind Loads on Existing Structures 58 4.7 Wind Load Analysis Uncertainty 64 Chapter 5: Recommended Guidelines Part II: Analytical Determination of Wind Loads 66 5.0 General 66 5.1 Pipe Racks . 67 5.2 Open Frame Structures . 69 5.3 P
29、artially Clad Structures . 83 vii5.4 Pressure Vessels . 85 5.5 Cooling Towers 94 5.6 Air Cooled Heat Exchanger (Air Coolers or Fin Fans) 95 Appendix 5A Alternate Method for Determining Cfand Load Combinations for Open Frame Structures 97 Appendix 5B High-Solidity Open Frame Structures 106 Chapter 6:
30、 Examples . 110 6.0 Introduction . 110 6.1 Pipe Rack and Pipe Bridge Example . 111 6.2 Open Frame Examples . 123 6.3 Partially Clad Structure Example 137 6.4 Pressure Vessels Example 140 6.5 Cooling Tower Example 154 References 160 Index . 167 viiiCHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION The focus of this report is o
31、n the procedures for determining the design wind loads for non-building structures in petrochemical and other industrial facilities. The report is structured around the following generic types of structures usually found in these facilities. Examples are also provided for some of these structures: a
32、. Pipe support structures (pipe racks, pipe bridges) b. Open and partially clad frame structures c. Vessels (vertical, horizontal and spherical) d. Cooling towers e. Air coolers (air cooled heat exchangers, also known as fin fans) f. Tanks g. Steel stacks 1.1 Background The basis and procedures for
33、determining design wind loads for enclosed structures and other conventional structures are well documented in the engineering literature. These design basis and procedures have been adopted by ASCE and prescribed in ASCE/SEI 7-051(herein referred to as ASCE 7) and its predecessor documents. Other o
34、rganizations have incorporated the major provisions of ASCE 7 into building codes. The International Building Code (IBC) states that wind loads should be calculated in accordance with ASCE 7, and the IBC has been adopted throughout the United States. ASCE 7 provides three methods for calculating des
35、ign wind loads on the main wind force resisting system (MWFRS) and on components and cladding: 1. Simplified procedure 2. Analytical procedure 3. Wind tunnel procedure The simplified procedure (Method 1 in ASCE 7) was introduced to simplify the analysis of typical regular-shaped building structures.
36、 Its use is restricted to relatively rigid, low-rise, enclosed structures. The analytical procedure (Method 2 in ASCE 7) is permitted for structures of any height that do not have unusual geometric irregularities or unusual response characteristics. The wind tunnel procedure is required for complex
37、structures that cannot be evaluated using Method 1 or 2. The Scope statement for ASCE 7 indicates that the standard provides minimum load requirements for the design of buildings and other structures that are subject to building codes. ASCE 7 also addresses enclosed structures, trussed towers, and s
38、imple cylinders commonly found in petrochemical facilities. However, to address important non-building structures in petrochemical and other industrial facilities, this report enhances ASCE 7 provisions for open frame structures, structures with 1At the time of publication of this report, ASCE/SEI 7
39、-10 had been released. 1interconnecting piping, partially clad structures, vessels with attached piping and platforms, cooling towers, and air coolers. Design wind loads on non-building structures are typically calculated using the force equation from ASCE 7: F = qzG CfAf(ASCE 7 Eq. 6-28) In this eq
40、uation qzis the velocity pressure component, G is the gust effect factor, Cfis the force/shape/drag/shielding component, and Afis the area for which the force is calculated that is usually the projected area normal to the wind. The velocity pressure, qz, is calculated using ASCE 7 based on several f
41、actors, such as the importance of the structure, the surrounding terrain (exposure category), and the basic wind speed, among others. The selection of basic wind speed, importance factor, exposure category, gust effect factor, and other factors is described in ASCE 7 and, therefore, is not discussed
42、 in detail herein. This report also expands upon ASCE 7 coverage of force coefficients, tributary areas, and shielding for industrial type structures and equipment, which must be carefully defined to assure behavior under wind forces are accounted for. These wind load components are discussed in thi
43、s report and recommendations for selecting values are made. Since this report is intended to supplement ASCE 7, the designer is referred to that document when it provides the appropriate information. The nomenclature used in the recommendations of this report mirrors those found in ASCE 7. 1.2 State
44、 of the Practice This report reflects various company practices, available research and committee consensus for the wind load design of petrochemical and other industrial facilities. The committee performed a survey (see Section 3.2) and the results indicate that more than half of the companies surv
45、eyed have design practices that reference the first edition of this report released in 1997. These survey results are evidence that there has been increased uniformity from a decade ago in determining wind loads on petrochemical structures. 1.3 Purpose of Report It is the intent of this committee th
46、at the publication of this report will continue to progress a more uniform application of practices for the computation of design wind loads for petrochemical and industrial facilities. In order to facilitate this goal, a set of recommended guidelines is presented as part of this report. 2 WIND LOAD
47、S FOR PETROCHEMICAL AND OTHER INDUSTRIAL FACILITIESCHAPTER 2 BACKGROUND 2.1 Introduction This chapter provides background information that is intended to assist the user of this document in the interpretation and application of the material that is presented in subsequent chapters. The sections of t
48、his chapter include discussions of fundamental wind engineering concepts and the general aerodynamic characteristics of structure types common to petrochemical and other industrial facilities. The chapter concludes with a presentation of other sources of guidance that may be helpful to designers or
49、analysts, a brief summary of research progress since the last edition of this guide, and research needs for the future. 2.2 Key Wind Engineering Concepts Wind Load Formulation The wind load on a structure is a function of many different variables. The purpose of this section is to review the basic wind load formulation in ASCE 7 as it pertains to petrochemical structures and briefly discuss some considerations relevant to each of the variables. Equation 6-28 in ASCE 7 is used to calculate the win
